（2021新教材）牛津译林版必修第三册英语Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world 单元知识点详解 .docx

1、Learning sheet 1 B3U4 Scientists who changed the world Welcome to the unit 残存物, 幸存事物 *Thanks to her discovery of qinghaosu, malaria patients all over the world now have had a greatly increased chance of survival. 由于她发现了青蒿素, 世界各地的疟疾患者现在有了极大的生存机会。 *Several buildings in the town have survived from medi

2、eval times. 镇上有几座建筑物是从中世纪时期留存下来的。 *He survived the earthquake. 他在地震中幸存下来。 词块积累： (1)survival n. 幸存; 残留下来的人(物) survivor n. 幸存者 (2)A survive B (by. . . ) A 比 B 活得长() survive sth. (经历意外、战争、疾病等后)幸存, 活下来 survive on 靠生存下来 即学活用： (1)语法填空。 How does the family survive on such a small monthly wage? Its said tha

3、t the woman survived her husband by 10 years. Determining where we are in relation to our surroundings remains an essential skill for our survival (survive). (2)句式升级。 After she had survived that night, she was confident that everything else would be all right. Having survived that night, she was con

4、fident that everything else would be all right. (用现在分词短语作状语改写) 2. intend vi. 计划计划; 意指意指 *In the 1960s, many people were dying of malaria, and in 1969 Tu became head of a team that intended to find a cure for the disease. 在 20 世纪 60 年代, 许多人死于疟疾, 1969 年屠呦呦担任了一个课题组的组长, 这个小组计划找到该疾病的治疗方法。 *I intend you t

5、o come with me. 我打算让你和我一起去。 *We intend that production will start next month. 我们打算下个月开始生产。 *The program was set up with the intention of providing help for homeless people. 设立这个项目的目的是为无家可归的人提供帮助。 【词块积累】 (1)intend doing/to do sth. 打算去做某事 intend sb. to do sth. 打算让某人去做某事 sb. intend(s) that =It is inten

6、ded that 打算 (2)intended adj. 预期的, 有意的 be intended for. . . 为准备 (3)intention n. 意图 Learning sheet 2 with the intention of. . . 怀着的意图 即学活用： We intend going/to go (go) to Australia next year. I didnt intend her to see (see) the painting until it was finished. She had a firm intention (intend) within he

7、rself to be the best swimmer. (2)这本词典专为高中生量身打造。(be intended for) 译文: The dictionary is intended for senior high school students. 3. inspire vt. 鼓舞鼓舞; 激励激励; 启发思考启发思考 *Inspired by an over 1, 600-year-old text about preparing qinghao extract with cold water, Tu redesigned the experiments and tried extr

8、acting the herb at a low temperature in order not to damage its effective part. 据一本 1 600 多年前的古籍记载, 古人通过冷水制备青蒿提取物, 受此启发, 屠 呦呦重新设计了实验, 为了不破坏其(抗疟的)有效成分, 她尝试在低温下提取。 *How do you inspire your students to do their best? 你如何激励你的学生们, 使他们发挥出最好水平呢? *I inspired Tom with hope. 我用希望激励汤姆。 *I can not write without

9、 inspiration. 没有灵感我写不出东西。 【词块积累】 (1)inspire sb. to do sth. 激励某人做某事 inspire sb. with sth. 用来激励某人 inspire sth. in sb. 激起某人某种情感 (2)inspired adj. 受到鼓舞的 (3)inspiring adj. 鼓舞人心的; 启发灵感的 (4) inspiration n. 灵感; 鼓舞 即学活用：语法填空 The captains heroic effort inspired them with determination. =The captains heroic eff

10、ort inspired determination in them. His speech was so inspiring(inspire)that his students were inspired to study (study) harder than ever before. Inspired(inspire) by my good friend, I intended to study abroad. 4. limited adj. 有限的有限的 *Time is limited and lets come straight to the point. 时间有限, 我们开门见山

11、吧。 *The damage was limited to the roof. 损坏仅限于屋顶。 *We should set a limit to/on what our children can do. 我们应该为孩子们能做的事设定一个限度。 *There is no limit to what you can do if you are hardworking. 你如果努力的话, 成 就无可限量。 【词块积累】 (1)be limited to 限定在 limit. . . to. . . (=be limited to) 把限制在内 limit sb. to (doing) sth.

