（2021新牛津译林版）高中英语必修三Unit 4 scientists who changed the world 讲义(下）.docx

1、1 课文语法填空课文语法填空 根据教材课文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Tu Youyou has become 1.the first(one) female scientist of the Peoples Republic of China to receive a Nobel Prize， which was awarded to her for her contribution to the fight against malaria. Thanks 2.to her discovery of qinghaosu， malaria patients now

2、 have had a greatly increased chance of survival. Tu was born in Ningbo and studied medicine at university in Beijing between 1951 and 1955. After 3.graduation (graduate)，she worked at the Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine. She completed further training courses， 4.acquiring(acquire) a broad k

3、nowledge of both Chinese and Western medicine. In 5.the 1960s，many people were dying of malaria，and in 1969 Tu became head of a team that intended to find a cure for the disease. When they failed 6.to produce(produce) any promising results，Tu referred to the ancient books of traditional Chinese medi

4、cine again. 7.Inspired(inspire)by an over 1, 600yearold text about preparing qinghao extract with cold water，she succeeded in making a qinghao extract that could treat malaria in mice. 8.Although/While/Though research resources and good equipment were limited， Tu and her team managed to find solutio

5、ns to the problem. Later， the efforts of Tu and her team finally paid off. In November 1972，they 9.successfully(successful) isolated the most effective part of the qinghao extract and named it qinghaosu，for which Tu 10.was awarded(award) the Nobel Prize in 2015. 语言知识初探语言知识初探 I. 根据词性和汉语提示，写出下列单词 1. s

6、urround vt. 围绕；环绕surrounding adj. 周围的；附近的surroundings n. 环境 2. intelligent adj. 有才智的，聪慧的intelligence n. 智力；情报工作 3. favour vt. 较喜欢；偏袒；有助于n. 帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒favourable adj. 赞同的；有利的favourite adj. 特别受喜爱的 4. involve vt. 包含；牵涉；影响involved adj. 参与其中的；有关联的involvement n. 参与；投入 5. ignorance n. 无知；忽视ignore vt. 忽视；不理

7、睬ignorant adj. 无知的 6. permit vt. it is also to the credit of the moral choice which led us to good work. 如果我们做了善事，不仅归功于科学，还归功于引导我们行善的道德选择。 【用法详解】【用法详解】give sb. credit for .因为而称赞某人 do sb. credit使某人值得赞扬 to sb.s credit 使值得赞扬 buy sth. on credit赊购 如：Lets give him credit for the success of the project. 我要

8、将这一项目的成功归功于他。 Your honesty does you great credit. 你的诚实值得大大表扬。 To his credit, Jack never told anyone exactly what had happened. 值得赞扬的是，杰克对所发生的事守口如瓶。 The bank refused further credit to the company. 银行拒绝再给那家公司提供贷款。 It is important to pay your electricity bill on time, as late payment may affect your cr

9、edit. 按时支付电费账单很重要，因为逾期支付可能会影响你的信用。（浙江高考） 4 You must pass the examination to get credits for the course. 你必须通过考试才能获得那门课程的学分。 知识要点 5 applyvt. 应用，使用；涂，抹vi. 申请，请求 (教材 P53) Scientific knowledge is an enabling power to do either good or bad - but it does not carry instructions on how to apply it. 科学知识赋予我们

10、做好事或者坏事的能力，但它不指导如何应用它。 【用法详解】【用法详解】apply sth. to .把某物应用于被动 be applied to . 被应用于 apply . to .把涂到上 apply (to sb.) for .（向某人）申请 apply to do sth.申请做某事 apply to sb./sth.适用于 如：Later I decided to apply my previous experience to learning how to read and write. 我决定把我先前的经验应用到学习如何读和写上。（天津高考） The new technology

11、 has been applied to farming, which helps increase agricultural production. 这项新技术已被应用于农业，有助于提高农业生产。 Before you travel to foreign country, you should apply for a passport. 在去外国旅游之前，你应该申请护照。 Ive applied to become(become) volunteer at the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games. 我已经申请在 2022 年北京冬奥会上做一名志愿者。 Ap

