北京市2020-2021学年度第一学期期末质量检测高三英语试卷阅读汇编CD篇汇 含答案.docx

1、东城区东城区 20202020- -20212021 学年度第一学期期末统一检测学年度第一学期期末统一检测 高三英语高三英语 2021.1 C Once small farmers in Masii, a remote village in Kenya, have picked their crops, all they can do is wait until a buyer trucks through. The system works fairly well for beans and corn, but mangoes-the areas other main cropspoil （

2、腐烂）more quickly. If the trader is late, they rot. Obadiah Kisaingu, a farmer in Masii, estimates 40 % of the villages mango crop is lost to spoilage. But a simple coating could change that. A company, SmartTech, has created a product that doubles the shelf life of fresh produce, enabling farmers lik

3、e Kisaingu to access far-off, larger markets. More time for fresh produce on grocers shelves also means less food wastea $2. 6 trillion problem, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization（FAO）. James Rogers, CEO of SmartTech, who has a Ph. D in materials science, wanted to sol

4、ve the problem for food much in the same way that oxide barriers preventing rust （锈）have achieved for steel. Fortunately, researchers have found when plants made the jump from water to land hundreds of millions of years ago, they developed cutin, a barrier which is made of fatty acids that link toge

5、ther to form a seal around the plant, helping keep water in. The cutin was such a grand strategy that today youll still find it across the plant kingdom. Not that its exactly the same solution across the board： An orange can last longer than a strawberry not so much because of the thickness of its s

6、kin, but because of the difference in the arrangement of those cutin molecules （分子）on the surface. SmartTech5s challenge was first identifying the key components of cutin. After extensive trials, Rogers and his team developed a natural and tasteless protective coating from plant materialstems, leave

7、s and skins. The product extends the sweet spot between ripening and rot. And best of all, the treated produce doesnt require refrigeration. SmartTech traveled a long road to get here. It was six years from launch before products applied with the substance were in stores. SmartTech-treated fruits an

8、d vegetables are already in large grocery chains in Europe and the U.S. and the company recently gained regulatory approval in several less developed countries in South America. “SmartTech has huge potential to turn poor farmers in Africa into commercial farmers, says Rogers. That means more money i

9、n pockets, and more food in stomachs.” But whether the company can cost-effectively reach small farmers in far-off areas still remains a challenge. 27. The author mentions the small farmers in Kenya to. A. stress their need for preserving produce B. show their difficulty in harvesting crops C. evalu

10、ate their loss caused by slow transport D. help express their wish to reach larger markets 28. What can we learn about SparTechs product? A. It is financially supported by FAO. B. It is intended to replace refrigeration. C. It is designed to thicken produces skin. D. It is based on plants own defens

11、e system. 29. What does James Rogers expect? A. To profit farmers. B. To earn more money. C. To produce more food. D. To expand grocery chains. 30. The main purpose of the passage is to . A. prove a theory B. promote a product C. introduce a company D. present a technology D Elizabeth Spelke, a cogn

12、itive (认知的)psychologist at Harvard, has spent her career testing the worlds most complex learning system-the mind of a baby. Babies might seem like no match for artificial intelligence (Al). They are terrible at labeling images, hopeless at mining text, and awful at video games. Then again, babies c

13、an do things beyond the reach of any AL By just a few months old, theyve begun to grasp the foundations of language, such as grammar. Theyve started to understand how to adapt to unfamiliar situations. Yet even experts like Spelke dont understand precisely how babies-or adults, for that matterlearn.

14、 That gap points to a puzzle at the heart of modern artificial intelligence： Were not sure what to aim for. Consider one of the most impressive examples of Al, Alpha Zero, a programme that plays board games with superhuman skill. After playing thousands of games against itself at a super speed, and

15、learning from winning positions, Alpha Zero independently discovered several famous chess strategies and even invented new ones. It certainly seems like a machine eclipsing human cognitive abilities. But Alpha Zero needs to play millions more games than a person during practice to learn a game. Most

16、 importantly, it cannot take what it has learned from the game and apply it to another area. To some Al experts, that calls for a new approach. In a November research paper, Francois Chollet, a well-known Al engineer, argued that its misguided to measure machine intelligence just according to its sk

