1、初中八下英语教师版 1 Unit 10 Ive had this bike for three years. 重点重点 1. 深入学习现在完成时; 2. for+段时间; Since+点时间; ever/never 等时间标志词的用法; 难点难点 延续性动词及非延续性动词的用法及转换; 易错点易错点 延续性及非延续性的转换 高频考点高频考点 现在完成时 牛津词汇:牛津词汇: yard 院子 sweet 甜的;含糖的 cent 分;分币 toy 玩具 bear 熊 maker 生产者;制造者 scarf 围巾;披巾 soft 柔软的 board 木板 check 检查;审查 check out
2、观察 no longer 不再 railway 地铁 certain 某事;某人 honest 诚实的 truthful 真实的 camera 照相机 hometown 家乡;故乡 初中八下英语教师版 2 hill 小山 search 搜查 among 在.之中 crayon 彩色铅笔/蜡笔 shame 羞耻;惭愧 regard 把.视为 count 数数 century 世纪 opposite 对面的 especially 尤其;特别 memory 回忆;记忆 consider 重视;仔细考虑 hold 拥有;抓住 第一部分:词汇精讲第一部分:词汇精讲 1.before /ago 【比较】b
3、efore 和 ago 都能表示在一段时间以前,但是二者的内涵和具体用法有明显的区别: 1. before 表示从过去或将来某一时间算起多少时间以前,由于与这一时间状语连用的行为先发生 在过去或将来某一时刻之前,因此往往出现在过去完成时态或将来完成时态中。 e.g.I called him up last night,but his mother told me he had left for Wuhan two days before. She said that she had married him five years before. 2.如果不具体表明多少时间以前, before 意
4、为从前; 以前, 表示从现在开始追溯到过去一段时间, 或者主句的谓语动词表示的是经常、反复发生的行为,以副词的形式置于句末,可以用在现在完成时 态中。 e.g.I have never been to Beijing before. Have you ever seen a tiger before? 注意:before 前的时间状语如果是特定的,含义不一样。 试比较:He said he had arrived here a day before. (一天前) He said he had arrived here the day before. (前一天) 3. ago 指的是从现在起到过
5、去时间的某一点的一段时间。 这个时间状语常与一般过去时态或过去进 行时态连用。 e.g. I graduated from the college twenty years ago. 4. 表示在某一时间点或事件以前时,只能用 before,不用 ago。因为这种用法是将 before 当作介词 或连词使用。ago 不具有这种功能。 e.g.He will come back before eleven oclock. 初中八下英语教师版 3 2. for/since (1) for 与表示一段时间的词连用,表示“做某事多长时间了” ,常用于现在完成时,表示从过去某时 开始,持续到现在的动作或
6、状态。for 所在句子中的动词是延续性动词。例如: Ive lived in China for two years. 我住在中国两年了。 Ive known him for more than twenty years. 我认识他 20 多年了。 (2) since 作连词,引导时间状语从句,从句用一般过去时,主句常用完成时。例如: I have studied English since I came here. 自从我来这里就学习英语。 I have known her since I was five years old. 自从我五岁就认识她。 since 还可以作介词,连接一个过去的
7、时间点或一段时间+ago。例如: She has been ill since last weekend. 她自从上周末就病了。 She has been in Wuhan since four years ago. 自从四年前她就在武汉。 3.check 用作及物动词用作及物动词, 意为意为“检查检查, 审查审查”; 【拓展】check out 意为“察看,观察”。 e.g. If you finish it, check it by yourself first. 如果你完成了,就自己先检查一下。 Check out all the books for children. 察看一下所有的儿
8、童书籍。 check 还可用作名词,意为“支票, 账单”。 4.part with 放弃放弃(=give up)、交出,、交出, 【用法】part v. 离开, 分开 n.部分, 地区,区域 e.g. Dont part with your dream.不要放弃你的梦想。 Dont give up your dream. 5.among 与与 between 差别差别 【比较】among prep. 在三者或三者以上之间 between prep. 在两者之间 e.g.Tom sits among the students. 汤姆坐在学生之间。 3.g.Tom sits between Mar
9、y and Frank. 汤姆坐在玛丽和弗兰克之间。 6.regard 意为“将 认为;把 视为” 。意为“将 认为;把 视为” 。 【用法】常用短语 regard A as B 意为“将 A 视为 B;把 A 当做 B” ,as 为介词,其后接名词或代词。 e.g. I regard you as my best friend. 我把你当做我最好的朋友。 e.g.We regard him as our brother. 我们把他当成兄弟看待。 7.according to 意为“依照,按照”意为“依照,按照” to 为介词,后接名词、代词或从句 初中八下英语教师版 4 e.g.What i
10、s the meaning of the word according to the passage? 根据文章,这个单词的意思是? 8.hold 及物动词,意为“拥有;抓住”及物动词,意为“拥有;抓住” 【用法】过去式和过去分词均为 held e.g. He holds a major share in the company. 他持有该公司的大部分股份。 e.g.He is holding a book in her hand. 她手里正拿着一本书。 【拓展】 hold 用作及物动词,还可意为“举行;主持” ,相当于 have e.g. They will hold a meeting t