12、ply the cream evenly to the skin. 将乳霜均匀地涂抹在皮肤上。 【归纳拓展】【归纳拓展】词性转换： applicationn. C, U 申请，申请表；应用 applicantn. C 申请人 appliedadj. 应用的，实用的 知识要点 6 permitvt. & vi. (permittedpermittedpermitting) 允许，准许，许可；使有可能n许可证 (教材 P54) Permit us to question, to doubt, to not be sure. 允许我们质疑、怀疑、不确定。 【用法详解】【用法详解】permit sb.

13、 to do sth.允许某人做某事 permit (ones) doing sth.允许（某人）做某事 weather/time permitting天气/时间允许的话 如：No one is permitted to go into the building at present. 现在不允许任何人进入这座大楼。 His health doesnt permit his travelling with us. The work permit is not renewable. 这份工作许可证不能延期。 【归纳拓展】【归纳拓展】词性转换： permissionn. 允许；许可；同意 常见搭配

14、ask permission for .请求许可 with/without (ones) permission 得到/未经（某人的）允许 【即时巩固】【即时巩固】单句语法填空 The rules of the club dont permit smoking(smoke). Weather permitting(permit), we will go out for a walk at lunchtime. You are not allowed to camp here without permission(permit). 知识要点 7 和 8 responsibility，declare

15、 (教材 P54) It is our responsibility as scientist, knowing the great progress that is the fruit of freedom of thought, to 5 declare the value of this freedom . 作为科学家，我们明白巨大进步源于思想自由，因此，我们有责任声明这一自 由的价值 【用法详解】【用法详解】(1) responsibilityn责任，负责；职责，义务 常见搭配a sense of responsibility责任感 take/have/bear/shoulder re

16、sponsibility for . 对负责 take on responsibilities承担责任 Its ones responsibility to do sth.某人有责任做某事。 如：Childhood activities help a child develop a sense of responsibility. 儿童时期的活动有助于培养孩子的责任感。 No one admitted responsibility for the attacks. 没有人对这些袭击负责。 Thats too much responsibility for a child. 对于一个孩子来说，这

17、责任是太重了。 词性转换responsibleadj. 负责任的，对负责的反 irresponsible 常见搭配be responsible for .对负责 即时巩固单句语法填空 It is their responsibility to ensure(ensure) that the rules are carried out. She feels a strong sense of responsibility towards her employees. He takes the view that children are responsible for their own act

18、ions. 【用法详解】【用法详解】(2) declarevt. 表明，宣称；公布，宣布；申报 常见搭配declare war on .（向）宣战 declare for/against .声明支持/反对 declare sb./sth. (to be) + n./adj.宣布某人/某物为 declare+sth./+that 从句宣布 如：The government has declared a state of emergency. 政府已宣布进入紧急状态。 The area has been declared a national park. 该地区已宣布为国家公园。 He decla

19、red that he was in love with her. 他声称他已爱上了她。 词性转换declarationn. 宣告，宣布 固定搭配the Declaration of Independence 独立宣言 即时巩固单句语法填空 They declared him to be(be) the winner. The government has declared war on drug dealers. It was declared(declare) that the plane would not take off due to the bad weather. 1. (教材

20、P49) However, some people questioned whether Franklin had actually done the experiment, arguing that if he had really done it, he would have received a deadly electric shock. 然而，有些人质疑富兰克林是否真的做了这 个实验，他们认为，如果他真的做了，他就会受到致命的电击。 【句式剖析【句式剖析】“arguing . a deadly electric shock”是现在分词作伴随状语，其中 that 引导的宾语从句中，含有