12、限制某人(做)某事 (2)limit n. 限度; 限制 vt. 限制; 限定 beyond/over the limit 超过限度 Learning sheet 3 within/without limits 适度地/ 无节制地 set a limit to/on 在上设定限度 There is a/no limit to. . . 是有/ 无限度的(to 是介词) (3)limitless adj. 无限的 即学活用： (1) 语法填空 In my opinion, taking cellphones with the students should not be banned, but

13、limited(limit) to certain areas. As we all know, a persons life is limited, but knowledge is limitless. (limit) Ill help as much as I can, but there is a limit to what I can do. (2)In my opinion, you had better set a limit to the expense of your trip. 在我看来, 你们最好给你们的旅行费用定一个限度。 (3)To lose weight, he l

14、imits himself to three cups of milk and several fruits a day. 为了减肥, 他限制自己一天只喝三杯牛奶, 吃几个水果。 5. beneficial adj. 有益的有益的; 有用的有用的 *Perhaps the next generation of scientists, drawing on the wisdom of traditional Chinese medicine, will indeed discover more medicines beneficial to global health care. 也许下一代科学

15、家利用中医的智慧, 确实会发现更多有益于全球卫生保健的药 物。 *The money is used for the benefit of the poor. 这笔钱是用来造福穷人的。 *The rain will benefit the crops greatly. 这场雨对庄稼大有好处。 *I am sure everyone will benefit a lot from this activity. 我相信每个人都会从这次活动中受益良多。 【词块积累】 benefit v. /n. 使受益/好处 benefit from/by 得益于, 从中受益 to ones benefit 对某人

16、有益 be of benefit to=be beneficial to 对益处 for the benefit of sb. =for ones benefit 为了某人的利益 (1)语法填空。 It is said that yoga is of great benefit to human health. In other words, we can benefit from/by yoga. In fact, music education is beneficial(benefit) and important to all the students. (2)Taking plent

17、y of exercise can be of great benefit to (对非常有好处) your health. (3)China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals for the benefit of(为了 的利益) all its citizens. 6. conduct vt. /vi. 组织组织, 实施实施; 指挥指挥; 引导引导; 举止举止; 传导传导 n. 行为行为 *(2020 全国卷)To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the

18、researchers conducted two experiments. Learning sheet 4 为了测试社会影响力对饮食习惯的影响, 研究人员进行了两个实验。 *So far we have conducted a variety of activities on English learning. 到目前为止, 我们已经开展了各种各样的英语学习活动。 *The guide conducted us around the West Lake. 导游带我们游览了西湖。 *Make sure you conduct yourself as a good neighbour shou

19、ld. 你一定要像一个好邻居一样行事。 *Confucius suggested a principle for the conduct of life “Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you. ” 孔子提出了“己所不欲, 勿施于人”的人生准则。 【词块积累】 (1)conduct sb. around. . . 带某人参观 conduct sb. to. . . 带某人去 conduct oneself well/badly (行为)表现好/差 (2)conduction n. 传导 conductor

20、 n. 指挥, 售票员 (1)语法填空。 The orchestra(管弦乐队)were all in position, waiting for the conductor(conduct). Iron, being a metal, readily conducts(conduct) heat. (2)写出句中黑体单词的汉语释义。 His conduct disagrees (不一致)with his words. (行为行为) To conduct the study they chose 15 male dogs and 15 female ones aged between one

21、and six years. (进行进行) He conducted himself far better than expected. (表现表现) 7. draw upon/on 利用利用; 凭借凭借; 依靠依靠, 依赖依赖; 临近临近 *Drawing upon more than 1, 500 years of Chinese music, Twelve Girls Band mixes this rich tradition with classical, folk and contemporary sounds. 凭借一千五百多年的中国音乐, 女子十二乐坊把这些丰富的传统与古典、民

22、间和 当代的声音融合在了一起。 *As the people draw near they can hear the deep growling roar. 人们走近时能听到 深沉的轰隆声。 *It is important to draw a conclusion from the facts. 从事实中得出结论很重要。 *They agreed to draw up a formal agreement. 他们同意起草一份正式协议。 【词块积累】 draw near/close (时间、空间的)临近 draw a conclusion (from. . . ) (从中)得出结论 draw

23、ones attention (to. . . ) 吸引某人的注意() draw up 草拟 (1)写出下列句中 draw upon/on 的含义。 Musicians often draw upon their imagination for composing. 利用利用; 凭借凭借 I will draw upon you for help when necessary. 依靠依靠 The College Entrance Examination is drawing on, so we must devote ourselves to Learning sheet 5 studying

24、. 临近临近 (2)Scientists have drawn a conclusion that smoking is greatly associated with lung cancer. 科学家们已得出结论: 肺癌与吸烟有很大的关系。 8. point out 指出指出 *In her Nobel Lecture, Tu Youyou referred to the strengths of both Chinese medicine and Western medicine, and pointed out that there is great potential for futu

25、re advances if scientists make good use of these strengths. 屠呦呦在诺贝尔奖演讲中提到了中医和西医的优势, 并指出如果科学家充分利 用这些优势, 未来的发展潜力巨大。 *To me, this is a very thought-provoking argument, as it points out the benefits of online friendships. 对我来说, 这是一个非常发人深省的论点, 因为它指出了网上交友的好处。 *He is pointing to the north. 他正在指向北方。 *Bob is

