小学英语句子基本结构课件.ppt

1、一、句子的成分和基本句型一、句子的成分和基本句型1 1句子的成分句子的成分主语主语+谓语谓语=主题成分主题成分 表语表语+宾语（直接宾语（直接/间接宾语）间接宾语）+宾语补足语宾语补足语定语定语+状语状语 =次要部分主语主语subject主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么是什么”或“是谁是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首句首。 We study in NO. 1 Middle School The classroom is very clean Three were absent To teach them English is my job. It

2、is may job to teach them English.不定式作主语时，不定式作主语时，常用形式主语常用形式主语it句型句型 谓语谓语predicate说明主语“做什么做什么”、“是什么是什么”或“怎么样怎么样”，谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须用动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致，它在主语后面。 His parents are doctors She looks well We study hard We have finished reading the book He can speak English表语表语predicative表语说明主语“是什么是什么”或者“怎么样怎

3、么样”，由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式及相当于名词或形容词的词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面在系动词后面。 You look younger than before I am a teacher Every body is here. They are at home now My job is to teach them English感官动词感官动词 look taste smell sound feel表示状态表示状态 become remain keep prove get turn grow appear seem 宾语宾语object宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词

4、、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么说明主语做什么，在谓语之后在谓语之后。 She is playing the piano now He often helps me He likes to sleep in the open air We enjoy living in China宾语补足语宾语补足语object complement “宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语” =复合宾语复合宾语 If you let me go, Ill make you king. Leave the door open. We found Li Ming out when w

5、e arrived. Make yourself at home. I saw a stranger enter the building. The boss kept them working all day. Yesterday he got his leg broken. 状语状语adverbial 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式程度时间、地点、目的、方式程度等意义，一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。 He did it carefully Without his help，we couldnt work it out (In order)

6、to catch up with my classmates，I must study hard定语定语attributive定语用来修饰名词或代词修饰名词或代词，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语，不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。 The black bike is mine What is your name? They made paper flowers. The boys in the room are in Class Three Grade One. I have something to do. 种类句型主语S谓语部分谓语动词V

7、表语P宾语O宾语补足语OC第1种S+VWework.(不及物)第2种S+V+OHeplays(及物)the piano第3种S+V+PWeare(系动词)Students.第4种S+V+IO（间接宾语）+DO（直接宾语）Shegave(及物)me a pen.第5种S+V+O+OCHemade(及物)the boylaugh2五种基本句型五种基本句型句子成分的表示法句子成分的表示法S: Subject（主语） OC: Object Complement（宾语补足语，简称宾补）V: Verb（动词）IO: Indirect Object（间接宾语，简称间宾）O: Object（宾语） DO: D

8、irect Object（直接宾语，简称直宾）P: Predicative（表语）第第1种句型种句型S+V 主语谓语（不及物动词）主语谓语（不及物动词） He runs in the park. Class begins. We begin our class at 8.vi:必背必背p.6sleep go laugh walk come stay swim work arrive happen/take place 第第2种句型种句型S+V+O主语谓语（及物动词）主语谓语（及物动词）+宾语宾语 My father read the book. She likes English. I kno

9、w him very well. They want to go. He stopped writing. You must listen to me.有些不及物动词后面加上介词就可把它看成一个及物动词第第3种句型种句型S+V+P主语主语+系动词系动词+表语表语 He became a scientist. They are honest. 他们现在在家。 They are at home now. 我的工作是教他们英语。 My job is to teach them English. keep look smell sound taste feel grow get go turn第第4种

10、句型种句型S+V+IO+DO 主语谓语（及物动词）间接宾语直接宾语主语谓语（及物动词）间接宾语直接宾语 直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或是为谁做的间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或是为谁做的双宾语双宾语 :直接宾语直接宾语(表示动作结果表示动作结果)和间接宾语和间接宾语(动动作目标作目标)He gave Tom a present. Give it to me. 必背：必背：p.7间接宾语在后面时间接宾语在后面时, 其前必须加其前必须加to(“给给”)或或for (给给 、 “替替” 、 “为为” )直接宾语和间接宾语的使用直接宾语和间接宾语的

11、使用间间+直直当直接宾语是人称代词时，为了强调间接宾语，直当直接宾语是人称代词时，为了强调间接宾语，直+间间 我把它递给我妈妈。 I passed it to my mother. 她把它们扔给我。 She threw them to me. 我为他找到多余的书/票。 I found spare books/tickets for him. I send him it“疑问词疑问词+不定式不定式” 作直接宾语作直接宾语 他教我如何读这个单词。 He taught me how to read the word. 我告诉他做什么。 I told him what to do. 他问我为什么唱这支

