1、1 非谓语动词非谓语动词 动词不定式的用法动词不定式的用法 句子的谓语必须由动词担当。 不担当句子谓语的动词就叫非 谓语动词， 因为“非”是“不”的意思， 所以非谓语动词考点是动词， 但它在句子中不充当谓语。 非谓语动词在句子中充当除谓语之外的其它所有成分，即 主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补语。 一、一、非谓语动词的分非谓语动词的分为三种为三种形式，四种用法形式，四种用法： 1. 动词不定式动词不定式 to do 形式形式, 相当于相当于 n./ adj./ adv. 2. 动名词
2、形式动名词形式 doing 形式形式, 相当于相当于 n. 3. 现在分词形式现在分词形式 doing 形式形式, 相当于相当于 adj./ adv. 4. 过去分词形式过去分词形式 done 形式形式, 相当于相当于 adj./ adv. 二、二、动词不定式分为：动词不定式分为： 1. 将来式将来式 （1）主动）主动 to do sth. (2) 被动被动 to be done 2. 进行式进行式 （1）to be doing 3. 完成式完成式 （1）主动）主动
3、 to have done sth. (2) 被动被动 to have been done 相当于名词，副词和形容词 2 在句中作主语、宾语、定语、表语、和状语 三、三、动名词分为：动名词分为： 1. 一般式一般式 （1）主动式）主动式 doing (2) 被动式被动式 being done 2. 完成式完成式 （1）主动式）主动式 having done (2) 被动式被动式 having been done 相当于名词 &n
4、bsp; 在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语 四、四、现在分词分为：现在分词分为： 1. 一般式一般式 （1）主动式）主动式 doing (2) 被动式被动式 being done 2. 完成式完成式 （1）主动式）主动式 having done (2) 被动式被动式 having been done 相当于副词和形容词 在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语 五、五、过去分词分为：过去分词分为： done 表完成，被动表完成，被动 相当于副词和形容词 &nb
5、sp; 在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语 六、六、非谓语动词的否定式非谓语动词的否定式 : 否定词否定词 not /never 必须放在非谓必须放在非谓 语动词前面。语动词前面。 3 1. 动词不定式 （1）not /never to do sth. （2）not /never to be doing (3) not /never to have done 2. 动名词 (1) not doing (2) not having done 3. 现在分词 &nb
6、sp; (1) not doing (2) not having done 4. 过去分词 not done 七、七、非谓语动词的复合结构非谓语动词的复合结构,即带有自己主语的非谓语动词即带有自己主语的非谓语动词 1. 动词不定式动词不定式 for sb. to do sth. 2. 动名词动名词 (1) sbs doing (2) 形容词性物主代词形容词性物主代词 + doing 动词不定式动词不定式 一、不定式作主语一、不定式作主语
7、 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作 (1) To master a language is not very easy. - It is not very easy to master a language. (2) To work hard is the key to success. - It is the key to success to work hard. 4 (3) To hear your voice is very nic
8、e. - It is very nice to hear your voice. (4) To teach children requires patience. -It requires patience to teach children. 注意：(1) 动词不定式作主语时，都可以转化为句型： It is +形容词 / 名词 / 动词短语+ to do sth. (2) It be + 形容词 + for / of sb. to
9、do. 这个句型前究竟用 of 还是 for,怎么区分？ 当把句子换成 Sb. + be + 前面形容词， 句子通顺，就用 of, 不通顺就用 for。 It is not very good for you to smoke so much. It was impossible for him to come back home before 5 p.m. Its very kind of you to have offered us so much help.
10、 可改为： You are kind. It is foolish of you to make such a mistake. 可改为： You are foolish. 二、二、不定式做表语不定式做表语 5 什么叫表语？ 在系动词后的成分叫表语。 当 aim, duty, dream, decision， goal, hope， happiness, idea, job, pur
11、pose, plan, problem，wish, solution, task 等名词或 what 引导 的主语从句作主语时， 那么系动词后的表语非谓语动词常用不定 式) My dream is to become a teacher. My wish is to go to key university. What we should do is (to) work even harder than before. What we should do is (to) review the word
12、s and phrases in the text. What his sister enjoys is to dance. 三、三、不定式做宾语不定式做宾语 1. 动词不定式做宾语都是固定搭配，要在学习过程中积累。动词不定式做宾语都是固定搭配，要在学习过程中积累。 agree, offer，learn, intend, want, long, plan, 巧记：同意提出 学会打算 demand, ask, promise, help,
13、; 巧记：要求答应 来帮忙 6 prepare, decide, determine, refuse, 巧记：准备决定 遭拒绝 dare, manage, hope, wish, 巧记： 敢于设法 有希望 fail, expect, pretend, 巧记：未能做到 莫假装， choose, afford, happen &nbs
14、p; 2. 注意： 介词的宾语一般用注意： 介词的宾语一般用动词的动词的ing， 但在介词， 但在介词but, except 后跟不定式作宾语，后跟不定式作宾语， 分为两种情况分为两种情况 （1）前有实意动词 do 时，后用动词原形 即：do but/except finish/ smoke/ play / complete ; (2) 前没有实意动词 do 时，后用动词不定式 即： do but/except to finish/ smoke/ play / complete ; He did nothing but
15、smoke. (前面有实意动词前面有实意动词 did,所所 以后面用以后面用 do) He said nothing but to smoke. (前面没有实意动词前面没有实意动词do,所所 以后面用以后面用 to do) He will do anything except work on the farm. I had no choice but to wait till it stopped raining. 7 3. it 作形式宾语时作形式宾语时 find/think/
16、feel/believe/take/consider/make/.itn./adj.to do We consider it our duty to help each other when in trouble. The dusty air makes it difficult to get a clear picture of space. They consider it a waste of time and money to go on with the project.