26、 pointing at a tree. Bob 正在指着一棵树。 *She was on the point of going out when the telephone rang. 她正要出去, 电话铃响了。 point out 是由“动词+副词”构成的短语, 所以后面的宾语若是代词, 应把代词放 在 point 与 out 之间。 【词块积累】 point to 指向(强调方向) point at 指向(强调目标), 指着 be on the point of doing sth. when. . . 正要/即将的时候/ 在之际; 正要 (1)Mike asked me to poin

27、t out (指出) the mistakes in his exercises. (2)Not far from there, youll see a signpost pointing to(指向) the town you want to go to. (3)On the one hand, the expert pointed out the advantages of cloning technology, but on the other hand, he did not support cloning research. 一方面, 这个专家指出了克隆技术的优点; 但是另一方面,

28、他不支持克隆研究。 9. refer to 查阅查阅, 参考参考; 提到提到, 谈及谈及, 提交提交; 指的是指的是 *When they failed to produce any promising results, Tu referred to the ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine again. 当他们没有取得任何有希望的结果时, 屠呦呦再次求助于中医古籍。 *While giving the English speech, one is not allowed to refer to the notes. 在进行英语演讲时,

29、 不允许查阅演讲稿。 *The scientist referred to global warming at least three times in his speech. 这位科学家在演讲中至少三次提到全球变暖。 *The word “business” also refers to an organization that provides goods and services. 商业这个词也指提供商品和服务的组织。 *My colleague said that as the situation was unusual, he would refer the matter to hi

30、s editor. 我的同事说, 由于情况不同寻常, 他将把此事提交给他的编辑处理。 用所给单词或词块的正确形式替换黑体部分, 使句意保持不变。 mean, look it up in, mention Learning sheet 6 In his speech, he referred to a recent trip to Canada. (mentioned) When you meet with a new word, you can refer to a dictionary. (look it up in) The term “multitasking” referred to

31、a computers ability to carry out several tasks at one time. (meant) 10. speed up 加速 *To speed up the process and ensure its safety, Tu and her team volunteered to test the qinghao extract on themselves first. 为了加快这一过程并确保其安全性, 屠呦呦和她的团队自愿先在自己身上测试 青蒿提取物。 *Make the rural economy flourish and speed up ur

32、banization. 繁荣农村经济, 加快城市化进程。 *The boat was on the inside of the huge whirlpool and we were going round in circles at great speed. 船在巨大的漩涡里, 我们正以极快的速度在漩涡里打转。 *The car is running at a speed of fifty kilometers an hour. 这辆小车正以每小时 50 千米的速度行驶着。 【词块积累】 at full speed 以全速 at top speed 以最高速 at a speed of 以的速

33、度 at the speed of light/sound 以光速/声速 (1)语法填空。 Do you know the speed at which a rocket travels? Standing at the top of the hill, we saw the train gradually speeded up and disappeared in the distance. (2)The truck was travelling at a speed of(以的速度) 50 mph. (3)They drove to the hospital at top speed(以最

34、高速). (4)After driving at high/great speed(以高速), Mark arrived at the destination half an hour early. sb. /sth. is likely to do sth. () sb. /sth. is possible/probable to do sth. ( ) likely 既可用人又可用物作主语; possible 和 probable 作表语时不能用人或物作 主语。 (1)语法填空。 If you find something you love doing outside of the off

35、ice, youll be less likely to bring(bring) your work home. It is likely that virtual reality will become a part of modern life in the near future. (2)选词填空: possible/likely/probable。 It is highly likely/possible/probable that he will take over his fathers business. He is likely to make rapid progress

36、in English because he is studying hard. It is possible for you to grow this flower even in winter. Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to be a Beethoven. 11. However, it was hard to produce enough qinghao extract for large trials Learning sheet 7 because research resources were limit

37、ed. 然而, 由于研究资源和有限, 很难生产足够的青蒿提取物用于大规模试验。 【句式解构】 本句含有“It is+形容词十不定式”结构。 其中 It 是形式主语, 不定式短语是真 正的主语。 * It is hard to think of a world without metals. 很难想象一个没有金属的世界(是什么样子)。 *It is considerate of you to see me off. 你为我送行真体贴。 *It is tough for me to finish the task. 完成这项任务对我来说很难。 It is/was+adj. (for/of sb.

38、)+to do sth. 在“It is/was+adj. (for/of sb. )+to do sth. ”结构中, for 前面的形容词通常是 difficult, necessary, important, quick, easy 等, 这些形容词多与事物的特征有关。 而 of 前面的形容词常常是 wise, kind, stupid, silly, bright, nice, good 等, 这些形容词 常与人的性格特点有关。 【知识延伸】 It 作形式主语的常见句型: (1)It is+adj. +(for/of sb. ) to do sth. (2)It is+adj. /n.