11、o discuss this problem tomorrow. 他们明天会举行一场会议讨论这个问题。 【拓展】在与动词连用时,只能用动名词形式的动词或短语有: consider “考虑” enjoy “喜爱” practice“练习” keep (on) “继续(一直) ” mind “介意” finish“完成” have fun “高兴” feel like “想要” look forward to “盼望” cant help “禁不住” give up “放弃” 歌诀:喜欢错过别介意,完成愉快勤练习,禁不住考虑想放弃 9.in my opinion in ones opinion=i
12、n the opinion of sb. 意为“依 看”。 e.g. In my opinion, its best to make some cards for our teachers. 依我看,最好给我们的老师做些卡片。 10. maker maker 是名词,意为“生产者;制造者” ,是由“动词 make + 后缀-r”构成的。英语 中,表示职业或身份的名词小结: (1) 以-ist 结尾的有: pianist 钢琴家 chemist 化学家 violinist 小提琴家 physicist 物理学家 scientist 科学家 (2) 以-er,-r 或-or 结尾的有: teach
13、er 教师 painter 画家 writer 作家 singer 歌唱家 visitor 参观者 actor 演员 engineer 工程师 inventor 发明家 professor 教授 reporter 记者 初中八下英语教师版 5 (3) 以-man 结尾的有: postman 邮递员 policeman 警察 businessman 商人 spaceman 宇航员 fisherman 渔夫 dustman 清洁工 (4) 以-ian 结尾的有: musician 音乐家 politician 政治家 11. certain certain 作形容词,意为“某种;某事;某人” 。例
14、如: He decided to sell his certain books. 他决定卖掉他的某些书籍。 【拓展】certain 作形容词,意为“确定的;无疑的” ,相当于 sure,对应的副词为 certainly。certain 常 用于以下结构中: be certain / sure of sth. 对某事有把握 be certain / sure to do sth. 肯定做某事 be certain / sure + that 从句 确信 例如: They are certain / sure of success. 他们有把握成功。 Im certain / sure that
15、he will come. 我确信他会成功的。 12. a 46-year-old husband and father 46-year-old 是复合形容词,这种形容词有两个特点:一是词与词之间要用连字符连接;二是数 词之后的名词用单数形式。例如: a three-meter-long line 一条三米长的绳子 【拓展】 岁数的表达方式小结: (1) 基数词 + years old。例如: He is 8 years old. 他八岁了。 (2) 基础词-year-old。例如: Lucy is an eighteen-year-old girl. Lucy 是一位 18 岁的女孩。 (3
16、) 名词 + of + 基础词。例如: Tom is a boy of 18. Tom 是一位 18 岁的男孩。 (4) at the age of + 基数词。例如: She is at the age of 18. 她 18 岁了。 13. shame shame 是不可数名词,意为“羞耻;羞愧;惭愧” 。可与不定冠词 a 连用,表示“可耻的人或事; 可惜(遗憾)的事” 。例如: 初中八下英语教师版 6 He felt no shame for what he had done. 他对自己所做过的事不感到羞愧。 Its a shame that you cant stay for dinn
17、er. 你不能留下吃晚饭,真遗憾。 【拓展】shame 常见的短语有: feel shame at因而感到羞愧 in shame 羞愧地 have no shame 无羞耻心 with shame 羞愧地 to ones shame 令某人感到羞愧的是 bring shame on 使丢脸 14. regard regard 作及物动词,意为“注视; 注意;认作” 。常用短语 regardas意为“将视为; 把当作” ,as 为介词,其后可接名词或代词。例如: I regard you as my best friend. 我把你当作我最好的朋友。 We regard him as our b
18、rother. 我们把他当成兄弟看待。 15. opposite (1) opposite 作介词,意为“在对面” ,相当于 across from,常与名词一起构成介词短语,表方 位。例如: They live opposite the bank. 他们住在银行对面。 (2) opposite 作形容词,意为“另一边的;对面的;相反的” 。例如: We live on the opposite side of the road. 我们住在马路对面。 (3) opposite 作副词,意为“在对面” 。例如: Theres an old man living opposite. 有一个老人住在
19、对面。 (4) opposite 作名词,意为“相反的人或物;对立面” ,常与介词 of 一起使用。例如: “Tall” is the opposite of “short”. “高”是“矮”的反义词。 consider 作动词,意为“考虑、认为”,它的后面跟名词、动名词或者从句作宾语。 Please consider my suggestion. 请考虑我的建议。 Why dont you consider visiting Qing Dao?你为什么不考虑去青岛参观? I consider that he is a selfish man. 我认为他是一个自私的人。 【拓展】 后接动名词作