17、; The development of science and technology has made it much easier to communicate with each other even if we live apart. 4. 在在 had better, would rather, may/might as well, rather than, cannot but, cant help but, cant choose but, do nothing but, have nothing to do but 等
18、后面动词不定等后面动词不定式式不带不带 to,直接加动词原直接加动词原 形。形。 5. 疑问词后不定式：疑问词后不定式： why/why not +do sth. who/ what/ which/ whether/where/how/when+to do sth. Why stand up if you can sit down? 四、四、不定式做宾语补足语不定式做宾语补足语 8 1. 什么叫宾语补足语？补充说明宾语的内容， 叫宾语补足语，什么叫宾语补足语？补充说明宾语的内容， 叫宾语补足语， 简称宾
19、补。简称宾补。 2. 动词不定式做宾补都是固定搭配，要在学习过程中积累。动词不定式做宾补都是固定搭配，要在学习过程中积累。 3. 后跟动词不定式做宾补的动词：后跟动词不定式做宾补的动词： advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, order, permit, remind, tell, urge, want，wish, invite, 结构：动词 + sb. + to do sth. &nbs
20、p;They required me not to let out the secret. I persuaded him to stop smoking. 4. 后跟动词不定式做宾补的动词词组后跟动词不定式做宾补的动词词组: wait for, call on, count on, depend on, rely on, long for, appeal for, would like, would love, 结构：动词短语 + sb. + to do sth. They lo
21、ng for their holiday to begin. 5. 感官动词：感官动词：notice, see，observe, watch, look at, hear, listen to, feel （巧记：五看二听一感觉巧记：五看二听一感觉后后宾补省略不定式符号宾补省略不定式符号 to, 如如 若主动变被动，该若主动变被动，该 to 一定要跟着一定要跟着) 注意： 不定式在感官动词后做宾补时，强调动作已经完成。 I heard him call me several times. 9 He was heard
22、to call me several times. 6. 使役动词：使役动词： let, make, have （巧记：三个使役巧记：三个使役动词后动词后 宾补省略不定式符号宾补省略不定式符号 to, 如若主动变被动，该如若主动变被动，该 to 一定要跟着一定要跟着) 注意：不定式在使役动词后做宾补时，强调动作将发生。 His mum made him repeat his word. 7. help (后后宾补不定式符号宾补不定式符号 to 有或有或省略省略都可以都可以) 即：即：help
23、 sb. do sth. /to do sth. 8. to be 结构结构 在动词 think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, imagine, prove 后跟 to be 时，表宾语与宾补是主谓关系，表宾语的状态 或性质 He imagined himself to be an able man. They found the answer to be wrong. 五、五、 不定式做定语不定式
24、做定语 1. 不定式做定语时，与前面被修饰词往往有逻辑上的动宾关 系，一般式表示将来，to do 表动作由句中逻辑主语来完成，to be done 表与被修饰名词为被动关系。 10 I have a lot of papers to type. (逻辑主语是 I ) 我打论文。 She has a lot of clothes to wash this weekend. (逻辑主语是 she ) 她洗衣服。 The boss has a lot of papers to be typed.(逻辑主语是 a lot
25、 of papers) 老板不打论文，论文由别人打。 2. 一些抽象名词， 如 chance, warning, ability, ambition, attempt, offer, decision, anxiety, way,effort 等后常用不定式作定语。 The ability to live by oneself is very important. 3. 当名词前有序数词修饰时，后面非谓语动词通常用不定式 作后置定语。 Our teacher is always the first to
26、 come per day. The first book to be written is about President Xi. 4. 不定代词后面通常用动词不定式作后置定语。 I have nothing to say. 5. 不定式做后置定语时， 当不定式动词为不及物动词时 （vi.） , 要在 vi. 后加介词。 There is nothing to be proud of. There is nothing to worry about. 11 六、六、 不定式
27、做状语不定式做状语 一般做一般做 目的状语目的状语 原因状语原因状语 结果状语结果状语 动词不定式作状语时，大多数是固定搭配。 1. 目的状语 在句子中做目的状语永远用动词不定式。 1) in order to do, 2) so as to do，不可放句首 3) in an attempt to do 代替， She had to work harder in order to / so as to / in an attempt to catch
28、 up with the others. 2. 原因状语 放在表喜怒哀乐等情绪形容词之后 1) 主语+ be +adj. +to do sth. Sorry to hear about your failure in the exam.我为什么难过是 因为听到你考试失败了。 3. 结果状语 1) never to do / to be done 表未曾发生 2) tooadj./adv. + to do sth.(太以至于不) 12
29、 3) adj./adv. enough to do (足够) 4) enough +n. +to do sth. 5) sucha/an + adj. + 可数名词单数as to do (如 此以至于) 6）such +adj.+可数名词复数as to do (如此以至 于) 7）such + adj. +不可数名词复数as to do (如此以至 于) 8）soadj./adv.as to do sth.(如此以至于) 9）