39、 +that 从句 (3)It is no good/use doing sth. 做某事是没有好处/用处的 (4)It is+过去分词+that 从句 (1)语法填空。 Sometimes it may be helpful to use(use) examples to explain abstract concepts. Its kind of you to lend me a hand. It is difficult for the boy to solve the problem. Its no use arguing (argue) with hershe wont listen

40、. (2)句式升级。 You are careless to make so many mistakes in the exam. It is careless of you to make so many mistakes in the exam. He didnt pass the exam and thats a shame. It is a shame that he didnt pass the exam. 【要点拾遗】 12. award n. 奖; 奖品; 奖金 vt. 授予; 颁发; 奖励 *Tu Youyou has become the first female scien

41、tist of the Peoples Republic of China to receive a Nobel Prize, awarded for her contribution to the fight against malaria, one of the deadliest diseases in human history. *They awarded the first prize to John. 他们把一等奖授予约翰。 *Learning that he won an award for his album, the composer felt very proud of

42、himself. 得知自己的专辑获奖后, 这位作曲家感到非常自豪。 【词块积累】 Learning sheet 8 get/receive/win an award(for. . . ) 因获奖 give sb. an award 给某人颁奖 present an award 颁奖 award sb. sth. =award sth. to sb. 授予某人某种荣誉 词语辨析词语辨析 award , reward 与 prize (1)award 多指奖励、奖赏、奖品, 都与“荣誉”有关, 动词是“授予, 颁发”。 (2)reward 含前缀 re-“再、又”, 有“返还”之意。是“以回报的方

43、式奖励、奖赏”, 因 此常译为“回报、报答、酬谢”等。(a) reward for(doing) sth. (做)某事的奖励 (3)prize 指在比赛、竞赛中获得的奖; first prize 一等奖 (1)语法填空。 The Olympic winner received a gold medal as an award. It is within our power to reward him for his bravery. Mo Yan was awarded(award)the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2012, which made one of

44、 the Chinese peoples longheld dreams come true. (4)He won the award for his excellent performance. 他由于出色的表演而获奖。 (5)The winner was awarded a gold medal. =A gold medal was awarded to the winner. 获胜者被授予了一枚金牌。 13. pay off 成功, 奏效, 达到目的; 还清 *The efforts of Tu and her team finally paid off. 屠呦呦和其团队的努力终于有了回

45、报。 *He studied hard before the examination, and it paid off. He made an A. 他在考试 前努力学习, 结果得到了回报。他得了 A。 *Once weve paid off the debts, well owe money to no one. 一旦我们还清了债务, 我们就不欠任何人钱了。 *Over 1, 000 workers will be paid off if this factory closes. 如果这家工厂关闭, 一千多名工人将获得遣散费。 【词块积累】 pay off (1)用于 pay off sth

46、. 或 pay sth. off 结构。 通常接 account, debt, loan 等作宾语。 (2)用于 sth. pay off 结构。通常用 effort, hard work, persistence 等作主语。 (3)用于 pay sb. off 结构。 pay for 支付; 为付出代价 翻译句子。 他们将在 25 年内还清债务。 They will pay off their debts within 25 years. / Their debts will be paid off within 25 years. 辛勤的劳动没有白费。 Hard work pays off

47、. Grammar and usage 环绕; 与紧密相关 *He observed that the bacteria surrounding the mould were dead. 他观察到霉菌周 围的细菌都死了。 *When the car stopped in the town square it was surrounded by soldiers and militiamen. 当这辆汽车停在城镇广场时立刻被士兵和民兵包围了。 *Schumacher adapted effortlessly to his new surroundings. 舒马赫非常轻松地适应了新环境。 【词块

48、积累】 surround sb. /sth. with /by. . . 使某人/某物被包围 surrounding n. 周围的事物; 环境(通常用复数形式) adj. 周围的 (1)语法填空。 The trees surrounding(surround)the town were planted by the soldiers ten years ago. Only in this way can we live in more comfortable and beautiful surroundings (surround). Surrounded (surround)by a doz

49、en of children, the women happily celebrated her 80th birthday. (2)语段填空。 As a famous pop star, he loves being surrounded by so many fans coming to visit him before the surrounding towns. And he also likes beautiful surroundings with green trees and flowers, because he can get much more pleasure from

50、 nature (surround). 2. indicate v. 指出; 提及; 表明; 暗示; 示意 *The results indicated that something produced by the mould had killed the bacteria. 结果表明, 霉菌产生的某种物质杀死了细菌。 *The number of wells is a fair indicator of the demand for water. 水井的数量能较准确地反映水需求量的大小。 *All the indications are that we are going to receiv