21、 if 引导 的虚拟条件句，表示从句内容是与过去事实相反的假设。 【考点提炼】【考点提炼】与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句 语法意义：表示与过去事实相反的情况 6 主、从句谓语形式： 从句从句主句主句 If . had done. would/should/could/might have done 如：If you had come back a little earlier, you could have seen it yourself. 如果你回来得再稍早一点，你就可能亲眼目睹这件事了。 If I had been there, I would have quarreled with him

22、. 如果我当时在场的话，我就会和他吵起来。 补充与现在事实、将来情况*相反的虚拟条件句 从句从句主句主句 对现在虚拟对现在虚拟If did/were would/should/could/might do 对将来虚拟对将来虚拟* 也可用主将从现 If did 或 were/were to do/should do 如：If I knew him, I would ask him for help. 如果我认识他的话，我就会向他求助。 I would be most happy to travel with you if I should not be in the way. 小试身手（小试身手

23、（1）单句语法填空 1. If it _(not rain) so hard, wed go to town. 2. Sorry, I am too busy now. If I _(have) time, I would certainly go for an outing with you. 1. If he _(follow) my advice, he wouldnt have lost his job. 2. If we hadnt made adequate preparations, the conference _(not be) so successful. 5. Suppo

24、sing this ship _(be to sink), do you think there would be enough life jackets for all the passengers? 6. She is very patient, _ is shown in her work. 7. He said he had never seen her before, _ was not true. 【答案】【答案】1. werent raining2. had3. had followed4. wouldnt have been5. were to sink 6. as7. whi

25、ch 单元重点语法单元重点语法动词动词-ed 形式作定语、状语和宾语补足语形式作定语、状语和宾语补足语 语语 境境 自自 主主 领领 悟悟 先观察原句先观察原句后自主感悟后自主感悟 We should drink boiled water. A water and soil conservation project set up in 1989 resulted in farmers replacing their crops with trees or grass. Seen from the moon，the earth，with water covering about 70% of i

26、ts surface, appears to be a blue ball. Frightened by the thunder and lightning in the night, the girl did not dare to sleep alone in her room. Given another chance, he will do it better. The boy sat at the table buried in his homework. We need to get the machine repaired at once as we want to 1. 例句

27、1 中的黑体词在句中作前置定前置定语。 2. 例句 2 中的黑体词在句中作后置定后置定语。 3. 例句 3 中的黑体词在句中作时间状时间状语。 4. 例句 4 中的黑体词在句中作原因状原因状语。 5. 例句 5 中的黑体词在句中作条件状条件状语。 6. 例句 6 中的黑体词在句中作伴随状伴随状语。 7. 例句 7 中的黑体词在句中作宾语补足宾语补足语。 8. 例句 8 中的黑体词在句中作宾语补足宾语补足语。 7 use it in our experiment tomorrow. With all the work done, we went to play basketball. 一、作定语

28、 及物动词的及物动词的-ed 形式通常表示被动和完成意义形式通常表示被动和完成意义；不及物动词的不及物动词的-ed 形式仅仅表示完成形式仅仅表示完成。根据与被修饰名词的位与被修饰名词的位 置关系置关系，可分为： 1、前置定语：单个的动词的ed 形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前。如： He is a respected teacher in our school. 在我们学校他是一位受尊敬的老师。 2、后置定语：动词的ed 形式短语作定语通常要置于被修饰的名词之后。如： This is a letter written in blue ink. 这是一封用蓝墨水写的信。 注意(1)如果被修饰词

29、是由“some/any/no”“thing/body/one”构成的复合复合不定代词不定代词或指示代词指示代词 those 时， 即使是单个的动词的ed 形式作定语，也要放在被修饰词之后。如： There is almost nothing changed since I left the town two years ago. 自从我两年前离开这个镇以来，几乎没有什么变化。 (2)有时为了强调强调，还可将单个的动词的ed 形式置于被修饰的名词之后。如： They decided to change the material used. 他们决定改变所用的材料。 (3)单个的单个的动词动词-e

