Unit 1 Grammar and usage ppt课件-（2020）新牛津译林版高中英语必修第二册 (2).pptx

1、Unit 1 Lights, camera, action!Grammar and usage Lead-in1 Step A boy named Mowgli is the main character of the film.Who is the main character of the film? 1 Step The film lasts nearly two hours.How long does the film last? 1 Step Based on Rudyard Kiplings book of the same title, the film describes th

2、e story of Mowgli. Mowgli and his animal friends live happily in the jungle until one day Shere Khan the tiger returns.Can you give a brief introduction to it? 1 Step Which version do you prefer, the 2-D version or the 3-D version? Why?. Step 2 ExploringSubject + Singular verbSubject + Plural verbEv

3、eryone was Its film team members were Its old age shows Mowgli and his animal friends live The new film uses Step 2 Not only the animals but also the jungle is Building the jungle environment on the computer was The Jungle Book lasts there is enough tension and humour .Two hours seems . 2 Step Subje

4、ct-verb agreement means choosing the correct singular or plural verb after the _.subject SubjectSingular verba singular noun, an uncountable noun, a book/film title, a verb-ing form, a pronoun like everyone, and a phrase of measurement like two hours.Step 2 A plural noun SubjectPlural verbA phrase o

5、f two or more words linked by and, referring to two or more objects or people. Step Step 2 not only . but also . is used as the subject of a sentenceThe verb agrees with the noun closest to it. there be is followed by two or more nouns as the subject of a sentenceStep Step 2 Useful structures语法详解：语法

6、详解： 所谓主谓一致是指所谓主谓一致是指主语主语和和谓语动词谓语动词之之间间, ,即即主语主语的人称和单复数形式的人称和单复数形式决定着决定着谓语动词对应的形式。谓语动词对应的形式。 3 Step S-VagreementGrammatical agreementType 1Principle ofproximityType 3Notional agreementType 2主谓一致遵循三条原则：主谓一致遵循三条原则：1.1.语法一致原则语法一致原则2.2.意义一致原则意义一致原则3.3.就近原则就近原则考点一 主谓一致的基本原则主谓一致遵循的三个基本原则主谓一致遵循的三个基本原则原则原则例句

7、例句语法一致语法一致单则单，复则复He is a boy.他是一名男孩。They are boys.他们是男孩。意义一致意义一致主语所表达的内容在意义上是单数还是复数Cattle feed on grass. 牛以草为生。Physics is difficult to learn.物理很难学。原则原则例句例句就近一致就近一致谓语动词单复数取决于邻近它的主语。Either he or I am right.Neither I nor he is right. Not only Tom but also his parents are interested in the computer game

8、. There is a book, two pens and three pencil-boxes on the desk. 主谓一致主要有以下几种情况：主谓一致主要有以下几种情况：1. and连接两个或两个以上单数名词或者代词连接两个或两个以上单数名词或者代词作主语的时候作主语的时候,谓语动词有以下谓语动词有以下两种两种情况：情况：(1) He and she _both students of this school. 他和她都是这个学校的学生。他和她都是这个学校的学生。如果指两个或两个以上如果指两个或两个以上不同的不同的人或事物的时人或事物的时候候,谓语动词用复数。谓语动词用复数。一、

9、语法一致原则一、语法一致原则are(2) 但如果连接两个以上的名词指的是但如果连接两个以上的名词指的是同同一个人或物一个人或物, 或者指或者指同一概念同一概念的时候的时候, 谓语要用谓语要用单数单数。 and连接词表示同一概念时连接词表示同一概念时(and后无冠词后无冠词)，谓语动词用，谓语动词用单单数数The poet and doctor (have) come.hasThe poet and the doctor (have) come.haveThe bread and butter (be) on the table.isThe bread and the butter (be) o

