1、第五单元:集成技术简介第五单元:集成技术简介第十二章:几种第十二章:几种IC工艺流程工艺流程12.1. CMOS工艺工艺1PPT课件After studying the material in this chapter, you will be able to:1.Draw a diagram showing how a typical wafer flows in a sub-micron CMOS IC fab.画出典型的流程图画出典型的流程图2.Give an overview of the six major process areas and the sort/test area i
2、n the wafer fab.对对6种主要工艺的应用和测试有大概的认识种主要工艺的应用和测试有大概的认识3.For each of the 14 CMOS manufacturing steps, describe its primary purpose.描述描述CMOS工艺工艺14个步骤的主要目的个步骤的主要目的4.Discuss the key process and equipment used in each CMOS manufacturing step.能讨论每一步流程的关键工艺和设备能讨论每一步流程的关键工艺和设备 2PPT课件Major Fabrication Steps i
3、n MOS Process FlowOxidation(Field oxide)Silicon substrateSilicon dioxideoxygenPhotoresistDevelopoxidePhotoresistCoatingphotoresistMask-WaferAlignment and ExposureMaskUV lightExposed PhotoresistexposedphotoresistSDActive RegionsSDsilicon nitrideNitrideDepositionContact holesSDGContactEtchIon Implanta
4、tionDGScanning ion beamSMetal Deposition and EtchdrainSDGMetal contacts PolysiliconDepositionpolysiliconSilane gasDopant gasOxidation(Gate oxide)gate oxideoxygenPhotoresistStripoxideRF PowerIonized oxygen gasOxideEtchphotoresistoxideRF Power Ionized CF4 gasPolysiliconMask and EtchRF PowerIonized CCl
5、4 gaspoly gateRF Power3PPT课件CMOS Process Flow Overview of Areas in a Wafer Fab Diffusion Photolithography Etch Ion Implant Thin Films Polish 4PPT课件Model of Typical Wafer Flow in a Sub-Micron CMOS IC FabTest/SortImplantDiffusionEtchPolishPhotoCompleted WaferUnpatterned WaferWafer StartThin FilmsWafer
6、 Fabrication (front-end) 5PPT课件Simplified Schematic of High-Temperature FurnaceGas flowcontrollerTemperaturecontrollerPressurecontrollerHeater 1Heater 2Heater 3ExhaustProcess gasQuartz tubeThree-zoneHeating ElementsTemperature-setting voltagesThermocouplemeasurements6PPT课件Photolithography Bay in a S
7、ub-micron Wafer Fab7PPT课件Load StationVapor PrimeSoft BakeCool PlateCool PlateHard BakeTransfer StationResist CoatDevelop-RinseEdge-Bead RemovalWafer Transfer SystemWafer CassettesWafer Stepper (Alignment/Exposure System)Simplified Schematic of a Photolithography Processing Module8PPT课件Simplified Sch
8、ematic of Dry Plasma Etchere-e-R+Glow discharge (plasma)Gas distribution baffleHigh-frequency energyFlow of byproducts and process gasesAnode electrodeElectromagnetic fieldFree electronIon sheathChamber wallPositive ionEtchant gas entering gas inletRF coax cablePhotonWaferCathode electrodeRadical ch