30、only to do sth. / to be done 放句子后， 表出乎主语意料的、 非本意的结果 only doing sth. 表意料之中的事 He left home one day, never to come back/ never to be heard from. She was too tired to do the work. He is old enough to join the army. He hurried
31、to the station, only to be told the train had just left. Would you be so kind as to help me with the bag？ 13 He is so careful as not to notice the mistake. 七、七、 不定式的体不定式的体 1. 一般体 主动 to do sth. 被动 to be done 动词不定式
32、的一般体既可表做过的事， 但 98%表示将来 要做的事。只要表示在谓语动词后 将要去做的事，那么非谓语动词通常用 to do sth. You will grow to like him when you know him better. 2. 进行体 to be doing 与谓语动词同时发生，没有被动 式 The writer is reported to be writing a new novel. They seemed to be discussing someth
33、ing secret. When you called me last night,I happened to be working on the computer. 3. 完成体 主动 to have done 先于谓语动词动作 之前完成的动作 被动 to have been done 先于谓语动词动作 14 之前完成的动作 The novel is believed to have been translated int
34、o several languages. He pretended to have seen the film before. The man claimed to have been badly treated in the restaurant. Sorry to have kept you waiting so long. She feels relaxed to have finished writing her thesis before the dead
35、line. 八、八、 不定式的否定式不定式的否定式 不定式的否定式在 to do 前面加 not/ never ,但是当 to 为介词 时， 不可以在介词 to 前面加 not, 而要在介词 to 后面加 not， 即 not to do sth. 和 to not doing sth. ask sb. not to do sth. pretend not to do sth. decide not to do sth. stick to not doing sth. look forward t
36、o not doing sth. 15 九、九、 疑问词疑问词+to do sth. 考试时，当看到前面是疑问词，后面语法填空要填非谓语动考试时，当看到前面是疑问词，后面语法填空要填非谓语动 词用动词不定式。词用动词不定式。 Have you told him where to get the application form? 十、十、 不定式的省略不定式的省略 1. and 前后都有动词不定式时，前后都有动词不定式时，and 后的后的 to 可以省略。可以省略。 I asked h
37、im to come and wait for a moment. 2. 当前面有实意动词当前面有实意动词 do 时， 表语后的动词不定式时， 表语后的动词不定式 to 要省略。要省略。 The only thing you can do is (这个地方本应由这个地方本应由 to,但前面有但前面有 了实意动词了实意动词 do,所以所以 to 必须省略必须省略) wait and see. All I did was (这个地方本应由这个地方本应由 to,但前面有了实意动词但前面有了实意动词 do,所所 以以 to 必须省略必须省略) fi
38、nd the information. 3. 使役动词使役动词 make/ have/ let 后后+宾语宾语+ 动词不定式时，动词不定式时， to 必必 须省略，但改为被动语态时，必须还原须省略，但改为被动语态时，必须还原 to. The story made us all laugh. (主动主动) We all were made to laugh. （被动）（被动） 16 4. 感官动词（感官动词（notice, see，observe, watch, look at, hear, listen
39、 to, feel ） +宾语宾语+ 动词不定式时，动词不定式时，to 必须省略，但改为被动语必须省略，但改为被动语 态时，必须还原态时，必须还原 to. 5. 使役动词，感官动词后都可以跟非谓语动词的三种形式：使役动词，感官动词后都可以跟非谓语动词的三种形式： 1） do sth. 省略省略 to ,表事情已做过或将要做或经常做；表事情已做过或将要做或经常做； 2） doing sth. 和前面的和前面的 sb./sth. 存在主动关系，表动作正存在主动关系，表动作正 在进行。在进行。
40、3） done 和前面的和前面的 sb./sth. 存在被动关系，表动作存在被动关系，表动作 已经完成。已经完成。 to(不定式一般式的省略) to be(不定式含有 be 时的省略) to have(不定式完成式的省略) to have been(不定式完成被动式的省略)He didnt pass the exam but he still hopes to. Are you a teacher? No, but I used to be. Have you finished y
41、our work？ No, but I know I ought to have/No, but I know it ought to have been. 17 十一、十一、 不定式的保留不定式的保留 1. 当动词不定式后的内容和上面的内容一致时， 就保留到当动词不定式后的内容和上面的内容一致时， 就保留到 to, to 后的内容都省略。后的内容都省略。 Would you like to go to the cinema tomorrow? Id like to. 2. 当当 to 后有后有 be/ have/ have been 时，那么省略时，时，那么省略时，to 后的后的 be/ have/ have been 不能省略。不能省略。 Do you want to be a nurse? Yes,I want to be.
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