30、d 形式及其短语短语作定语时，一般均可以转换为一个定语从句定语从句（定语从句的省略）。如： The experience gained (=which/that has been gained) will be of great value to us. 获得的经验将对我们很有价值。 The suggestion sent to the committee (=which/that had been sent to the committee) was adopted. 呈送给委员会的建议被采纳了。 小试身手（小试身手（2）-单句语法填空 Because of pollution, the c

31、aught(catch) fish were not fit to eat. Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time spent(spend) with his students. The book, written(write) by Lu Xun, is popular with many Chinese people. Do you remember the problems discussed(discuss) at the last meeting? 二、作状语 就其语法意义来讲，动词ed 形式作状语时，一般情况下

32、*，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，与句子主语构成逻 辑上的被动关系被动关系，表示被动动作的完成；在句法功能上，动词ed 形式作状语可以表示时间时间、原因原因、条件条件等，有时有时 可带有连词可带有连词（状语从句的省略 主语同或为it，谓语be，二者省去不可惜）。具体来讲： 1、作时间状语：通常放在句首句首，可转换为 when, while, after 等引导的时间状语从句。如： When offered help, one often says “Thank you” or “Its kind of you”. 当被提供帮助时，人们常说“谢谢你”或“你真好”。 2、作原因状语：一般置于句首句首，

33、相当于 as, since, because 等引导的原因状语从句。如： Praised in class,Anne felt happy. 在课堂上受到了表扬，安妮感到高兴。 Bitten by a snake, he was taken to hospital. 3、作条件状语：通常放在句首句首，可转换为 if, unless, once 等引导的条件状语从句。如： Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. If taken according to the directions, the drug has no si

34、de effects. 如果按照说明服用，这种药没有副作用。 8 4、作让步状语：一般放在句首句首，有时也放在句末句末，可转化为 though, although, even if 等引导的让步状语从句。如： Laughed by many people (=Although he was laughed by many people), he still continued his study. 5、作伴随状语、方式：作伴随状语或方式状语的动词ed 形式没有对应的状语从句，但可转化为并列分句并列分句。如： The teacher came into the lab, followed by

35、some students (=and he/she was followed by some students). 老师进了实验室，后面跟着一些学生。 *注意分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致。如果不一致，就用独立主格结构独立主格结构，即在分词前加上它 的逻辑主语。如： All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. 小试身手（小试身手（3）-单句语法填空 Raised(raise) in the poore

36、st area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to become a football star. Approached(approach) in this way, your friendship will soon be repaired. The lady returned home, followed(follow) by Holmes. 三、作宾语补足语 1、构成动词ed 形式的动词与宾语之间的关系 （1）及物动词的ed 形式用作宾语补足语时，宾语是构成动词ed 形式的动词的逻辑宾语，宾语与构成动词ed 形 式的动词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系

37、。如： I want the letter posted. 我想把这封信寄出去。 解析post the letter: 动宾关系被动过去分词 （2）少数不及物动词，如 go, fall 等的动词的ed 形式作宾语补足语时，仅表示动作已经完成/先于位于动作发生。 此时，宾语与构成动词ed 形式的动词间不存在逻辑上的动宾关系。如： She found her watch gone on her way home. （3）动词 send, hide, dress, seat 等的动词ed 形式作宾语补足语时，一般表示状态，而不表示被动含义。如： Marianne was none too pleas

38、ed to find Simon seated beside her. 玛丽安娜发现西蒙坐在自己旁边很不高兴。 2、动词ed 形式的动词与作宾语补足语的情况 （1）用在感官感官（短语短语）动词动词或或表表心理状态的动词心理状态的动词之后作宾语补足语。这类词有 see，watch，observe，find，hear， listen to，feel，notice，think 等。如： I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。 He found his purse lost. 他发现他的钱包丢了。 （2）用在使役动词使役动词 have，make