9、emicalVacuum lineExhaust to vacuum pumpVacuum gaugee-9PPT课件Simplified Schematic of Ion ImplanterIon sourceAnalyzing magnetAcceleration columnBeamline tubeIon beamPlasmaGraphiteProcess chamberScanning diskMass resolving slitHeavy ionsGas cabinetFilamentExtraction assemblyLighter ions10PPT课件Thin Film
10、Metallization Bay11PPT课件Simplified Schematics of CVD Processing SystemCapacitive-coupled RF inputSusceptorHeat lamps WaferGas inletExhaustChemical vapor depositionProcess chamberCVD cluster tool12PPT课件Polish Bay in a Sub-micron Wafer Fab13PPT课件1.Twin-well Implants双阱注入双阱注入2.Shallow Trench Isolation 浅
11、槽隔离浅槽隔离3.Gate Structure多晶硅栅结构多晶硅栅结构4.Lightly Doped Drain Implants轻掺杂漏注入轻掺杂漏注入5.Sidewall Spacer侧墙形成侧墙形成 6.Source/Drain Implants源源/漏注入漏注入7.Contact Formation接触孔形成接触孔形成Passivation layerBonding pad metalp+ Silicon substrateLI oxideSTIn-wellp-wellILD-1ILD-2ILD-3ILD-4ILD-5M-1M-2M-3 M-4Poly gatep- Epitaxial
12、 layerp+ILD-6LI metalViap+p+n+n+n+2314567891011121314CMOS Manufacturing Steps 14PPT课件8.Local Interconnect局部互连局部互连9.Interlayer Dielectric to Via-1通孔通孔1和金属塞和金属塞1的形成的形成10. First Metal Layer金属金属1互连互连11. Second ILD to Via-2通孔通孔2和金属塞和金属塞2的形成的形成12. Second Metal Layer to Via-3金属金属2互连互连13. Metal-3 to Pad Etc
13、h金属金属3 压点形成压点形成14. Parametric Testing测试测试Passivation layerBonding pad metalp+ Silicon substrateLI oxideSTIn-wellp-wellILD-1ILD-2ILD-3ILD-4ILD-5M-1M-2M-3 M-4Poly gatep- Epitaxial layerp+ILD-6LI metalViap+p+n+n+n+2314567891011121314CMOS Manufacturing Steps 15PPT课件n-well Formation 1-1312PhotoImplantDif
14、fusion4PolishEtch5Thin Films5 um(Dia = 200 mm, 2 mm thick)PhotoresistPhosphorus implant312p+ Silicon substratep- Epitaxial layerOxide5n-well41、外延、外延2、初始氧化:、初始氧化:1000 C干氧,干氧,150;保护外延层、介;保护外延层、介质屏蔽层、减少注入损伤、控制注入深度。质屏蔽层、减少注入损伤、控制注入深度。3、第一层掩膜:由光刻胶作为离子注入的掩膜、第一层掩膜:由光刻胶作为离子注入的掩膜 4、n阱注入:阱注入:200KeV高能磷(高能磷(P)注
15、入,结深)注入,结深1 m。5、退火:先进行氧等离子体去胶;退火的目的有裸露的、退火:先进行氧等离子体去胶;退火的目的有裸露的Si表面形成氧化阻挡层、再分布、杂质电激表面形成氧化阻挡层、再分布、杂质电激活、活、消除晶格损伤消除晶格损伤16PPT课件p-well Formation 1-2Thin Films312PhotoImplantDiffusionPolishEtchp+ Silicon substrateBoron implantPhotoresist1p- Epitaxial layerOxide3n-well2p-well6、第二层掩膜:由光刻胶作为离子注入的掩蔽层;、第二层掩膜:
16、由光刻胶作为离子注入的掩蔽层;检测检测。7、p阱注入:硼(阱注入:硼(B)注入(能量较磷注入时底),)注入(能量较磷注入时底),倒置阱倒置阱8、退火、退火17PPT课件STI Trench EtchThin Films12PhotoPolishEtchImplantDiffusion34+IonsSelective etching opens isolation regions in the epi layer.p+ Silicon substratep- Epitaxial layern-wellp-well3Photoresist2Nitride41OxideSTI trench9、清洗、
