（新教材）人教版（2019）高中英语必修第二册概要写作关键词提取策略讲座 ppt课件.pptx

1、 notional word (实词) logical connector (逻辑连接词) noun verb adjective strategies abstract keywords from textual patterns 基于篇章模式提取关键词基于篇章模式提取关键词 abstract keywords from cohesion and coherence 基于衔接与连贯提取关键词基于衔接与连贯提取关键词 abstract keywords from thematic progression 基于主位推进提取关键词基于主位推进提取关键词 Strategy 1 Abstract ke

2、ywords from 基于篇章模式提取关键词基于篇章模式提取关键词 情景: 呈现现象 问题：提出问题 反应：解决问题的方法 评价/结果： 概要陈述：概括/整体 具体陈述：举例/细节论证 情景：呈现现象 回答：对问题的答案 反应：作者提出支持或反驳， 给出相应的理由。 提问：用提问方式表达问题； 回答：对问题的答案 Textual Patterns in Summary Writing 概要写作篇章模式 概括-具体模式问题-解决模式主张-反应模式提问-回答模式 Positions of keywords Positions of keywords Keywords about the them

3、e 概括-具体模式 问题-解决模式 主张-反应模式 提问-回答模式 概括陈述部分 问题解决部分 作者观点部分 问题回答部分 Keywords about main key points 具体陈述与原因部分具体陈述与原因部分 现象、问题与原因部分现象、问题与原因部分 现象、问题与原因部分现象、问题与原因部分 问题与原因部分问题与原因部分 概括-具体模式 问题-解决模式 主张-反应模式 提问-回答模式 概括-具体模式 Positions of keywords Positions of keywords Keywords about the minor points 目的关系目的关系 背景关系背景

4、关系 条件关系条件关系 转折关系转折关系 目的部分目的部分 背景部分背景部分 条件部分条件部分 转折前部分转折前部分 解释关系解释关系解释部分解释部分 让步关系让步关系让步部分让步部分 Logical relationship CHEMICAL OR ORGANIC FARMING? (M4U2 Using Language) Over the past half century, using chemical fertilizers has become very common in farming. Recently, however, scientists have been findi

5、ng that long-term use of these fertilizers can cause damage to the land and, even more dangerous, to peoples health. What are some of the problems caused by chemical fertilizers? First, they damage the land. Chemicals also stay in the ground and underground water for a long time. In addition, fruit,

6、 vegetables and other food grown with chemical fertilizers usually grow too fast to be full of much nutrition. With these discoveries, some farmers and many customers are beginning to turn to organic farming. Organic farming is simply farming without using any chemicals. They focus on keeping their

7、soil rich and free of disease. Organic farmers also use many other methods to keep the soil fertile. “标题标题”关键词：关键词： chemical farming, chemical farming, organic farmingorganic farming “现象现象” 关键词：关键词： chemical chemical fertilizers, fertilizers, damagedamage the land,the land, and peoplesand peoples he

8、althhealth “问题问题” 关键词：关键词： problemsproblems “主题主题”关键词：关键词： organic farming,organic farming, “要点要点”关键词：关键词： 现象 问题 解决方法 问题-解决模式 “解决解决 方法方法” 关键词：关键词： waysways What are some of the problems caused by chemical fertilizers? First, they damage the land by killing the helpful bacteria and pests as well as t

9、he harmful ones. Chemicals also stay in the ground and underground water for a long time. This affects crops and, therefore, animals and humans, since chemicals get inside the crops and cannot just be washed off. These chemicals in the food supply build up in peoples bodies over time. Many of these

10、chemicals can lead to cancer or other illnesses. In addition, fruit, vegetables and other food grown with chemical fertilizers usually grow too fast to be full of much nutrition. They may look beautiful, but inside there is usually more water than vitamins and minerals. Para2 problems “次次要点要点” ” 关键词

11、：关键词： damage thedamage the landland “次次要点要点” ” 关键词：关键词： lead to illnesseslead to illnesses “次次要点要点” ” 关键词：关键词： grow too fast to grow too fast to be full of be full of nutritionnutrition “解释类次要点” 关键词 With these discoveries, some farmers and many customers are beginning to turn to organic farming. Org

12、anic farming is simply farming without using any chemicals. They focus on keeping their soil rich and free of disease. A healthy soil reduces disease and helps crops grow strong and healthy. Organic farmers, therefore, often prefer using natural waste from animals as fertilizer. They feel that this

13、makes the soil in their fields richer in minerals and so more fertile. This also keeps the air, soil, water and crops free from chemicals. Para3 “次次要点要点” ” 关键词：关键词： make soil richer , make soil richer , more fertile;more fertile; “次次要点要点” ” 关键词：关键词： keep air, keep air, soil,water crops soil,water cr

14、ops free from free from chemicalschemicals “原因类次要点” 关键词 Summary Though commonly used, chemical fertilizers cause damage to the land and peoples health.(要点1) The root of the problems lies in the chemicals which break the ecological balance, stay in soil and water and cause a lack of food nutrition.(要