39、，get 之后作宾语补足语。如： I have my homework finished in time. 我及时完成了作业。 He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了。 （3）用在动词 keep，leave 等的后面作宾语补足语表示状态。如： Dont leave the windows broken like this all the time. 不要让窗子一直像这样破烂着。 注意(1)使役动词 have 接动词的ed 形式作宾补，还有两种情况： 动词的ed 形式所表示的动作由他人完成由他人完成。如： He had his money s

40、tolen. 他的钱被偷了。（被别人偷去了） Ill have my hair cut tomorrow.（头发由别人剪） 动词的ed 形式表示句子主语的句子主语的（不好的）（不好的）经历经历。如： He had his leg broken. 他的腿断了。（句子主语的经历） (2)在 with/without 复合结构中，也可用动词的ed 形式作宾补。如： 9 With this sum added, we will have enough money for the trip. 如果加上这笔金额，我们这次旅行的钱就够了。 小试身手（小试身手（4）-完成句子 村民们那时种了很多树。 The

41、villagers had many trees planted then. 无论多累，我必须把这份工作干完 However tired I am, I must get the work finished 她依然不能用英语表达出自己的意思。 She still couldnt make herself understood in English. 她看见小偷被警察抓住了。 She saw the thief caught by policemen. I. 根据句意并结合汉语或首字母提示填写单词根据句意并结合汉语或首字母提示填写单词 1. How many vehicles were(牵涉)

42、in the crash? 2. He took a very(细致严谨的，科学的) approach to management. 3. The city was heavily(轰炸) in the war. 4. He is a man with a highly developed(道德的) sense. 5. Alcohol(使失效) the effects of the drug. 6. Children often behave badly out of(无知). 7. We all have the(自由) of speech. 8. It is one of the grea

43、t unsolved(神秘的事物) of this century. 9. You cannot pretend there is no(罪恶) in the world. 10. She now has(权力) over the pepople who used to be her bosses. 11. If we go to war, innocent lives will be put at r. 12. It is believed that there always exists a struggle between good and e. 13. Ato tax, that wi

44、ll be deducted from your salary. 14. I cant take all the cfor the shows successit was a team effort. 15. Dont worry. I wont let you d. 16. I just took it for gthat hed always be around. 17. High levels of lead could damage the idevelopment of children. 18. It is their rto ensure that the rules are e

45、nforced. 【答案】【答案】1. involved2. scientific3. bombed4. moral5. negates6. ignorance7. freedom 8. mysteries9. evil10. authority11. risk12. evil13.As14. credit 15. down16. granted17. intellectual18. responsibility II. 完形填空完形填空 10 Many years ago, I saw a homeless woman, who was wearing only thin clothes,

46、coming in when I was working at a college. She started coughing as she sat down on a sofa in the student public room.36, she wasnt well. Without 37too much about it, I went to the Student Affairs Office where I knew I could find38in the “Lost and Found” box. I gathered her up all clothes and made my

47、 way39. Acoworker told me I should not help this person40it would only lead to her wanting41help. I ignored her and carried on, in spite of the warnings. Two weeks later a lovely elderly man came to my42and asked to speak with me in private. Curious, I gave him my full43. He went on to tell me that

48、he had overheard(无意听到) the44with the coworker about helping the45woman. He wanted me to know that it was always okay to help people, and that was46he wanted to give me a check for $1000! I burst into tears, because I really47the money at the time, but also because I had48been recognized in such a wa

49、y for helping someone! We became good49and, twenty years later, he called me up50and told me he wanted to help me51my first home! He gave me $ 120,000 to buy my52 house in my home town. I asked him why he wanted to give me such a large53. And he said it was because I was a “giver” and that I deserve

50、d it. I was able to54the perfect little home for me, all because one day I55a homeless woman without hesitation. 36. A. LuckilyB. ClearlyC. TrulyD. Really 来源: 学+ 科+ 网Z + X + X + K 37. A. worryingB. jokingC. caringD. thinking 来源:学科网 38. A. trousersB. clothesC. socksD. coats 39. A. backB. outC. inD. O