20、宾语的动词及短语可参考以下归纳: 完成,实践,值得,忙(finish, practice, be worth, be busy) ; 考虑,建议,不禁,想(consider, suggest, cant help, feel like) ; 错过,习惯, (别)放弃(miss, be used to, give up) ; 继续,喜欢, (要)介意(keep on, enjoy, mind) 。 词汇精练词汇精练 初中八下英语教师版 7 I. 英汉互译。英汉互译。 1. 多久_ 2. not any more _ 3. grow up_ 4. 起初_ 5. as for _ 6. give u
21、p_ 7. 至少_ 8. 一年一两次_ 9. according to _ 10. in order to_ II. 根据句意及汉语提示写出所缺单词。根据句意及汉语提示写出所缺单词。 1. All my life I have tried to be an _(诚实的) man. 2. He tied a _(围巾) around his neck. 3. Please _(检查) your answer again. 4. Its very comfortable to step on the _(柔软的) ground in the spring. 5. During the 1830s,
22、 countries all over the world started to build _(铁路). 6. He is the tallest one _(在当中) the boys. 7. In judging him you should _(仔细考虑) his youth. 8. I have many pleasant _(回忆) of our friendship. 9. My little son can _(数数) from one to ten. 10. Miss Li _(搜寻) on the Internet for the information she neede
23、d. III. 用用 since 或或 for 填空。填空。 1. Jill has been in Ireland _ Monday. 2. Jill has been in Ireland _ three days. 3. My aunt has lived in Australia _ 15 days. 4. Margaret is in her office. She has been there _ 7 oclock. 5. India has been an independent country _ 1947. 6. The bus is late. Weve been wait
24、ing _ 20 minutes. 7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty _ many years. 8. Mike has been ill _ a long time. He has been in hospital _ October. 参考答案参考答案 I. 英汉互译。英汉互译。 1. how long 2. 不再 3. 长大 4. at first 5. 至于 6. 放弃 7. at least 8. once or twice a year 9. 根据;按照 10. 为了 II. 根据句意及首字母和汉语提示写出所
25、缺单词。根据句意及首字母和汉语提示写出所缺单词。 1. honest 2. scarf 3. check 4. soft 5. railway 6. among 7. consider 8. memories 9. count 10. searched III. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 初中八下英语教师版 8 1. since 2. for 3. for 4. since 5. since 6. for 7. for 8. for; since 第二部分:重点句型第二部分:重点句型 1. - How long have you had that bik
26、e over there? - I have had it for three years. 那边的自行那边的自行车你买多久了啊?车你买多久了啊? 我已经买了我已经买了 3 年了。年了。 how long, how soon, how often, how far How long 多久, 多长(时间)。对时间段提 问, 如: for+时间段;since+过去的时间点/时间段+ago/一般过去时的句子。 e.g. -How long have you worked in Beijing?-你在别经工作多久了? -For five years.-5 年了 【拓展】 1)How soon 多久以后
27、。对“in+时间段提问, 常用于一般将来时”, 其答语常用“in+时间段”。 e.g. -How soon will Mr. Li be back?-李先生多久之后回来? -In a week. -一周后 2)How often 多久一次, 对频率提问, 其答语为: once (twice/)+时间段, always, usually 等。 e.g. -How often do you exercise? -你多久做一次锻炼? -Once a day. -一天一次。 3)How far 多远,对距离提问,其答语是表距离的内容。 e.g. -How far is it from here to
28、your school? -从这儿到你们学校多远? -Three kilometers.-3 千米。 2.Children have learned to read and count at my old primary school since the mid-20th century. 自从自从 20 世纪中期,孩子们在我过往的小学已经学习了读书和数数。世纪中期,孩子们在我过往的小学已经学习了读书和数数。 【用法】 century 可数名词,意为“世纪;百年”,其复数形式为 centuries。 e.g. the mid-20th century 20 世纪中期 eighteenth-ce
29、ntury writer 18 世纪的作家 A hundred years is a century. 一百年是一个世纪。 3. Most of the children in my time liked to play together under that big tree , especially during the summer holidays. 在我那时候,大多数的孩子们都喜欢一起在那个大树下玩耍,尤其是在暑假的时候。在我那时候,大多数的孩子们都喜欢一起在那个大树下玩耍,尤其是在暑假的时候。 初中八下英语教师版 9 【用法】especially 副词,意为“尤其;特别;格外”,在