15、点2) On the contrary, organic farming which simply uses natural fertilizers to make the field more fertile and away from chemicals is becoming more popular with some farmers and customers.(要点3) Besides using natural waste as organic fertilizer, many other methods like shifting crops periodically, mak

16、ing full use of the soil and growing grass between the crops are adopted to make the land healthy and productive.(要点4) Strategy 2 Abstract keywords from 基于衔接连贯提取关键词基于衔接连贯提取关键词 语法衔接（grammatical cohesion） 词汇衔接（lexical cohesion） 逻辑衔接（logical cohesion） 衔接手段 1 l人称照应人称照应 (he,it,they,/their,our, /hers, you

17、rs) I went to see the writer. HeHe lived in a remote village and his his house was just a hut. l 指示照应指示照应 (the,/this,that,these,those,/here, there) When food comes out of any oven, it should stand a while. During thisthis delay the centre carries on cooking. 1.1.语法衔接：语法衔接： 照应照应 1 l 比较照应比较照应 (differe

18、nt, same, 比较级比较级) Johntookfour hoursto reach London. Bill, on the other hand, was drivingmore slowlmore slowly. 2 l 名词性替代名词性替代 (one,the other): I wish Id bought a few jars of honey. Did you notice theonestheonesthey were selling by the roadside? l 小句性替代小句性替代 (so,not): We are told that he will come t

19、onight, and if so if so, our meeting will be held tomorrow. 1.1.语法衔接：语法衔接： 替代替代 l 动词性替代动词性替代 (do,does,did): Wendy looks very happy as she always used to dodo. 3 l名词性省略名词性省略: Compared with the blue cloth, I prefer the red . l 动词性省略动词性省略: He was frightened and starting to cry. 1.1.语法衔接：语法衔接： 省略省略 l 小句

20、性省略小句性省略: Can you hear me ? Yes. 1词汇复现词汇复现 l 同词或同源词的重复 Many teenagers dont know about tattoo inkstattoo inks well and think tattoo inkstattoo inks are safe to use. Tattoo inksTattoo inks are made to be injected into the skin. l 同/近义词复现 Everything fadedfaded into mist. The past was erasederased, the

21、erasure was forgotten forgotten, the lie became truth. l 上/下义词复现 As the sun was rapidly sinking, everything changed colorscolors. The white clouds had turned redred, the hills were violetviolet, the woods purple purple, the valleys blackblack. 2.2.词汇词汇衔接衔接：语篇中使用一些相互之间存在意义联系的词语， 从而建立一个贯穿语篇的语义链条，保证语篇的

22、连贯性。 2 l 话题词汇的同现 He led me to the crowded shop and to a bench with a large professional karaoke box on it. He placed his large hand lovingly on his treasure and said, I have 800 karaoke songs in here. You can take your pick and Ill record them for you. That should get you started. l 反义词关系 Focusing o

23、n the positive has been shown to have benefits to ones health and well-being, jusst as focusing on the negative has been proven to have a harmful effect. 2.2.词汇词汇衔接衔接：语篇中使用一些相互之间存在意义联系的词语， 从而建立一个贯穿语篇的语义链条，保证语篇的连贯性。 词汇同现词汇同现 并列、递进、转折、总 结、因果、条件 3.3.逻辑衔逻辑衔 接：接： 单击这里输入大标题 Keywords 1. 2. 3. frequently us

24、ed notion wordsfrequently used notion words （高频使用的实词）（高频使用的实词） superordinate (superordinate (上义词上义词) ) logical words (logical words (逻辑连接词逻辑连接词) ) Keywords from coherenc and cohesion 基于衔接与连贯理论的关键词 例：【2018年11月浙江高考概要原文】 Its a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites c

25、an all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and,of course,the students.It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find th

26、e time to visit college campuses,and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away.But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one. Ther

27、es no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that wont be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out! If campus visits arent going to happen b

28、efore you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools youd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you dont like about certain campuses, things that you wouldnt know unless

29、 you actually visit. Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. Its a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors(倾 问)，and it wont cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at

30、. While visiting an online college fair cant take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities youd like to attend. 关键词词汇衔接语法衔接出现频次段落位置 visit v. visit重复重复8 8 P1,

31、, P2, , P3, , P4 n. visits重复重复 2 it人称指代人称指代2 college n. college重复重复 11 P1, P2,P3，P4 school近义词近义词 3 campus近义词近义词 6 university近义词近义词 1 dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment 上、下义词上、下义词 3 3 students话题词汇同现话题词汇同现 1 1 it人称指代人称指代1 1 apply v.apply重复重复 4 P1, , P2, , P3 n.application重复重复 1 从词汇衔接和语法衔接角度提取的高频

32、关键词： 关键词词汇衔接语法衔接出现频次段落位置 make a decision n. make a decision 重复 2 P1，P4 make the right one 人称 照应 1 timetimen. time 重复 3P1，P3，P4 pricypricy adj. pricy重复 1 P1，P4 n. money话题词汇同现 1 n. penny话题词汇同现 1 从词汇衔接和语法衔接角度提取的高频关键词： 逻辑衔接段落位置 条件关系条件关系 if if you live nearby,go check it out! P2 IfIf campus visits arent

