说明文阅读专题讲义-（2020）新牛津译林版高中英语高二上学期选择性必修第二册.docx

1、阅读理解之说明文解题技巧Running and walking are both excellent forms of exercise. Those who regularly do either usually have healthier hearts, stronger bones and lower body weights than those who do little exercise. But does it matter whether you spend time walking or running? Arguments can be made for both, an

2、d which is right for you depends on your goals and your present fitness level.“The key difference between running and walking is how many calories you are burningnot per mile, but per minute of exercise says Paul D. Thompson, a doctor at Hartford Hospital.” “Running is a more-efficient (高效的) movemen

3、t and its more demanding on the body, so it bums more calories per minute,” Thompson says. “But if youve got the time to walk long enough to bum the same amount of calories, then walking is fine.” That said, if your final goal is to lose weight, chances are that neither running nor walking alone is

4、going to do the trick. Research has shown that it needs to be done along with calorie control.In a recent study that analyzed data from nearly 50,000 people, researchers found that runners risk of heart disease was 4.5 percent lower than that of those who were inactive. But walkers who burned the sa

5、me amount of calories daily had a risk level that was 9 percent lower than those who were inactive.“Running gets the reputation (名声) for causing injuries because many people who are just starting to run try to do too much too quickly” says Carol Ewing Garber, a professor at Columbia University. “And

6、 they often get injured as a result. If you want to progress from walking to running, do it slowly, gradually increasing your speed, distance and the frequency of your rums.Running may be more highly-intense (高强度的) and calorie-burning than walling, but walking is a great way to ease into exercise an

7、d make sure you are staying physically active every day. The bottom line is that getting exercise of any kind is beneficialif you keep doing it.“The best exercise is the one you are going to do,” Thompson says. “There are extra benefits to be gained from running, but whats most important from a publ

8、ic health point of view is that everyone gets out and does some kind of exercise?”33. What can we infer from Paragraph 2?A. Exercise on its own is not enough to lose weight.B. Walking is better than running for busy people.C. Running can reduce peoples fat quickly and safely.D. Walking is more deman

9、ding on the body.34. What can we learn from the recent study?A. Running bums fewer calories than walking.B. Walkers are more likely to get heart disease than runners.C. Walking can reduce the risk of having heart disease.D. Inactive people are free from heart problems.35. Which of the following woul

10、d Thompson most probably agree with?A. Wed better walk slowly.B. Just walk before you run.C. Wed better choose to run.D. Any exercise is better than none.【答案】33. A 34. C 35. D【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章说明了跑步和散步都是很好的锻炼方式。那些经常锻炼的人通常比那些很少锻炼的人心脏更健康，骨骼更强壮，体重更轻。但是你花时间走路还是跑步有关系吗?这两种方法都有争议，哪一种适合你取决于你的目标和你目前的健康水平。【33

11、题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段中That said, if your final goal is to lose weight, chances are that neither running nor walking alone is going to do the trick. Research has shown that it needs to be done along with calorie control.（也就是说，如果你的最终目标是减肥，那么很有可能无论是跑步还是步行都无法达到减肥的目的。研究表明，这需要在控制卡路里的同时进行。）可知运动本身不足以减肥。故选A。【34题详解

12、】细节理解题。根据第三段But walkers who burned the same amount of calories daily had a risk level that was 9 percent lower than those who were inactive.（但是，每天消耗相同热量的步行者的风险水平比不运动的人低9%。）可知散步可以降低患心脏病的风险。故选C。【35题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一句“There are extra benefits to be gained from running, but whats most important from a pu

13、blic health point of view is that everyone gets out and does some kind of exercise?”（“跑步还有额外的好处，但从公共健康的角度来看，最重要的是每个人都出去做一些运动。”）可知汤普森最可能同意有运动总比没有好。故选D。【点睛】根据事物的定义或者对事物总体的概括，从而判断出哪些具体事物或者具体的实践应该属于定义的范围或者是概括的范围是我们经常见到的推理判断题的题型。要解决这样的判断题，首先要讲对事物的定义或者对事物的总体概括要读清楚，然后根据对比4个选项，哪个选项在定义或者概括范围内的。哪个就是正确的答案。如第一小

