1、并列句,宾语从句并列句,宾语从句 知识补充知识补充 外研外研8年级下年级下 简单句简单句 定义:只含一个主语或并列和一个谓语或并定义:只含一个主语或并列和一个谓语或并 列谓语的句子。列谓语的句子。 My sister and I are bother teachers. He is interested in math and physics. Not only she but also her sister can sing and dance. 简单句可分为四种:简单句可分为四种: 陈述句、疑问句陈述句、疑问句 祈使句、感叹句祈使句、感叹句。 陈述句分为陈述句分为肯定句和否定句肯定句和否定
2、句; 疑问句分为四种:疑问句分为四种: 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句一般疑问句、特殊疑问句 选择疑问句、反意疑问句选择疑问句、反意疑问句 并列句并列句 并列复合句的基本构成:并列复合句的基本构成: 简单句简单句+并列连词(并列连词(and ,or, but等)等)+ 简单句简单句 并列句并列句 1.有时不用并列连词,只是用一个分号隔开有时不用并列连词,只是用一个分号隔开 2.并列连词后简单句若与其前简单句部分有并列连词后简单句若与其前简单句部分有 相同部分,则相同部分可以省略。相同部分,则相同部分可以省略。 He closed the window;turned off the light and
3、left the room. 他关上窗,熄了灯,离开了房间。他关上窗,熄了灯,离开了房间。 He works in the office and my mother in a factory. 1. 表表同等并列概念同等并列概念 and/ but /not onlybut also/neithernor He studies well and his sister is fond of sports. He studies well but he is not good at sports. Study hard and youll make progress. 2. 表选择表选择 or/ei
4、theror Hurry up, or you will miss the bus. Either you are wrong, or I am. 3. 表因果表因果 so/for for 用句子后部多较多,前有逗号,对前面句子用句子后部多较多,前有逗号,对前面句子 的补充说明理由或推断原因的补充说明理由或推断原因 (不回答(不回答why 问句)问句) I have to stay at home, for it is raining heavily. So 因此,因此, 可连接两句子,可连接两句子, 中间逗号隔开,可以中间逗号隔开,可以 放在开头。放在开头。 4. 表转折表转折 but/ y
5、et/while(但但)/ however but连两个并列句,放一个句子句首,连两个并列句,放一个句子句首,与前分与前分 句可用(可不用)逗号,与后分句句可用(可不用)逗号,与后分句不用逗号不用逗号。 I hope you dont mind me asking ,but where did you buy those books? While表示对比,而但是可是,表示对比,而但是可是, I do housework while my brother Bob just plays in his room Yet 但是尽管如此但是尽管如此,常用否定句,语气比常用否定句,语气比while稍强。稍
6、强。 指不管作出多大努力或让步,仍达不到预期的结果。指不管作出多大努力或让步,仍达不到预期的结果。与 but比,比较的意味较强经常以and yet形式出现 He has a good job, and yet he never seems to have any money. 他有份好工作,然而他却好像总也没有钱他有份好工作,然而他却好像总也没有钱 however: 然而,不过。然而,不过。 句首、句中,逗号隔开;语气比句首、句中,逗号隔开;语气比but 弱,不直接弱,不直接 引出相反意见。用作副词较常见。引出相反意见。用作副词较常见。 Id like to go with you, howe
7、ver, my hands are full now . 1.not but , 不是不是而是而是 It was not the bone of an animal but of a human being. The meal is not for one, but for many to enjoy. 这顿饭不是为了一个人的,而是供大家享用的这顿饭不是为了一个人的,而是供大家享用的。 2. rather than 而不是,而不是, 与其与其 宁愿宁愿 Rather than ride on a bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle. 3.When
8、正当那时正当那时 相当于相当于at that time He was holidaying with his family in a wildlife park when she was bitten on the leg by a lion 其他并列连词其他并列连词 1. rather than 与与would 连用时,连用时, “would rather.than.”句式,是“宁愿句式,是“宁愿而不愿而不愿”, 表示主观愿望,即在两者之中选择其一。表示主观愿望,即在两者之中选择其一。 Shed rather die than lose the children. 她宁愿死也不愿失去孩子们。
9、她宁愿死也不愿失去孩子们。 2. rather than 不与不与would连用时连用时, 表客观事实,“是表客观事实,“是而不是而不是;与其;与其倒不如倒不如 说说”。是连词,它前后的成分在词性上应该一致,连接。是连词,它前后的成分在词性上应该一致,连接 并列成分可以是并列成分可以是n. pron.adj. prep(短语短语)、doing 、to do、分、分 句句等。等。 He is an explorer rather than a sailor. 与其说他是一个海员,不如说他是一个探险者。与其说他是一个海员,不如说他是一个探险者。 复合句复合句 (宾语从句)(宾语从句) 宾语从句的概