17、ills at specific tasks. Humans dont start out with skills； they start out with a broad ability to acquire new skills, he says. What a strong human chess player is demonstrating is not only the ability to play chess, but the potential to fulfill any task of a similar difficulty. Chollet posed a set o

18、f problems, each of which requires an Al programme to arrange colored squares on a grid （格栅）based on just a few prior examples. Its not hard for a person. But modern machine-learning programmes-trained on huge amounts of datacannot learn from so few examples. Josh Tenenbaum, a professor in MITs Cent

19、er for Brains）Minds however, the degree to which it is influencing mental illness is not yet clear, though evidence addressing this question is slowly growing. For years now, mental health clinicians have seen climate anxiety influencing presentations of mental illness in a variety of ways, some ext

20、reme. Recent studies are starting to look at links between climate anxiety and mental illness in larger samples to help better understand the directionality of their relationship. In a U.S. survey of more than 340 people published in 2018, climate concerns were associated with depressive symptoms (症

21、状). Ecological coping, which includes pro-environmental behaviors such as reducing energy consumption, appeared to be protective against depression, indicating that climate concerns and the poor coping skills used to address them could be causing depressive symptoms. So who might be more at risk of

22、mental illness secondary to the uncertainties around climate change? Unsurprisingly, climate anxiety appears higher in individuals with more concern about environmental issues at baseline and those already experiencing direct effects of climate change. Climatologists also face increased risk given t

23、heir in-depth knowledge on the issue coupled with the upsetting task of trying to convey it to individuals and governments that often deny or downplay it. People with high levels of neuroticism, a personality trait that increases susceptibility to mental illness, are also likely to be at high risk.

24、Some individuals report adaptive responses to climate anxiety like adopting pro-environmental behaviors and participating in collective action, while others are unable to respond behaviorally at all. Its not yet clear how these varying reactions manifest (呈现) on a population level and how theyre inf

25、luencing humanitys response to climate change. However, a recent survey of nearly 200 people found that, while climate anxiety was associated with an emotional response to climate change, it was not correlated with a behavioral response. If this is true for humanity as a whole, we must urgently help

26、 motivate the anxious among us. Doing so successfully will require many approaches, such as delivering cognitive-behavioral therapy (认知行为疗法) to the most severely affected and demonstrating to entire populations that change is possible by better publicizing productive efforts by organizations to redu

27、ce their carbon footprints. We cant let climate anxiety stop us from responding to climate change, because now, more than ever, we need action, not inaction. 31. What can be learned from the first two paragraphs? A. Mental illness may increase the risk of climate anxiety. B. Reducing energy consumpt

28、ion can help treat depression. C. Failure to handle climate anxiety may cause depressive symptoms. D. The influence of climate anxiety on mental illness can be measured. 32. The underlined phrase “secondary to” in Paragraph 3 probably means . A. as a result of B. less important than C. as serious as

29、 D. regardless of 33. Which of the following might be effective in helping the anxious overcome climate anxiety? A. Publicizing the latest research on climate anxiety. B. Funding studies into cognitive-behavioral therapies. C. Delivering speeches to anxious people on a regular basis. D. Informing th

30、e public of practical ways to live a greener life. 34. What is the purpose of this passage? A. To reveal consequences of climate anxiety. B. To show new findings about climate anxiety. C. To compare climate anxiety and mental illness. D. To demand care for those experiencing climate anxiety. 海淀海淀区区

31、20202020- -20212021 学年度第一学期期末统一检测学年度第一学期期末统一检测 高三英语高三英语 2021.1 C What does it mean to live a good life? This question has been debated for centuries. In the field of psychology, two main concepts of the good life have been quite popular: A happy life full of pleasure and positive emotions, and a mea

32、ningful life full of purpose and sacrifice. But what if these arent the only options? In recent years, a long-neglected version of the good life has been receiving greater attention: the psychologically rich life. It is full of complex mental engagement, a wide range of intense and deep emotions, an

33、d diverse, novel, surprising and interesting experiences. Sometimes they are neither pleasant nor meaningful. However, they are rarely boring or monotonous. After all, both happy and meaningful lives can become monotonous and repetitive. A person with a steady office job, married with children, may