30、句中作状语,用于列举某个特例或某事物的特 殊性。形容词 especial“特别的,特殊的”。 e.g. Flowers are always welcomed, especially in winter. 鲜花总是受到欢迎,尤其是冬天。 4.The stories inside may be a bit old, but theyre still interesting. 这里的故事可能有些老旧了,但是它们还是很有趣的。这里的故事可能有些老旧了,但是它们还是很有趣的。 【用法】a bit 意为“一点儿, 稍微”, 修饰形容词或副词, 相当于 a little; a bit of +不可数名词,
31、 a little 直 接加不可数名词。 e.g. There is a bit of/a little water in the bottle. 瓶子里有点儿水。 not a bit =not at all 意为“一点也不” not a little =very 意为“非常” e.g. She is not a bit happy. 她一点儿也不快乐。 He is not a little tired.=He is very tired. 他非常累。 5. And check out these soft toys and board games for younger kids. 为这些小
32、孩子们检查一下这些柔软的玩具以及木质玩具。为这些小孩子们检查一下这些柔软的玩具以及木质玩具。 【用法】check 用作及物动词, 意为“检查, 审查”; check out 意为“察看,观察”。 e.g. If you finish it, check it by yourself first. 如果你完成了,就自己先检查一下。 e.g.Check out all the books for children. 察看一下所有的儿童书籍。 6.Jeffs family is having a yard sale. 杰夫家正在院子中售卖东西。杰夫家正在院子中售卖东西。 【用法】sale 用作名词,
33、意为“出售,销售”,on sale 意为“出售,上市”;for sale 意为“待 售,供出售”,尤指从主人手里出售。 e.g. Chickens are on sale in the market. 小鸡在市场上出售。 e.g.Im sorry, its not for sale. 抱歉,它不出售。 7.Amy thinks its hard to sell her old things. 艾米认为卖掉她的旧东西很难。 【用法】Its +adj. (+for sb.) to do sth. 意为“(对某人来说)做某事时的” it 是形式主语,真正主语是后面的动词不定式。 e.g. Its i
34、mportant for un to learn English well. 学好英语对于我们来说是很重要的。 8.Amy wants to keep her old things because they bring back sweet memories. 艾米想保留她的旧东西,因为它们勾起她的甜蜜回忆。 初中八下英语教师版 10 【拓展】memory n. ,意为“记忆;回忆”, 复数形式为 memories 动词为 memorize,意为“记忆,背诵”。 e.g. She has a good memory. 她记忆力好。 9. Because I dont read it any m
35、ore. notany more 意为“不再”。not 常位于 be 动词、情态动词或助动词之后,any more 常位于句末, 相当于 no more。no more 常位于句中,放在 be 动词之后,实义动词之前,两者经常可以互换。例 如: He doesnt live here any more. = He no more lives here. 他不再住在这里了。 【拓展】 表示“不再”的词还有 notany longer 或 no longer。二者的区别在于: (1) notany more = no more,表示数量或程度上的“不再”增加,通常修饰终止性动词。例如: The b
36、aby isnt crying any more. = The baby is no more crying. 这个婴儿不再哭了。 (2) no longer = notany longer 表示时间或距离上的“不再”延长,通常修饰延续性的动词。例如: I cant stand it any longer. 我对此再也不能忍受下去了。 10. Amy thinks its hard to sell her old things. It is/was + adj. + to do sth. 意为“做某事是的” ,to do sth.为句子的真正的主语,而 it 为形式主 语,形式主语不能用别的词
37、来代替,句中可在形容词后加 for sb.,意为“对于某人来说,做某事是 的” 。例如: Its important for us to learn a foreign language. 对我们来说,学习一门外语是相当重要的。 Its necessary for us to eat more fruit and vegetables. 对我们来说,多吃蔬菜和水果是必要的。 【拓展】 这个句型中的 for sb.有时也可以用 of sb. 二者意义有区别: (1) 在 Its + adj. + for sb. to do sth. 中, for sb.意为 “对某人来说” , 句中的形容词是用
38、来说明 to do sth. 的,形式主语只能用 it。例如: Its necessary for the students to do some housework. 对于学生们来说,做些家务是十分必要的。 (2) 在 Its + adj. + of sb. to do sth. 中 of sb. 意为“某人” ,句中形容词可与逻辑主语 sb. 构成系 表结构,即形容词是用来说明或形容 sb.(某人)的。例如: Its very kind of you to help us. 你能帮助我们真是太好了。 11. Jim has been in Japan for three days. (1)