12、歌。 He asked me why to sing this song. 她问我走哪条路。 She asked me which way to go.第第5种句型种句型S+V+O+OC主语谓语（及物动词）宾语宾语补足语主语谓语（及物动词）宾语宾语补足语 call，name，make，think，and，leave 他们使她幸福。 They made her happy. 我们叫她康妮。 We call her Connie. 我觉得这部电影很有意思。 I found the movie interesting 他让这个窗户开着。 He left the window open 我看见她跳舞了

13、。 I saw her dance. watch，1ook at，listen to，hear feel，let，make 宾补由不定式担当，省去to。但变为被动语态时，+toShe was seen to dance第第4种句型和第种句型和第5种句型种句型（双宾语和复合宾语）的比较（双宾语和复合宾语）的比较第4种句型变为被动语态，有两种情况： We sent them a telegram.They were sent a telegram.A telegram was sent to them.第5种句型变为被动语态时，只有一种句式。 I will make you king. You w

14、ill be made king. He gave me a book. He calls me Tom. 宾语+宾语补足语可以形成逻辑上的主谓关系，即“我是汤姆；间接宾语和直接宾语不存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即不能想像为“我是一本书”。1 用所给的单词组成句子用所给的单词组成句子1.to, the, box, I, want, take, to, room, heavy, the I want to take the heavy box to the room. 2.look, things, the, after, boys, their, mustThe boys must look aft

15、er their things. 3.here, all, are, you You are all here. 4.today, who, duty, is, onWho is on duty today?5.Miss, them, 3 years ago, Wang, taught, JapaneseMiss Wang taught them Japanese 3 years ago. 6.is, rice, bag, in, there, much, the There is much rice in the bag. 2 根据中文提示，完成下列句子根据中文提示，完成下列句子1.Have

16、 you ever been to (最远的小岛)?2.We must (保持清洁) our classroom.3.They and (每两小时，必须坐下休息)two hours.4.After work he always (感到有点儿累).5.There is (有点儿毛病) with Lindas cats eyes.6.I can see (没有异常之物) in the tree.7.Mr. Fang is (去访问) his aunt.the farthest island keep clean have to sit down rest every feels a little

17、tired something wrong nothing unusual on a visit to 二、句子的种类二、句子的种类陈述句 This is a dog.这是一只狗。疑问句 Is this a dog? 这是一只狗吗？感叹句 What a beautiful dog this is！这是只多么漂亮的狗！祈使句 Open your eyes!睁开眼睛！简单句 I am studying.我在读书。并列句 I was born in a small village and I lived there for ten years. 我出生在一个小村庄里并在那里生活了十年。复合句 As

18、soon as I get there, Ill call you .我一到那儿，就给你打电话。1、陈述句、陈述句凡是说明一件事情，提出一个看法，或是表达一种心情的句子凡是说明一件事情，提出一个看法，或是表达一种心情的句子有肯定式和否定式。句末用句号有肯定式和否定式。句末用句号“”，通常用降调，通常用降调 否定式的缩略形式否定式的缩略形式is notisntare notarentwas notwasntwere notwerentdo notdontdoes notdoesntdid notdidntcan notcantwill notwontmust notmustnthave noth

19、aventhas nothasnthad nothadntam not无所写形式， 应为Im not 形式a 进行时和被动语态（现在时、过去时、进行时）进行时和被动语态（现在时、过去时、进行时）都有都有be动词，动词，所以它们的否定句与所以它们的否定句与be动词的否定句同形。动词的否定句同形。这个孩子以前没有被照顾过。这个孩子以前没有被照顾过。 The child was not looked after. 他们没在打扫房间。 They arent cleaning the room .b 将来时将来时（will、shall）、完成时及情态动词的被动语态、完成时及情态动词的被动语态不能用不能用

20、be动词的否定句型。动词的否定句型。 ()They will be not sent to the front. () They will not be sent to the front.B、情态动词的否定句、情态动词的否定句主语情态动词主语情态动词not动词原形动词原形 I cannot do it myself. You must not go there alone.C 一般动词的否定句一般动词的否定句句型主语主语do (does, did)not动词原形动词原形D、现在完成时的否定句、现在完成时的否定句句型主语主语have/hasnot动词的过去分词动词的过去分词这本书我还没看完。这