14、题，根据第二段中That said, if your final goal is to lose weight, chances are that neither running nor walking alone is going to do the trick. Research has shown that it needs to be done along with calorie control.（也就是说，如果你的最终目标是减肥，那么很有可能无论是跑步还是步行都无法达到减肥的目的。研究表明，这需要在控制卡路里的同时进行。）可知运动本身不足以减肥。故选A。【知识梳理一英语阅读：说明文

15、】高中英语教学的核心是阅读，它具有双重性：一是对学生进行阅读技能、技巧的训练，培养其阅读理解能力;而是通过阅读，使学生不断学到新的语言知识，提高学生实际运用英语的能力。英语阅读理解能力是高考考查的重点，下面就跟着yjbys小编一起来学习一下高中英语阅读理解说明文阅读策略吧!【高中英语阅读理解说明文阅读策略】英语阅读理解可以分为论述类、说明类、广告信息类、叙述类和文学类。不同的文章有着不同的语篇结构，不同的语义语言结构和不同的阅读策略。掌握恰当的阅读策略较快地抓住文章的主旨，作者的写作意图，把握篇章结构，了解篇章内容。说明文在近五年江苏高考英语试卷中稳定性出现，可是考生得分率却很低，许多考生存在

16、着不同程度的畏难心理。老师通过引导学生进行正确阅读，获取作者的写作意图，观点和知识，带领学生掌握相应的阅读策略。一、说明文结构特点所谓科技说明文，就是指研究自然科学与技术的文章。说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序(如时间、空间、从现象到本质)进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在与读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。二、说明文选材特点最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，

17、一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题;高科技领域的科研成果;人们比较关心的社会问题;人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。三、说明文语义语言特点阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号(如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明)等。四、高考英语对科

18、技说明文的要求要求考生读懂简易的英语文学作品，科普文章、公告，说明。广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章并回答相关问题。考生应能：理解语篇主旨要义理解文中具体信息根据上下文提供的线索推测生词的词义根据文中事实和线索作出简单的判断和推理理解文章的宏观结构和文脉逻辑关系理解作者的观点、意图和态度根据所读，用恰当的词语补全文章提纲，概括主要内容或作关键词词语转换。五、高考说明文阅读及解题策略1.略读通过整体粗读，领略内容大意，帮助理解，为细读做准备。寻找主题句，获取大意，找出每段的主题。每一篇说明文通常都是围绕一个中心展开的。所以找出主题句，抓住中心，理解主题句与文章的具体事实细节的关系，

19、对文章进行整体理解，获取文章表达的正确信息。2.跳读寻找所需信息，如年代、数字、人名、地名等，把握住关键词，利用语法过渡词、语气转折词及时态等，抓住文章脉络。3.细读分段细读，注意细节，注意语言结构，抓住关键信息，解释文章结构的内在联系，帮助深化理解。一片文章就是一个有机的整体，段落与段落之间存在着内在的紧密联系，而每段的内容都与主题有着很重要的联系，所以弄清文章结构上的问题，对于把握文章主题，文章大意非常重要。3.1 主旨大意题寻找主题句往往是做好此类题的关键。每段的主题句(常在首句、尾句、首尾句、段落中和归纳分析)一般都用来表示一个段落的主旨大意。而整篇文章的主题句往往隐藏在首段或尾段。通

20、过上面的两道题我们可以看出这类题型在选择项中错误多以干扰项出现，干扰项多属文中某个具体事实或细节、从文中某些 (不完全的) 事实或细节片面推出的错误结论或者是非文章事实的主观臆断常见的提问形式：1. The main idea of the passage is _.2. Which of the following statements best summarizes the authors mainpoint?3. This paragraph centers/focuses on _.4. This passage is chiefly concerned with _.5. The a