10、念:宾语从句的概念: 宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。 可以是动词宾语也可以是介词宾语。可以是动词宾语也可以是介词宾语。 句子结构:句子结构: 主句主句 + + 引导词引导词 + + 宾语从句宾语从句 引 导 词 引 导 词 陈述句陈述句(主主+v/主主+adj.): 特殊疑问句特殊疑问句: 一般疑问句一般疑问句: 先先_后后_ (that) 特殊特殊疑问词如疑问词如 what/ where/ when/ who/how much/ how many. if/whether 主主 谓谓 语序语序 时 态 时 态 宾宾 语语 从从 句句 三三 要要 素素 主句为现在
11、时,主句为现在时,从句时态从句时态根据根据_而而定。定。 主句为过去时,主句为过去时,从句时态从句时态用用_时态时态。 实际情况实际情况 相应的过去相应的过去 陈述语序陈述语序 一一、从属连词从属连词(引导词引导词) 1. that: 当当宾语从句是陈述句时宾语从句是陈述句时(包括肯定句和否定句包括肯定句和否定句), 连词由连词由that引导引导,因为因为that不作任何成分不作任何成分,无任何具无任何具 体意思体意思,因此因此常省略常省略。 I think (that) its very funny. She hopes (that) they will have a good time.
12、That引的宾语从句引的宾语从句 主要的动词主要的动词:say , think,insistence, wish, hope, demand, imagine ,wonder know ,suppose, see ,believe, agree ,admit ,deny, expect ,explain, order , command , feel ,dream, suggest, hear , mean, notice , request, require, propose, declare, report. 非正式情况下非正式情况下that可以省略,可以省略, 下列不能省略下列不能省略
13、1. 当句中的动词后接多于两个由当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引的宾语从句,第引的宾语从句,第 一个一个that可以省略,后面的不可以。可以省略,后面的不可以。 I believe (that) you have done your best and that things will get better. 2. 当主句中的谓语动词与当主句中的谓语动词与that 宾语从句间有插入语时,宾语从句间有插入语时, that一般不省略一般不省略: We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us. 恰恰相反,我们希望他和我们呆在
14、家里。恰恰相反,我们希望他和我们呆在家里。 (这里的这里的 on the contrary 是插入语是插入语) 3.如果宾语从句前面有间接宾语,如果宾语从句前面有间接宾语,that 不能省略不能省略。 He told me that he was ill in bed. 他告诉我他卧病在床。他告诉我他卧病在床。 (这里的这里的 me 是间接宾语是间接宾语) 4.当当that作作learn, suggest, explain, agree, wonder, prove, mean, state, feel, hold等动词的宾语时等动词的宾语时; 5. 如果宾语从句放在句首,如果宾语从句放在句首
15、,that 不能省略不能省略。 That he will come, I believe. 我相信他会来。我相信他会来。 6. 在“主语在“主语+动词动词+it(作形式宾语)作形式宾语)+宾语补足语宾语补足语+that从从 句(作真正宾语)句(作真正宾语) ”句型中句型中that 不能省略。不能省略。 【注注】We think it a pity that you could not come with us. 你不能跟我们来,我们都觉得好可惜。你不能跟我们来,我们都觉得好可惜。 she made it clear that she had nothing to do with him. 她已
16、经说得很清楚了,她已经说得很清楚了, 她与他没有任何关系她与他没有任何关系 2. if / whether 当宾语从句是当宾语从句是一般疑问句一般疑问句时时,由连词由连词whether 或或if引导引导(口语中常用口语中常用if),因为因为if/whether翻译成:翻译成: “是否是否”,具有一定的意义具有一定的意义,所以不能省略所以不能省略。 I wonder if you can go with me. I didnt know whether I could go home. if 与与 whether 的区别的区别 1. I dont know _ he will come or n
17、ot. 2. I dont care of _ he is handsome. 3. He wondered _ to stay here the next week. 4. _ he will come ,he dont know. whether whether whether Whether 有有or not,只用,只用whether 前有介词,只用前有介词,只用whether 后接后接to do 不定式,只用不定式,只用whether 做主语,只用做主语,只用whether 用用if 不用不用whether 情况情况 1.If 引导条件状语从句意为“如果引导条件状语从句意为“如果” T
18、he students will go on a picnic if it is sunny. 2. If 引导否定的概念的宾语从句时引导否定的概念的宾语从句时 He asked if I didnt come to school yesterday. 3.Even if (即使)和即使)和as if (好像)好像) 引状语从句引状语从句 不用不用whether He talks as if he has know all bout it . 他说话的口吻就像他对此了如指掌似的。他说话的口吻就像他对此了如指掌似的。 特殊疑问词特殊疑问词 当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时,由由