21、本书我还没看完。 I havent finished reading the book yet.E、过去完成时的否定句、过去完成时的否定句句型主语主语hadnot动词的过去分词动词的过去分词 否定结构应注意事项否定结构应注意事项 A、使用、使用not的部分否定的部分否定如果使用了very，always以及all，both，every及every的复合词 I dont play football well. I dont play football very well. It isnt always hot here in summer.B、not的其他否定表示的其他否定表示 a notat a

22、ll一点也不一点也不 我一点儿也不累。 Im not tired at all. 我一点儿也不喜欢它。 I dont like it at all. b notany more, notany longer再也再也不不 我再也不在这儿住了。 I dont live here any longer. 我再也不能多吃了。 I can not eat any more.=I can eat no more. C 、使用、使用not以外的否定词表示否定以外的否定词表示否定 a 用用no表示：no+名词名词not any一点也不一点也不 There is no wind.=There is not an

23、y wind.b never决不决不（语气比not强烈） Ill never forget you.c few/little几乎没有几乎没有d no one（=nobody）无人无人 e nothing =not anything什么也没有什么也没有f none of 没有任何人；什么都没有没有任何人；什么都没有 None of them can answer it. I eat none of the food.g 含有否定副词含有否定副词seldom(很少)、hardly(几乎不)的句子。的句子。 He can hardly write his name. We seldom watch

24、TV. D、tooto（太（太以至于不以至于不）的句型是不使用否定词的否定句子。）的句型是不使用否定词的否定句子。 不定代词有肯定和否定意思两组，且指两个或指三个以上时，需用不同的词：肯定肯定否定否定肯定肯定否定否定allnone, nosomethingnot anything, nothingeveryone, eachno onea few feweverythingnothinga littlelittlesomenot any, nobothneithereach, eitherneither, not eitherP.15必背2、祈使句、祈使句 表示请求、命令、建议等。谓语动词一律

25、用原形。通常不用主语，句末用惊叹号或句号，用降调。 1含有第二人称主语的祈使句含有第二人称主语的祈使句 A、肯定式：动词原形、肯定式：动词原形（省主语）（省主语） Stand up. Be quiet, please. Do study hard. Li Ming, come here Come here, Li Ming 表示禁止时，尤其是标语可用“No+动名词动名词” 。 No smoking. No parking B、否定的祈使句、否定的祈使句Dont动词原形动词原形 祈使句与陈述句的改写祈使句与陈述句的改写祈使句祈使句You mustYou must( (陈述句陈述句) ) Come

26、 here=You must come here.过来。 你必须过来。 Dont do that again=You mustnt do that again.别再那样做了。 你一定不可以再那样坐了。Please+Please+祈使句祈使句Will you(pleaseWill you(please) )?(?(陈述句陈述句) ) Please help me.=Will you (please) help me?请帮帮我。 你愿意帮我的忙吗？。 Come here on time. 请准时到这儿。 Will you (please) come here on time? 请你准时到好吗？含有

27、第一、三人称主语的祈使句含有第一、三人称主语的祈使句A、肯定的祈使句、肯定的祈使句Let第一人称（第一人称（me, us）Let第三人称代词第三人称代词（him/her/it/them）或名词）或名词 咱们马上动身吧。咱们马上动身吧。 Lets go at once Lets go, shall/shant we?. Let us go, will/wont you? Yes, lets/No, lets not. Let me try again Let Tom go there himselfB、否定的祈使句、否定的祈使句Lets (us, me)not动词动词原形原形Dont let第三

28、人称代词的第三人称代词的宾格或名词动词原形宾格或名词动词原形 Lets not say anything about it Dont let them play with fireLet them not play with fire.祈使句有时相当于一个if引导的条件状语从句。祈使句： Use your head and youll find a way.条件句： If you use your head, youll find a way.如果你动动脑筋，你就会找到方法。句型转换句型转换3、感叹句、感叹句表示喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈感情。表示喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈感情。分为两种：一种以what引

29、导，一种以how引导。句尾用感叹号“！”。用降调。what引导的感叹句：引导的感叹句：What+名词（或形容词名名词（或形容词名词）陈述句（主语谓词）陈述句（主语谓语）！语）！ (他是个)多么诚实的人啊! What an honest man he is! (这些是)多么大的苹果啊! What big apples these are! 多么好的天气啊! What fine weather it is! 2 how引导的感叹句：引导的感叹句：How+形容词形容词或副词陈述句（主语谓语）或副词陈述句（主语谓语）+！ 今天天气多热阿！今天天气多热阿！How hot it is today!那凤筝飞

