新构造学全册配套最完整精品课件2.ppt

1、 Choir of the cathedral Saint Just and Saint Pasteur, Narbonne, built in 13th century S S Triangular faceted spurs The worlds largest solar furnace The worlds largest solar furnace Dolmen Medieval city Carcassonne (constructed in the 13th century)(4,700inhabitants/4,000,000visitors) Mona Lisa The Sa

2、grada Familia (1882-2025) Antoni Gaud （1852 1926） 2014-12-29 华南最大的三角洲，研究意义，研究历史，存在问题 侵蚀加积三角洲和断块三角洲之争 Abert Heim, 1897-1937 河优型和潮优型，阴盛阳衰和阳盛阴衰 断块三角洲 H dm dwdm HH dm dw HhHHr 3 2 )( dwH=dmh During the past 250,000 years has the sea risen higher than at present, approximately 200,000 years ago it stood

3、at about +2m and 125,000 years ago it temporarily reached +5m. Figure 9: Oxygen isotope record of global ice volume and sea level for the past 200,000 years showing the major glacial and interglacial episodes (data from Martinson et al., 1987). Dashed lines above the curve indicate highstand deposit

4、s in the Mid- Atlantic region associated with the global periods of reduced ice volume (from The Geology of the Virginia Coast). Published by AAAS P. U. Clark et al., Science 325, 710 -714 (2009) Fig. 2 Sea-level predictions for New Guinea (blue line) and Barbados (purple line) compared to RSL data

5、with depth uncertainty for the interval from 10 to 50 ka from New Guinea (blue circles) (4, 52, 53), Barbados (purple triangles) (5, 54), the Bonaparte Gulf (green half-pluses representing age and depth uncertainty) (8), and the Sunda Shelf (blue half-pluses) (55) 西淋岗阶地 近东西向剖面 珠江三角洲北部的低阶地 基底网纹红土，北北西

6、向断裂错断网纹红土和下旋回沉积 基底网纹红土，北北西向断裂错断网纹红土和下旋回沉积 主要活动断裂 番禺台地 主要活动断裂 主要活动断裂 Aristotle，384-322BC 海陆可变 (据Ludmann et al., 1999) 陆架下沉幅度大得多，早得多 珠江三角洲与南海北部陆架中更新世晚期以来的沉积层序对比 初步结论初步结论 网纹红土风化壳是珠江三角洲的重要标志层；网纹红土风化壳是珠江三角洲的重要标志层； 发生过断裂、掀斜运动；发生过断裂、掀斜运动； 北北西和北东东向断裂是主要的活动断裂；北北西和北东东向断裂是主要的活动断裂； 下沉时间可能早于沉积时间，遇间冰期海面上升下沉时间可能早于

7、沉积时间，遇间冰期海面上升 发生堆积；发生堆积； 构造活动没有过去想象的那么弱，也没有那么强；构造活动没有过去想象的那么弱，也没有那么强； 滨海断裂带可能是潜在的危险断裂带。滨海断裂带可能是潜在的危险断裂带。 River Seine Valley and Vexin, at the transition between Ile de France and Normandy In-Conference Field Trip Thursday 19th August, 2013 The Seine River, the most active way linking Paris to the se

8、a The later erosion of this series was induced by shallow inversion of the basin, accompanied by the progressive formation and incision of a paleo-Loire-seine drainage axis oriented to the Channel along NW-SE structures (Seine fault, shallow synforms and antiforms). Reworked until the Pliocene, this

9、 surface corresponds to the “flint clay surface” identified in Normandy. “conservative meanders” Seine Valley Left View Domaine de Flicourt: protected outcrop in alluvium/gravel pit recuperation The Cretaceous chalk layers generally contain more or less regularly spaced flint layers and nodules whic

10、h contribute to increase their relative resistance to weathering and slumping. This resistance allows the formation and preservation of steep cliffs along rivers and shores. Claude Monet, 14 November 1840 5 December 1926) was a founder of French impressionist painting, and the most consistent and pr