17、清洗10、 1000 C干氧,干氧,150;保护外延层;保护外延层11、Si3N4膜淀积:膜淀积:750 C LPCVD NH3+SiH2Cl2 ;保护有源区;保护有源区;CMP的阻挡材料的阻挡材料12、第三层掩膜:、第三层掩膜:检测检测;由于特征尺寸减小,光刻难度增加。;由于特征尺寸减小,光刻难度增加。13、STI槽刻蚀:槽刻蚀:F基或基或Cl基等离子体刻蚀;检测台阶高度、特征尺基等离子体刻蚀;检测台阶高度、特征尺 寸、和腐蚀缺陷寸、和腐蚀缺陷18PPT课件STI Oxide Fill12DiffusionPolishEtchPhotoImplantThin Filmsp-wellTrenc
18、h fill by chemical vapor deposition1Liner oxidep+ Silicon substratep- Epitaxial layern-well2NitrideTrench CVD oxideOxide14、沟槽衬垫氧化:、沟槽衬垫氧化: 1000 C干氧,干氧,150;15|、沟槽、沟槽CVD氧化物填充:可用高速淀积。氧化物填充:可用高速淀积。19PPT课件STI FormationThin Films12DiffusionEtchPhotoImplantPolishp-well12Planarization by chemical-mechanical
19、 polishingSTI oxide after polishLiner oxidep+ Silicon substratep- Epitaxial layern-wellNitride strip16、沟槽氧化抛光(、沟槽氧化抛光(CMP):):17、氮化物去除:热磷酸、氮化物去除:热磷酸20PPT课件Poly Gate Structure ProcessThin Films12DiffusionEtchPhotoImplantPolish34p+ Silicon substrateGate oxide12p- Epitaxial layern-wellp-wellPolysilicon
20、depositionPoly gate etch43Photoresist ARC18、去除氧化层:栅氧化前进行。、去除氧化层:栅氧化前进行。19、栅氧化层生长:完成后立即进行多晶硅淀积(、栅氧化层生长:完成后立即进行多晶硅淀积(5000)20、第四层掩膜:光刻多晶硅栅;深紫外光刻;加抗反射涂层、第四层掩膜:光刻多晶硅栅;深紫外光刻;加抗反射涂层ARC;检测。;检测。21、多晶硅栅刻蚀:先进的各向异性的等离子刻蚀机。、多晶硅栅刻蚀:先进的各向异性的等离子刻蚀机。21PPT课件n- LDD ImplantThin Films12DiffusionEtchPhotoImplantPolishp+
21、Silicon substratep- Epitaxial layern-wellp-welln-n-n-1Photoresist maskArsenic n- LDD implant222、第五层掩膜:光刻、第五层掩膜:光刻n- LDD注入区注入区23、 n- LDD注入:注入:As离子低能、浅结注入离子低能、浅结注入24、去胶:、去胶:22PPT课件p- LDD Implant12DiffusionEtchPhotoImplantPolishThin Filmsp+ Silicon substratep- Epitaxial layern-wellp-wellPhotoresist Mas
22、k1p-p-Photoresist mask1n-n-2BF p- LDD implant2p-n-26、第六层掩膜:光刻第六层掩膜:光刻p- LDD注入区注入区27、 p- LDD注入:注入:BF2离子低能、浅结注入离子低能、浅结注入23PPT课件Side Wall Spacer Formation12DiffusionEtchPhotoImplantPolishThin Films+Ionsp+ Silicon substratep- Epitaxial layern-wellp-wellp-p-1Spacer oxideSide wall spacer2Spacer etchback b
23、y anisotropic plasma etcherp-n-n-n-28、淀积、淀积SiO2层:层:1000二氧化硅层;二氧化硅层;29、 SiO2层反刻:先进的各向异性的等离子刻蚀机;层反刻:先进的各向异性的等离子刻蚀机;无需光刻、并实现侧壁无需光刻、并实现侧壁24PPT课件n+ Source/Drain ImplantThin Films12DiffusionEtchPhotoImplantPolishp+ Silicon substratep- Epitaxial layern-wellp-welln+Arsenic n+ S/D implant2Photoresist mask1n+
24、n+30、第七层光刻:、第七层光刻:n+源源/漏注入区光刻;漏注入区光刻;31、源、源/漏注入:漏注入:“中中”能量能量As离子注入;实现自对准。离子注入;实现自对准。25PPT课件p+ Source/Drain Implant12DiffusionEtchPhotoPolishThin FilmsImplant3Boron p+ S/D implant2p+ Silicon substratep- Epitaxial layern-wellp-wellPhotoresist Mask11Photoresist maskn+p+p+n+n+p+32、第八层光刻:、第八层光刻:p+源源/漏注入区