33、going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time to visit the schools. P3 if if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs P4 从逻辑衔接角度提取段落联系语：从逻辑衔接角度提取段落联系语： 【Summary】To ensure a brilliant college life, its really worthwhile to pay a

34、visit to your desired colleges before application. If you live nearby, be sure to check it out before you apply. Even after submitting applications, a visit can help figure out its real conditions in advance and avoid much trouble. For students lacking money and time, logging on the online college f

35、air at College WeekLive. com is a good alternative to help them better understand schools. 【评析】该概要范文把【评析】该概要范文把visit collegesvisit colleges、applyapply、make a decisionmake a decision、time time 、pricy pricy 以及以及if if多个关键词构成语义关联的衔接链，通过词汇衔接（重复、同多个关键词构成语义关联的衔接链，通过词汇衔接（重复、同 义词义词/ /近义词、上下义词等）、语法衔接和逻辑衔接手段串领

36、全文信息，近义词、上下义词等）、语法衔接和逻辑衔接手段串领全文信息， 达成语篇的语义连贯。达成语篇的语义连贯。 Strategy 3 Abstract keywords form thematic progression 基于主位推进的关键词提取基于主位推进的关键词提取 Thematic Progression 主位推进模式 语篇中，各个句子间不仅从语法和语义上相互联系，还表现在从主位到述位的语篇中，各个句子间不仅从语法和语义上相互联系，还表现在从主位到述位的 发展进程。主位的作用不仅是照应前面的句子，保持句子的连贯，而且还要充当发展进程。主位的作用不仅是照应前面的句子，保持句子的连贯，而且还

37、要充当 后面句子的出发点，推动语篇的发展。句子和句子主述位间的这种照应、衔接和后面句子的出发点，推动语篇的发展。句子和句子主述位间的这种照应、衔接和 过渡关系构成过渡关系构成“主位推进程序主位推进程序”(thematic progression )”(thematic progression )。 从功能句法的角度大多数句子可以被切分为两个基本成分：从功能句法的角度大多数句子可以被切分为两个基本成分： 1.1.主位主位：陈述的基础，通常位于句首，引起话题，一般表示已知信息。：陈述的基础，通常位于句首，引起话题，一般表示已知信息。 2.2.述位述位：陈述的核心，叙述话题内容，是对话题的阐述和说明

38、，一般表示新信：陈述的核心，叙述话题内容，是对话题的阐述和说明，一般表示新信 息。息。 l A : A : 主位同一型主位同一型 ( (亦称平行型亦称平行型: : 主位相同主位相同, ,述位不同述位不同) ) l e.g. Jazz Jazz is in part music for dancing ,but it is more than that ; it it is the popular music of the people. It It has a steady unbroken rhythm. It coexists with popular songs of the momen

39、t . l B : B : 述位同一型述位同一型 ( (亦称集中型亦称集中型: : 述位相同述位相同, ,主位不同主位不同) ) l e.g. In Kenya s Tsavo Game Park ,five t h o u s a n d e l e p h a n t s w e r e w e r e slaughteredslaughtered .In Zambia the game department killed 1,500 elephantskilled 1,500 elephants in the Luangwa Valley .In Lusaka and Ndola ,el

40、ephants were also thinned were also thinned outout and their meat sold in the sold in the butcher s shopsbutcher s shops . Patterns of thematic progressionPatterns of thematic progression 主位推进模式主要类型 C: C: 延续型延续型 ( (前一句的述位或述位的一部分充当后一句的前一句的述位或述位的一部分充当后一句的 主位主位, ,这个主位又引进一个新的述位这个主位又引进一个新的述位, ,该述位该述位 又充当

41、下一句的主位又充当下一句的主位, ,如此延续下去如此延续下去) ) e. g. We We elect local ,state and federal officials to make laws laws .These laws laws keep order in society society .The order of societysociety provides us with a safe livin g environ ment . D: D: 交叉型交叉型 ( (前一句的主位是后一句的述位前一句的主位是后一句的述位) ) e.g. Gaga Gaga walked behi

42、nd his friendshis friends quietly .But his friends his friends didn t want him .Gaga Gaga followed themthem to the river and cried loud ly . 单击这里输入大标题 Keywords 1. 2. frequently-stated thematical frequently-stated thematical informationinformation （被反复陈述的主位信息）（被反复陈述的主位信息） recurrent rheme information

43、recurrent rheme information ( (反复出现的述位信息反复出现的述位信息) ) Keywords from Thematic Progression 基于主位推进模式的关键词 The power of color has been used for centuries and we should be making the most of it in our lives. Color affects us to a greater degree than most of us realize. It is used increasingly by psychologists and therapists for influencing mood and state of mind, and for various types of treatments when we are ill. Some people even believe that the blind can benefit from thevibrations that color gives off. 反复被陈述的主位信息 关键词 反复出现的述位信息 color, be used, color, be used, influenceinfluence Thank you！