34、be satisfied and find his or her life meaningful and still be bored. Also the psychologically rich life doesnt necessarily involve economic richness. For instance, consider Hesses character Goldmund, who has no money but pursues the life of a free spirit. Research has found psychological richness is

35、 related to, but partially distinct from, both happy and meaningful lives. Psychological richness is related with openness to experience and experiencing both positive and negative emotions more intensely. But is the psychologically rich life one that people actually want? In a new study, Oishi and

36、his colleagues asked people in nine countries the degree to which they value a psychologically rich life, a happy life and a meaningful life. They found many peoples self-described ideal lives involve psychological richness. When forced to choose a life, however, the majority chose a happy life and

37、a meaningful life. Even so, a minority of people still favored the psychological rich life, ranging from 6.7%o in Singapore to 16.8% in Germany. These numbers went up when the desire for a psychologically rich life was measured indirectly. To understand what a person wishes their lives might have be

38、en, it is important to explore what people wish they had avoided in their lives. When asked what they regret most and whether undoing this event would have made their lives happier, more meaningful or psychologically richer, about 28 of Americans said undoing the regrettable event would have made th

39、eir lives psychologically richer. These findings suggest that while most people strive to be happy and have meaning in their lives, a sizable number of people are content merely living a psychologically rich existence. As Oishi and his colleagues conclude,“We believe that taking the psychologically

40、rich life seriously will deepen and enrich our understanding of well-being.”.At the end of the day, there is no one singularly acceptable path to the good life. You have to find a path that works best for you. 27. According to the passage, the psychologically rich life A. means living a luxurious li

41、fe B. involves various intense emotions C. combines pleasure with purpose D. emphasizes openness and repetition 28. What does Oishis research indicate? A. The Germans prefer psychological richness to a happy life B. Undoing regrettable events has enriched many peoples lives C. A hidden desire for ps

42、ychological richness exists among some people D. People with psychological richness tend to describe their lives as ideal. 29. We can learn from the passage that A. purpose outweighs pleasure in terms of significance B. the choice of a good life differs from person to person C. a positive mindset he

43、lps us understand our well-being D. we should never be content and always strive for the best 30. What is the main purpose of the article? A. To compare different concepts of a good life B. To explain how to live a psychologically rich life C. To persuade people to attain psychological richness D. T

44、o draw attention to a less familiar version of a good life D On August 28th, at a presentation over the Internet, Mr. Musk showed off the progress of his firm,Neuralink. The highlight was the appearance of Gertrude, a pig with a chip implanted(植入) into her brain. Reading the brain s electrical signa

45、ls, a technique called electroencephalography (EEG), started over 100 years ago and is now routine. It generally involves placing non-invasive electrodes(非侵入式电极) on the scalp(头皮), though it sometimes requires the invasive insertion wires into the scalp or the brain. Non-invasive EEG provides useful

46、information, and can even be used to do things like playing computer games. Invasive EEG offers more accurate readings from the nerve cells in the brain, though at greater risk because of the surgery involved. The device Gertrude carries, known technically as a brain-computer interface (接口), carries

47、 invasiveness one stage further by making the EEG recorder a potentially permanent implant. Along with this improved interface, Neuralink has built a robot that will implant it. To do so, the robot first takes a high-resolution scan of the recipients brain Using this, it is able to sew the electrode

48、 threads into place with a precision that avoids any blood tubes in the area, which reduces the risk of damage during surgery. The robot can put the interface in place in less than an hour. General anesthesia(麻醉) is not needed for the procedure One challenge the firm wants to tackle is sending elect

49、rical signals into the brain. Mr. Musk says this will require a range of inputs including delicate stimulation and large amounts of currents. The point of doing so will be to establish two-way communications. This could allow entirely new areas of treatment to be explored. Besides epilepsy (癫痫) prev

50、ention, such brain stimulation might also work to treat depression. More important in the long run. it is also essential to Musks vision of widespread engagement between people and machines. This, he hopes, will result in a future where memories can be downloaded and stored elsewhere, and humans can