25、光刻;漏注入区光刻;33、源、源/漏注入:漏注入:“中中”能量能量B离子注入;实现自对准。离子注入;实现自对准。34、退火:、退火:RTP,1000 C,数秒钟;,数秒钟;26PPT课件Contact FormationThin Films12DiffusionEtchPhotoImplantPolish32Tisilicide contact formation (anneal)Titanium etch3Titanium depostion1n+p+n-wellp+n+p-welln+p+p- Epitaxial layerp+ Silicon substrate35、钛、钛(Ti)的淀积
26、:氩等离子体溅射的淀积:氩等离子体溅射Ti靶,(靶,(PVD)36、退火(合金):、退火(合金):700 C,RTP;与;与Si形成形成TiSi2,与与SiO2不反应。不反应。37、刻蚀金属钛:化学方法不腐蚀、刻蚀金属钛:化学方法不腐蚀TiSi2,无需掩膜。,无需掩膜。27PPT课件LI Oxide Dielectric Formation1Nitride CVDp-wellp-wellp- Epitaxial layerp+ Silicon substrateLI oxide2Doped oxide CVD4 LI oxide etchOxide polish3DiffusionEtchPh
27、otoImplantPolish3421Thin Films38、Si3N4膜的膜的CVD:作为阻挡层,保护有源区。:作为阻挡层,保护有源区。39、掺杂氧化物膜的、掺杂氧化物膜的CVD:PSG(BPSG),提高介电特性,快速退),提高介电特性,快速退火火熔流熔流平坦化。平坦化。40、氧化层抛光:、氧化层抛光:CMP工艺工艺 8000。41、第九层掩膜:局部互连刻蚀;形成窄沟槽、第九层掩膜:局部互连刻蚀;形成窄沟槽定义互连金属路径。定义互连金属路径。28PPT课件LI Metal FormationThin FilmsDiffusionPhotoImplant3214EtchPolishn-we
28、llLI tungsten polishTungsten depositionTi/TiN deposition234LI oxideTi deposition1p-wellp- Epitaxial layerp+ Silicon substrate42、金属、金属Ti膜淀积:膜淀积:PVD;充当金属充当金属W与与SiO2间的黏合剂。间的黏合剂。43、氮化钛淀积:立即淀积于、氮化钛淀积:立即淀积于Ti膜表面,膜表面,充当金属充当金属W 的扩散阻挡层。的扩散阻挡层。44、钨(、钨(W)淀积:)淀积:CVD;不用;不用Al的原因是,的原因是,W能填充小孔,且抛光性好。能填充小孔,且抛光性好。45、
29、磨抛、磨抛W:CMP;除去介质膜上的;除去介质膜上的W,完成,完成“大马士革大马士革”工艺。工艺。29PPT课件LI Oxide as a Dielectric for Inlaid LI Metal (Damascene)大马士革工艺LI metalLI oxide30PPT课件Via-1 Formation(多层金属布线间的通孔)DiffusionEtchPhotoImplantPolish321Thin FilmsOxide polishILD-1 oxide etch(Via-1 formation)23LI oxideILD-1 oxide deposition1ILD-1p-wel
30、ln-wellp- Epitaxial layerp+ Silicon substrate46、氧化物膜淀积:、氧化物膜淀积:CVD;SiO247、氧化物膜的磨抛:、氧化物膜的磨抛:CMP; 8000。48、第十层掩膜:光刻多层布线间的连接孔(、第十层掩膜:光刻多层布线间的连接孔(0.25 m);检测;检测31PPT课件Plug-1 FormationThin FilmsDiffusionPhotoImplant3214EtchPolishTungsten polish (Plug-1)TungstendepositionTi/TiN deposition234LI oxideTi dep.1
31、ILD-1p-welln-wellp- Epitaxial layerp+ Silicon substrate49、淀积、淀积Ti阻挡层:阻挡层:PVD;充当金属充当金属W与与SiO2间的黏合剂。间的黏合剂。50、氮化钛淀积:、氮化钛淀积:CVD;立即淀积于;立即淀积于Ti膜表面,膜表面,充当金属充当金属W 的扩散阻的扩散阻挡层。挡层。51、淀积、淀积W:CVD;形成;形成W塞(塞(Plug)。)。52、磨抛钨:、磨抛钨:CMP;直到第一层的层间介质。;直到第一层的层间介质。32PPT课件SEM Micrographs of Polysilicon, Tungsten LI and Tungs
32、ten Plugs PolysiliconTungsten LITungsten plugMag. 17,000 X33PPT课件Metal-1 Interconnect Formation2341TiN depositionAl + Cu (1%)depositionTi DepositionLI oxideILD-1Metal-1 etchp-welln-wellp- Epitaxial layerp+ Silicon substratePhotoEtchDiffusionImplant4132PolishThin Films53、金属、金属Ti膜淀积:膜淀积:PVD。54、Al-Cu合金
33、膜淀积:合金膜淀积:PVD。55、氮化钛膜淀积:、氮化钛膜淀积:PVD;作为光刻的抗反射层作为光刻的抗反射层。56、第十一层掩膜:刻金属,形成连线。、第十一层掩膜:刻金属,形成连线。34PPT课件SEM Micrographs of First Metal Layer over First Set of Tungsten ViasTiN metal capMag. 17,000 XTungsten plugMetal 1, Al35PPT课件4p+ Silicon substratep- Epitaxial layern-wellp-wellLI oxideILD-1Oxide polishI