10、n the table.areand兼兼和和夹夹和和那个诗人兼医生那个诗人兼医生那个诗人和那个医生，两个人那个诗人和那个医生，两个人那个夹黄油的面包那个夹黄油的面包面包和黄油面包和黄油冠冠 + n and 冠冠 + n冠冠 + n and n双冠，谓语动词复数双冠，谓语动词复数单冠，谓语动词单数单冠，谓语动词单数如如: 表整体概念的并列结构表整体概念的并列结构bread and butter knife and forkiron and steel law and ordertrial and error 反复尝试，尝试与错误法反复尝试，尝试与错误法配套事物：配套事物：a watch and

11、chain a needle and threada coat and tie a cart and horse一件配有领带的上衣一件配有领带的上衣一辆马车一辆马车2. 如果如果主语是不定式主语是不定式, 动词动词ing形式形式或或主语从句主语从句的时候的时候,谓语动谓语动词一般用单数。词一般用单数。When he is coming seems very important. 他什么时候要来看起来很重要。他什么时候要来看起来很重要。 Collecting stamps is his hobby. 收集邮票是他的爱好。收集邮票是他的爱好。 To love her is not to break

12、 her wings. 爱她就不该折断她自由飞翔的翅膀。爱她就不该折断她自由飞翔的翅膀。但是但是,如果两个或多个动名词短语并列作主语的时候，看叙述的如果两个或多个动名词短语并列作主语的时候，看叙述的是一件事还是两件以上，是一件事还是两件以上， 如果是如果是一件事一件事，谓语动词是，谓语动词是单数单数，如，如果是果是两件事两件事，谓语动词是，谓语动词是复数形式复数形式。 1.Going to bed early and getting up early_(be)a good habit.2.Watching TV and reading books_(be)really interesting.

13、 3. What he says and does_(do)not agree.isaredo3. 定语从句的关系代词定语从句的关系代词who, which, that在从句中作主语时，要与先行词的人在从句中作主语时，要与先行词的人称和数保持一致。称和数保持一致。 Those who enjoy singing may join us. John, who is your friend, should help you.Tom is one of the students who_ good at playing football.Tom is the only one of the stud

14、ents who_ good at playing football. areis 注意注意 在在“one of+ +复数名词复数名词+ +关系代词关系代词” ” 的结构中，定语从句中谓语动词用复的结构中，定语从句中谓语动词用复数数 但是若前有但是若前有the only, , 将其限定为只有一个时将其限定为只有一个时, ,谓语动词用谓语动词用单数形式单数形式. .4.4.就远一致就远一致The teacher, together with his students, (be) readingbooks now.isNobody but Tom and Mary (know) the secre

15、t.knows介词短语后置不起作用，谓语动词的单复数只看主语。介词短语后置不起作用，谓语动词的单复数只看主语。主语主语 + + together with(和和一起一起)as well as(和和一样一样)but(除了除了，不再有，不再有)along with(和和一起一起)except(除了除了，不再有，不再有)谓语动词只看主语谓语动词只看主语rather than(而不是)besides/in addition to(除了除了，还有，还有)5.成双成套的词The glasses (be) on your nose. areThis pair of glasses (be) mine.ist

16、rouserspants裤子裤子shortsglasses短裤眼镜glovescompasses手套圆规单独做主语，谓语动词用 。复数和pair连用，谓语动词 。取决于pair的形式This two pairs of shoes (be) mine.are由数字由数字+ +数量名词数量名词( (pair,kind, piece,series)+ of + of +物质名词结构做主物质名词结构做主语时，谓语动词语时，谓语动词看看ofof前面的中心词前面的中心词。6. 复合不定代词作主语复合不定代词作主语, 谓语动词要用谓语动词要用单单数数，如，如someone ,somebody, someth

17、ing, anybody, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing。Someone is asking for you. 有人找你。有人找你。Nothing is found in the room. 在屋子里什么也没找到。在屋子里什么也没找到。7. every. and every .; each . and each .; no . and no . 在以上短在以上短 语中语中and连接的单数名词连接的单数名词, 整个短语整个短语 在句中作主语时在句中作主语时, 谓语动词常使用单数

18、。谓语动词常使用单数。 Each man and each woman is asked to attend. Every boy and every girl in the class is diligent. 班级中的每个男孩女孩都很用功。班级中的每个男孩女孩都很用功。No sound and no voice is heard. 听不到任何声音。听不到任何声音。1.either . or; neither . nor; not only . but also, 在句子中连接主语在句子中连接主语的时候或者在的时候或者在there be句型中句型中,谓语动谓语动词要和就近的主语保持一致。词要