19、连接代词连接代词(what, who, whom, which, whose) 连接副词连接副词(when, where, how, why)引导引导, 所以不可以省略所以不可以省略(疑问词在句中充当一定的成分疑问词在句中充当一定的成分) I asked him where I could take the bus. 带带how的词组也都可以引导宾语从句的词组也都可以引导宾语从句 Can you tell us how old his brother is ? 二二、语序语序 宾语从句的语序用陈述语序: 连接词连接词 + +主语主语 + + 谓语谓语 + + 其他其他 3 3. .客观真理客观
20、真理,定义定义,公理公理,定理时定理时 从句从句: : 一般现在时一般现在时 The teacher said that the sun travels around the earth . 三三、时态时态 1 1. . 主句主句: :现在的时态现在的时态 (包括包括 一般现在时一般现在时, ,现在进行时现在进行时,现在完成时现在完成时) 从句从句: :时态可根据实际情况而定时态可根据实际情况而定 (包括包括 一般现在时一般现在时, ,一般过去时一般过去时, ,一般将来时一般将来时, , 现在完成时等现在完成时等) 2. 主句主句: 过去的时态过去的时态 (包括一般过去时包括一般过去时,过去进
21、行时过去进行时) 从句从句: 相对应的过去的某种时态相对应的过去的某种时态 (包括一般过去时包括一般过去时,过去进行时过去进行时,过去将来时过去将来时, 过去完成时过去完成时) I wanted to know who lived with her. I saw she was talking with her friends. 下面句子做宾语从句,语序不发生改变下面句子做宾语从句,语序不发生改变 whats the matter ? what s wrong? what happened? whats happening? whats the trouble? which is the wa
22、y to .? 做宾语从句的引导词为疑问代词时如其做主语,做宾语从句的引导词为疑问代词时如其做主语, 则语序不发生改变则语序不发生改变 Tell us who will take part in the meeting. She wanted to know which book is the girls. He knows who will give him a hand. 1. Its so dark. I cant find out _ its a boy _ a girl. A. if, and B. that, and C. either, or D. whether, or 2.
23、Could you tell me if he _ to Shanghai? A. has gone B. had gone C. went D. go 3. He told me _ she would catch the bus. A. which B. whether C. why D. that 一、选择填空:一、选择填空: 4. He told me that he _ to London the next day. A. would go B. go C. went D. has gone 5. He said that light _ much faster than sound
24、. A. traveled B. will travel C. travels D. is traveling 6. Our teacher said that the moon _ around the earth. A. turn B. turned C. has turned D. turns 7. He said that April _ the _ month of a year. A. is, third B. is, fourth C. was, fourth D. was, third 8. Do you know _ ? A. is it whose pen B. whose
25、 pen is it C. whose pen it is D. it is whose pen 31. You will feel hungry _ you dont have breakfast. A. what B. why C. if D. how 32. Do you know _ Jack left so early? A. what B. why C. until D. though 33. You must do _ I told you. A. after B. before C. where D. as 38. The children said _ they _ them
26、selves very much. A. if, enjoy B. why,enjoyed C. where,enjoy D. that, enjoyed 39. I dont think _ I _ out the problem. A. if, can work B. how, will work C. that, can work D. when, will work 二、将下列简单句改成宾语从句二、将下列简单句改成宾语从句 1. Hes gone to Hunan. I forgot _ . 2. She said,They are waiting for a bus.“ 3. Who
27、se bag is it? Do you know _ . 4. What will you do? He asked _ . And, but or 填空填空 1.Hurry up, _ we will be late! 2.Come on ,_ you will win the match. 3.He hasnt arrived. He may, _,come later. 4. Some people waste food _ others havent enough. I forgot that he had gone to Hunan. She said that they were waiting for a bus. Do you know whose bag it is? He asked what you would do. or and however while Thank you for your attention. Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!
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