30、得多么高啊那凤筝飞得多么高啊!How high the kite is flying! 他跑的多快啊！他跑的多快啊！How fast he runs!多么诚实的人啊！多么诚实的人啊！How honest the man is!我多想当个老师阿我多想当个老师阿1How I want to be a teacher！当How修饰动词时动词不提前1按要求改写下列句子按要求改写下列句子1There is some milk in the bottle(改为否定句) 1. There isnt any milk in the bottle. 2Take the chair to the door(改为否

31、定句) 2. Dont take the chair to the door.3He did the housework yesterday(改为否定句) 3. He didnt do the housework yesterday. 4The ship is big(改为感叹句) 4. How big the ship is!/What a big ship it is! 5He does well in maths(改为否定句) 5. He doesnt do well in maths.6They can put the bag in the box(改为否定句) 6. They can

32、not put the bag in the box. 7Give him a bottle of milk(改为否定句) 7. Dont give him a bottle of milk. 8He had done with the goods before he went away(改为否定句) 8. He hadnt done with the goods before he went away. 9These people are very brave(改为感叹句) 9. How brave these people are!/What brave people they are!

33、10Tom has strong arms(改为What引导的感叹句) 10. What strong arms Tom has!11This film is very good(改为How引导的感叹句) 11. How good the film is! 12I want to be a doctor(改为感叹句) 12. How I want to be a doctor! 13There was something wrong with the radio(改为否定句) 13. There was nothing wrong with the radio. or: There wasnt

34、 anything wrong with the radio. 14You must be kind to the other people(改为祈使句) 14. Be kind to the other people!/Do be kind to the other people! 15You mustnt eat lunch now(改为祈使句) 15. Dont eat lunch now!16Shall we play tennis after school?(改为祈使句) 16. Lets play tennis after school. 17How cold it is toda

35、y!(改为肯定陈述句) 17. It is very cold today. 18I think he will come(改为否定句) 18. I dont think he will come. 19He works very hard(改为HOW引导的感叹句) 19. How hard he works! 20Lets go to see them(改为否定句) 20. Lets not go to see them.2汉译英汉译英1父亲很可怜，他几乎不会写他的名字。1. His father is poor. He can hardly write his name. 2我很少看报纸，

36、我不知道每天都发生什么事。2. I seldom read newspapers. I dont know what has happened /happens every day. 3我的父亲并非每天早上都到办公室去。3. My father does not go to his office every morning. 4好难的工作呀！ 4. What a difficult job! 5他跳得真高！ 5. How high he jumps!写作：接受便条写作：接受便条 Dear Mr. Dane, I am planning a dinner party for all the ex

37、perts who have come to Britain to attend the Engineers Conference, The dinner will be held in the Kings Hall of the Bright Hotel beginning at 7:30 p.m. on Tuesday,28 July. I hope that you will be able to join us on this occasion. I look forward to seeing you. Yours sincerely, John Malory Dear Mr. Ma

38、lory, Many thanks for your invitation to the dinner party on 28 July. I will certainly come to the dinner, but I am afraid I have to leave a little earlier. I look forward to meeting you on Tuesday, 28 July Yours sincerely, David DaneClassExercise 你的朋友Sybil请你在星期六的晚上到她家参加聚会，共度周末，你接受了邀请。请你给她写一张便条。告诉她：

39、 你届时将前往 你大概于什么时间抵达 你将携带什么东西前往 关键词句：invitation to spend the weekend, promise to bring youfor it Dear Sybil,It was nice to get your invitation to spend the weekend with you luckily Im free then, so Ill say “yes”and Ill be arriving at around 9 p.m. on Friday evening.The idea of a party on Saturday soun

40、ds wonderful and I promise to bring you a cake for it. Well, see you then. Love, PeterClassExercise 你表妹长期在国外，这次回国希望你能到机场接她。给她写封回信，内容包括： 久未谋面，非常乐意去接她 你已经订了那天的音乐会的票 尽管你对此感到遗憾，但还是决定不去音乐会而去接表妹。 关键词句：give up the ticket, a concert that I have booked, meet you at the airport Dear Fanny, Its been so long since I saw you last. Of course ,Ill be there to pick you up. Im longing to see you again. Although Ill have to give up the ticket for a concert that I have booked, Ill make sure to meet you at the airport by 10:30a.m on Sunday. Will all my love, Liz