19、和就近的主语保持一致。二、就近原则二、就近原则either A or Bneither A nor Bnot only A but also Bthere be A and B或者或者 A 或者或者 B既不既不 A 也不也不 B不但不但 A 而且而且 B有有 A 和和 B谓语于最靠近的名词（代词）保持一致。谓语于最靠近的名词（代词）保持一致。Either you or he (be) right.isEither he or you (be) right.areBoth you and he (be) right.Both he and you (be) right.areareboth A

20、and B：两者都两者都，不适用就近原则。，不适用就近原则。三、内容三、内容/意义一致意义一致 所谓概念一致原则是指谓语动词和主所谓概念一致原则是指谓语动词和主语一致不是取决于主语的语法形式语一致不是取决于主语的语法形式, 而是而是其其实际意义实际意义。有的主语名词在有的主语名词在形形式上是式上是单单数数, 但在但在意意义义上却是上却是复复数；数；有的主语名词在有的主语名词在形形式上是式上是复复数数, 但在但在意意义上却是义上却是单单数。数。1.形式复数，意义单数形式复数，意义单数1.news，means（方法，手段）2.以-ics结尾的学科名mathematics,physics, poli

21、tics，economics3.国名、报纸名，书名以及像the United Nations的缩略词the Arabian Nights天方夜谈, The New York Times 4.时间，金钱，距离时间，金钱，距离,价格，重量等复数名词价格，重量等复数名词 isA million dollars _(is/are) really a lot of money.Sixty years a long time.Three thousand miles a long distance.Fifty kilogrammes not too heavy to be carried.2.形式单数，意

22、义复数形式单数，意义复数 某些名词如某些名词如people, police, cattle等等,形式上是单数形式上是单数, 但意义上但意义上是复数是复数, 谓语动词应用复数。谓语动词应用复数。people指指“民族民族”时是例外。时是例外。 (1) The cattle _ on the hill. (2) The police _ searching for a tall dark man with a beard. wereare3.冠词冠词The + 姓氏姓氏 + s ：表示一家人或夫妇二人，谓语动词用表示一家人或夫妇二人，谓语动词用 。复数复数The + adj ： 表示一类人，谓语动

23、词用表示一类人，谓语动词用 。复数复数The Blacks (be) watching TV now.areThe good (be) happy.arethe dead死人死人the living活人活人the rich富人富人the poor穷人穷人the sick病人病人the young年轻人年轻人the old老人老人the disabled残疾人残疾人the blind盲人盲人4.集体名词确定单复数集体名词确定单复数family单数单数classteamclubgroup家人家人同学同学队员队员成员成员组员组员家庭家庭班级班级队队俱乐部俱乐部组组复数复数指团队中的成员，就用指团队中

24、的成员，就用复数。复数。指整个团队，就用指整个团队，就用单数。单数。My family (be) very small.isThe whole family (be) having unch now.are这一类常见的集合名词有这一类常见的集合名词有group, team, family, class, crowd, population, public,government,army,Different families have different stories.The group _ made up of nine students.The group_ dancing happily

25、.is isareare5.5.分数、百分数，数量分数、百分数，数量the rest of剩下的，其余的剩下的，其余的most of大多数大多数none of没有人没有人plenty of大多数大多数half of没有人没有人分数分数百分数百分数和和of后面的名词保持一致后面的名词保持一致不可数名词和可数名词单数，用不可数名词和可数名词单数，用单数单数。可数名词复数，用可数名词复数，用复数复数。more,some,anymost of the applesmost of the appleMost of the apples were rotten. 大部分苹果是烂的。大部分苹果是烂的。 Mo

26、st of the apple was eaten by a rat. 这个苹果的大半被老鼠吃掉了。这个苹果的大半被老鼠吃掉了。Altogether more than 70 percent of the surface of our planet _covered by water. isHalf of the students _finished theircomposition. 一半的学生已经完成了他们的作文。一半的学生已经完成了他们的作文。Half of the apple _bad. 一半的苹果坏了。一半的苹果坏了。About 60 percent of the students