34、LD-2 gap fill132ILD-2 oxide depositionILD-2 oxide etch(Via-2 formation)PhotoEtchPolishDiffusionImplant4231Thin FilmsVia-2 Formation57、ILD-2间隙填充:间隙填充: ILD-2的形成与第一层层间介质膜的制作相似,的形成与第一层层间介质膜的制作相似,但需要先填充第一层金属刻出的间隙。通常是用高密但需要先填充第一层金属刻出的间隙。通常是用高密度等离子体度等离子体HDPCVD淀积空洞极少的致密氧化物。淀积空洞极少的致密氧化物。 58、 ILD-2氧化物淀积:氧化物淀积
35、:PCVD;SiO259、 ILD-2氧化物平坦化:磨抛氧化物平坦化:磨抛60、第十二层掩膜:用等离子体刻蚀、第十二层掩膜:用等离子体刻蚀ILD-2氧化层通孔。氧化层通孔。36PPT课件Plug-2 FormationLI oxideTungsten deposition (Plug-2)Ti/TiN deposition23Ti deposition1ILD-1ILD-2p+ Silicon substratep- Epitaxial layern-wellp-wellTungstenpolish4Thin FilmsDiffusionPhotoImplant3214EtchPolish61
36、、淀积、淀积Ti阻挡层:阻挡层:PVD;充当金属充当金属W与与SiO2间的黏合剂。间的黏合剂。62、氮化钛淀积:、氮化钛淀积:CVD;立即淀积于;立即淀积于Ti膜表面,膜表面,充当金属充当金属W 的扩散阻的扩散阻挡层。挡层。63、淀积、淀积W:CVD;形成;形成W塞(塞(Plug)。)。64、磨抛钨:、磨抛钨:CMP;直到第一层的层间介质。;直到第一层的层间介质。37PPT课件Metal-2 Interconnect Formationp+ Silicon substratep- Epitaxial layern-wellp-wellGap fill3Via-3/Plug-3 formatio
37、nMetal-2 depositionto etchILD-3 oxidepolish214LI oxideILD-1ILD-2ILD-365、淀积、刻蚀金属、淀积、刻蚀金属2:66、填充第三层层间介质间隙:、填充第三层层间介质间隙:67、淀积、平坦化、淀积、平坦化ILD-3氧化物:氧化物:68、刻蚀通孔、刻蚀通孔3、淀积钛、淀积钛/氮化钛、淀积钨、平坦化:氮化钛、淀积钨、平坦化:69、。、。38PPT课件Full 0.18 m CMOS Cross SectionPassivation layerBonding pad metalp+ Silicon substrateLI oxideSTI
38、n-wellp-wellILD-1ILD-2ILD-3ILD-4ILD-5M-1M-2M-3 M-4Poly gatep- Epitaxial layerp+n+ILD-6LI metalViap+p+n+n+70、顶层氧化层:、顶层氧化层:CVD71、顶层氮化硅:、顶层氮化硅:PVD、2000 “钝化层钝化层”使芯片免受潮使芯片免受潮 气、划伤合沾污等影响气、划伤合沾污等影响72、后低温合金:进一步加强、后低温合金:进一步加强金属互连;消除应力。金属互连;消除应力。该工艺与该工艺与0.18 m工艺基工艺基本兼容本兼容!39PPT课件SEM Micrograph of Cross-sectio
39、n of AMD Microprocessor40PPT课件Wafer Electrical Test using a Micromanipulator Prober(Parametric Testing)41PPT课件要点:1.Draw a diagram showing how a typical wafer flows in a sub-micron CMOS IC fab.画出典型的流程图画出典型的流程图2.Give an overview of the six major process areas and the sort/test area in the wafer fab.对对
40、6种主要工艺的应用和测试有大概的认识种主要工艺的应用和测试有大概的认识3.For each of the 14 CMOS manufacturing steps, describe its primary purpose.描述描述CMOS工艺工艺14个步骤的主要目的个步骤的主要目的4.Discuss the key process and equipment used in each CMOS manufacturing step.能讨论每一步流程的关键工艺和设备能讨论每一步流程的关键工艺和设备 42PPT课件123这是一个有电阻的这是一个有电阻的STTL的局部版图的局部版图。1) 画出该版图构成的局部电路图。2) 画出黑色直线位置的截面图。3) 给出工艺流程。衬底,埋层( ),隔离槽( ),基区、隔离槽、SBD保护环( ),发射区、集电区和SBD阴极接触( ),SBD、引线孔( ),引线( )43PPT课件44PPT课件45PPT课件12312346PPT课件
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