11、olific practitioner of the movements philosophy of expressing ones perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein-air landscape painting. 里德（Harry Fielding Reid）在阿拉斯加考察时的照片 （2）Bigger Faults Make Bigger Earthquakes 1 10 100 1000 5.566.577.5 Magnitude Kilometers 8 （2）Bigger Faults Make Bigg

12、er Earthquakes 1 10 100 1000 5.566.577.5 Magnitude Kilometers 8 bMsaNlg 21 固着区 （强固区） Asperity 震源核 震源核 固着区 （强固区） Asperity 震源地震计阵 P波構造 S波構造 各向异性 震源 震源 震源 三分向地震计阵 P波構造 S波構造 各向异性 SH反射波 SV反射波 P反射波 三成分地震計 震源 三个直线台阵， 台站距2Km 地震观测台网， 台站距5Km 平均台距3Km 总共400个观测 点 黄色园为现有Hi- net测点 红色园为MeSO- net观测点 Trench across a

13、sackung trough at Aspen Highlands Ski Area NOTE: older trough strata are folded more Figure. San Andreas fault exposed in southeast wall of a trench at Pallett Creek, Calif., 55 km northeast of Los Angeles. Black strata are peat layers, datable by 14C methods, that show increasing amounts of vertica

14、l displacement with depth, owing to cumulative slip from repeated earthquakes. Vertical component of displacement visible here is a few percent of net displacement, which is chiefly strike slip, approximately normal to trench wall, with block on right moving toward observer. Uppermost, unfaulted dep

15、osits postdate 1857 earthquake; lowermost peat bed on southwest side of fault was deposited about A.D. 800. Modified from Sieh (1978). Mode-switching between periods of quasi-periodicity and gaps or clusters of events. Perception of the “average” return period is biased by the part of the record tha

16、t is studied. Perception of hazard is partly controlled by the length of time since the MRE The tsunmi beds in Lake Kllsjn contain Baltic diatoms washed in over the 700 m long and 9 m high land sill inbetween Liquefaction structures at Ume at 9428 vBP, 9293 vBP and 4000 cBP Faulting: upthrusting in

17、shear zone Deformation of bedrock 50 x50 km Tsunami-beds (red) over 80 x25 km Turbidit-layer (yellow) over 320 x40 km Liquefaction over at least 80 x40 km PROGRAM 09-00 INTRODUCTION: Paleoseismology (Mrner) 09.30 PRIMARY EVIDENCE 1: Geomorphic and stratigraphic evidence of repeated paleoseismic acti

18、vity along major faults, with examples from Venezuela (Audemard) 10.15 PRIMARY EVIDENCE 2: Neotectonics and paleoseismics as recorded by trenching (McCalpin) 11.00 PRIMARY EVIDENCE 3: Archaei-paleoseismology (Pavlides) 11.30 SECONDARY EVIDENCE 1: Liquefaction as evidence of paleoseismic events (Mrne

19、r & Audemard) 12.0013.00 LUNCH 13.00 SECONDARY EVIDENCE 2: Tsunamis as evidence of paleoseismic events (Mrner & Beck) 13.30 METHODS 1: DATING Dating in paleoseismology (Mrner & Audemard) 14.15 METHODS 2: GEOPHYSICS The use of magnetic methods (Mrner) 14.30 SPECIAL CASE 1: Neotectonics, paleoseismici

20、ty and methane venting (Mrner) 14.50 APPLICATIONS 1: Application of the INQUA Intensity Scale to Paleoseismic Studies (Silvas diagram) 15.00 APPLICATIONS 2: Continuity and discontinuity in seismic activity (Mrner) 15.30 APPLICATIONS 3: Long- and short-term hazard assessments (Mrner, Audemard & McCal

21、pin) 16.00 GENERAL DISCUSSION Participants and Leaders 17.00 END Course certificates to the participants (by mail) Fault Global CMT Project Moment Tensor Solution(left) USGS Centroid Moment Tensor Solution(right) Good quality data collected for 24 hours can have an uncertainty of greater than 4-5 mm. If data are collected for several days, the uncertainty can be reduced considerably more by smoothing the noise inherent in daily measurements.