27、in ourschool _boys. haveisare6. a number of 和和 the number ofa number of复数复数the number of单数单数许多许多数量数量后跟名词都是后跟名词都是复数复数。There (be) a number of women teachers in our school,and the number if them (be) 20.areis7. Many a +单数名词（单数名词（=many+复数名词），复数名词），表示表示“许多许多”，谓动词用单数谓动词用单数 Many a boy has seen it. 许多孩子都看到了

28、。许多孩子都看到了。8. a great deal of +不可数名词不可数名词 a large amount of +不可数名词不可数名词+谓单谓单 large amounts of +不可数名词不可数名词+复数。例复数。例如如:9.a (large) quantity of +可数或不可数名可数或不可数名词词+谓谓单。单。 quantities of +可数或不可数名词可数或不可数名词+谓复。谓复。A large quantity of people is needed here.Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table.短语短语in quan

29、tity, in large quantities 意为意为 “大量大量”; in small quantities 意为意为“少量少量”。 1. As a result of destroying the forests, a large _ of desert _ covered the land. A. number; has B. quantity; has C. number; have D. quantity; haveB2. _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass. A. Two fifth, i

30、s B. Two fifth, are C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, areC3 - Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _ to go to university. - So do I. hope4. _ people in the world are sending information by e-mail every day.（上海（上海2001） A. Several million B. Many millions C. Several millions D. Man

31、y millionA5.The number of people invited _ fifty, but a number of them _ absent for different reasons. be6. The number of students in this school _ by 5% every year.rise7. A good deal of money _ spent on books. A. have B. has C. have been D. has beenD9. A library with five thousand books _ to the na

32、tion as a gift. offer10. E-mail, as well as telephone, _ an important part in daily communication. (上海上海99) playis playing11. Nobody but Jane _ the secret. 12. All but one _ here just now. beknow13. Either you or the headmaster _ the prize to these gifted students at the meeting. A. is handing out B

33、. are to hand out C. are handing out D. is to hand outD14. Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examination after another.be15. She is one of the few girls who _ in the kindergarten. A. is well paid B. are well paid C. is paying well D. are paying wellB16. He is the only one of th

34、e students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years.be18.When and where to build the new factory _ yet. A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decidedA动名词、不定式或从句作主语时，动名词、不定式或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。谓语动词用单数形式。倒装句及倒装句及there be句型中，谓语动词句型中，谓语动词往往与最邻近的一个主语保持一致。往往与最邻近的一个主语保持一致。1

35、9.There _ no life on the moon. A. is said to have B. are said to have C. is said to be D. are said to beC21. A group of _ are eating _ and _ at the foot of the hill. A. sheep; grass; leaves B. sheeps; grasses; leaves C. sheep; grass; leaf D. sheeps; grass; leafsA22.Every possible means _ to prevent

36、air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. A. is used B. are used C. has been used D. have been usedC单复数同形的名词作主语时，依照意义单复数同形的名词作主语时，依照意义一致的原则，表示单数意义时，谓语用一致的原则，表示单数意义时，谓语用单数；反之，谓语用复数形式。这类名单数；反之，谓语用复数形式。这类名词有：词有：sheep, deer, means(方法、手方法、手段段),works(工厂工厂),species(种类种类)10. 有些名词的单数和复数形式一样有些名词的单数和复数形式一

37、样, 作作主语的时候主语的时候, 其谓语动词由上下文决其谓语动词由上下文决定定, 这一类名词有这一类名词有: means, works, deer, fish, sheep, Chinese, Japanese等。等。 Not every means is useful. 不是每种方法都好使。不是每种方法都好使。 Not all means are useful. 不是所有的方法都好使。不是所有的方法都好使。9.more than：多于，不止多于，不止more than one + 单单n ,谓语动词用谓语动词用 .单数单数More than one people (have) tried t