39、 been 是 be 动词的过去分词形式。 初中八下英语教师版 11 (2) have been in 是 be in 的现在完成时形式,一般与段时间状语连用。例如: He has been in hospital for two months. 他住院已经有两个月了。 【拓展】have been to; have been in 与 have gone to 的辨析: (1) “have/ has been to + 地点”表示“去过某地” ,现在已经回来了。例如: Ive been to Beijing twice. 我已去过北京两次。 (2) “have/has been in + 地点
40、”表示“在某地待了一段时间” 。例如: Hes been in this school for two years. 他在这所学校待了两年了。 (3)“ have/has gone to + 地点”表示“到某事去了” ,现在还没有回来,可能在去的途中,也可能在那 里或返回的途中。例如: Wheres Wei Hua? 魏华在哪里? She has gone to the zoo. 她到动物园去了。 12. But he also thinks some things will never change, and his hometown is still the place that hold
41、s all his childhood memories. 这是一个复合句,some things 至句末为宾语从句,作 thinks 的宾语。在该宾语从句中包含由 and 连的 两个分句,在第二个分句中, “that holds all his childhood memories”是定语从句,修饰先行词 place。 关系代词 that 在定语从句中作主语。当定语从句的先行词指物时,关系代词可用 that 或 which,关系 代词在定语从句中作宾语时,关系代词 that 或 which 也可省略。例如: I like clothes that/which are unusual. 我喜欢
42、与众不同的衣服。 Pass me the book(that/which) you bought for me yesterday. 把你昨天给我买的那本书递给我。 句式精练句式精练 I. 根据汉语提示完成英语句子(每空一词) 。根据汉语提示完成英语句子(每空一词) 。 1. 你拥有那边的那辆自行车多长时间了? _ _ _ you _ that bike over there? 2. 请查看一下这些玩具是否完好。 Please _ _ if these toys are all right. 3. 说实在的,我很喜欢美国乡村音乐。 _ _ _, I like American country
43、music very much. 4. 我在纽约住了几个星期。 I have lived in New York for _ _ _ weeks. 5. 他不懈地学习着,直到不再讨厌数学为止。 初中八下英语教师版 12 He worked and worked until he _ _ hated mathematics. 6. 怀特先生的记忆力很差。 Mr. White has _ _ _. 7. “空的”是“满的”的反义词。 “Empty” is _ _ _ “full”. 8. 许多警察和官兵正在森林里搜寻从监狱里跑出来的犯人。 Many policemen and soldiers a
44、re _ the forest _ the prisoner escaping from prison. II. 句型转化,每空一词。句型转化,每空一词。 1. He ran in the school for half an hour. (对划线部分提问) _ _ _ he run in the school? 2. We started to skate two hours ago. (对划线部分提问) _ _ you start to skate? 3. They started to play the piano one or two hours ago. (改为同义句) They s
45、tarted to play the piano _ _ _ two ago. 4. They have been away from here since two years ago. (改为同义句) _ _ two years _ they left here. 5. The man began to work four hours ago. (改为同义句) The man has _ _ four hours. 6. I have already finished my homework. (改为否定句) I _ _ my homework _. 7. She has cleaned t
46、he room. (改为一般疑问句) _ she _ the room? 8. Tina bought the car last year. (改为同义句) Tina _ _ the car _ a year. III. 补全对话。补全对话。 A. Who has gone there? B. When are you going there? C. I havent been there, either. D. Ive seen and learnt a lot there. E. What have you done in the holiday? F. Which pavilion do
47、 you want to visit most? G. But I hear therere a large number of people every day. M: Yang Liu, the summer holiday is over. 1 W: I have visited the World Expo Garden in Shanghai. 初中八下英语教师版 13 M: That must be exciting. 2 You must have waited for a long time to visit some wonderful pavilion, didnt you? W: Yes, I did. But I think its worth visiting. 3 M: Youre right. I want to go to the World Expo Garden, too. W: 4 M: Im plannin
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