38、o persuademe to give up smoking.has复数复数More than two friends (have) cars.havemore than two + 复复n ,谓语动词用谓语动词用 .不止一个不止一个不止两个，两个以上不止两个，两个以上More than one worker_(be) going to lose_ (his,their) job. istheirmore than：多于，不止多于，不止more than one + 单单n =many a + 单单nMany students (be) discussing the problem.areM

39、any a student (be) discussing the problem.is许多许多6. none, neitherneither（1）neither作主语时作主语时，谓语动词谓语动词一般一般用单数用单数.（2）neither+单数名词单数名词, 谓语动词谓语动词用单数用单数.（3） neither of +可数名词复数可数名词复数/ 代词，正式语体中代词，正式语体中用单数用单数，非正式也可用用复数非正式也可用用复数Neither dog is big.Neither of the two boys is right. 这两个男孩没一个对。这两个男孩没一个对。 nonenone 作

40、主语时，作主语时，有时用作单数看待有时用作单数看待,有时作复数看待有时作复数看待，谓，谓语动词视情况而定。语动词视情况而定。代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数, 因而谓语动词要用单数因而谓语动词要用单数none of +可数名词复数可数名词复数/ 代词代词，谓语动词谓语动词可以可以用用单数单数也可也可用复数用复数.none of +不可数名词，不可数名词，谓语动词用谓语动词用单数单数.None of us is / are perfect. 人无完人人无完人None of the students is/ are there.None of the money is

41、left.3.Neither of us _ (was/were) ready when the party began.4. None of them _ (has/have) watched the talk show.have/haswas/were 1.None of these people _ doctors. A. has B. is C. are D. was 2.Neither of them _ a good singer. A. are B. is C. were D. is used to beCB Practising4 Step subjectFinish part

42、 B1 on page 7 4 Step Finish part B2 on page 7makes is looksisare was required was/werewere Creating5 Step subject Possible version one 3-D films can date back to 1915. Making things look like they are coming out of the screen is probably one of their biggest advantages over 2-D films. Therefore, wat

43、ching them is an amazing and exciting experience for people. However, some viewers may feel sick or frightened when they are watching 3-D films. Whats more, in order to feel and taste the special effects of 3-D films, all viewers need to wear 3-D glasses in a special cinema. There are a lot of amazi

44、ng 3-D films, such as The Jungle Book, Avatar and Life of Pi. Possible version twoI think everyone has probably seen a 3-D film, but did you know that 3-D films were first made more than one hundred years ago, in 1915? To watch 3-D films requires a special cinema and 3-D glasses. 3-D effects can be

45、really amazing, making things look like they are coming out of the screen, but sometimes they may cause headaches and sickness for viewers. Many successful films, such as Avatar and Life of Pi, have been made in 3-D. Not only new films but also 2-D films like Titanic are now available in 3-D. In my

46、opinion, this technology is really exciting, and some films are better to watch in 3-D than in 2-D. However, since it takes a lot of work to create 3-D effects, not all films do a good job of it. Films make our life beautiful. Watching films makes our life colourful.We should be grateful to those wo

47、nderful people who make our life meaningful. 1. Polish your writing after class and exchange your writing with other classmates.2. Finish the exercises on page 58.HomeworkHomework Type 1Grammatical agreementA singular noun as the subject: the verb should be singular; a plural noun as the subject: th

48、e verb should be plural. An infinitive, a verb-ing form and a clause as the subject: the verb should be singular.Each, anyone, everyone, somebody, something, anything etc. as the subject: the verb should be singular.“Each/every + noun” and “each/every + noun” as the subject: the verb should be singu

49、lar. 1. Mowgli and his animal friends _ (live) happily in the jungle. 2. Compared with the traditional version, the 3-D version of the film _ (be) much more appealing. 3. Building the jungle environment on the computer _ (be) no easy job. 4. Everyone _ (be) surprised when the company said they were

50、remaking the film. 5. According to the law of the jungle, every tiger and every bear _ (have) the right to live freely in the jungle.Practiceliveiswaswashas Type 2Notional agreementSingular collective nouns (such as family, team, class, group, etc.) as the subject: the verb should be singular if it