21、uthors purpose in writing this passage is _.6. What is the best title of the passage?3.2 细节理解题该题型难度系数值最低并占阅读理解总数的50%左右。有关细节的问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。最普遍的特征是题干中的某些词语和表达方式与原文的词语和表达方式相吻合，先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。常见的提问形式：1. Which of the following is TRUE

22、( Not True) according to theinformation in the passage?2. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?3. The author mentions all the following except _.4. In the passage, the author states that _.5. 以when, where, who, what, how, why, how many/much等词引导的疑问句。4.推读推测未直接写明的含义、因果关系以及词义，学生可以根据上下文猜测在阅

23、读过程中遇到的新单词、新的表达法或语法。这样既提高了阅读的速度又形成了一种能力，这也是英语阅读的关键所在。4.1 词语猜测题常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的。还有就是对单词进行同义解释中的生词用定语(从句)、表语甚至于用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。做题时尽快找到被测词的文中位置，认真研读上下文，根据整个句子的意思推断;可以根据标点符号猜测;也可以从被测词后的定语从句中或同位语从句中判断;可以通过构词法猜测词义;也可以通过文中的同义和反义词来猜测，可以通过上下文的信息词猜测词义。常见的提问形式：Theword could best

24、be replaced by _.Whichof the following is the closest in meaning to the word?Inthe paragraph, the word means (refers to) _.4. The underlined word is the closest in meaningto _.4.2 推理判断题考查学生由文章的字面信息推出未知信息或隐含信息的能力，根据文章提供的事实和线索，进行逻辑推理，推测作者未提到的事实或某事发生的可能性、作者的倾向或意图、文章的论调等。做题时不要脱离原文只凭自已的想象混乱推理或只凭常识推理;答案一定

25、在文章中找到依据或理由，分析材料所提供的全部事实。另外要重视文章的主旨，所选答案的内容一定不能脱离主题大意。六、说明文阅读的应试心态我们要树立一种观念，说明文阅读考察的是阅读能力、逻辑思维能力，而不是要求考生全面、系统、透彻弄懂相关的知识。基于此，我们在做说明文试题时，必须排除与选文相关的旧知识的影响，完全靠选文提供的信息作出正确的判断和选择。【例题精讲】：Doctors fighting malaria（疟疾）, one of the deadliest diseases on the planet, may soon have a new affordable weapon in thei

26、r smart phones. Researchers have found a way to use the phones camera to detect the microorganism in the patients blood that causes the disease. According to the World Health Organization, almost 600,000 people died of malaria in , making this mosquitoborne disease one of the deadliest in the world.

27、 The saddest aspect of this calamity(灾难) is that it affects mostly young children. Early detection of the infection is important for successful treatment. But since the first symptoms resemble ordinary flu, a microbiologist must look at a drop of a patients blood under a microscope for a proper diag

28、nosis. Scientists in Britain have now developed a smart phone attachment called Xrapid, that turns the phone into a 200power microscope, while the attached appbased on facial recognition software quickly detects the parasitic protozoa（寄生原生物）in the blood smear(血涂片). Jean ViryBabel is the CEO of IanXe

29、n, the company that developed the app. He says it is cheap and works on the spot. “So we take a highdefinition picture of a sample of blood. We separate the red blood cells from the rest the white blood cells, the platelets and we start looking at each of the red blood cells individually, said ViryB

30、abel. ViryBabel says the app is affordable, easy to use and provides reliability of up to 98 percent. The only additional equipment required is an ordinary glass lab slide called a slate. “Theres only one button, which is called Diagnose. So you put it on the slate and you put it on the dried blood,

31、 and you press diagnose and it tells you yes or no, he said. Researchers say the fieldtesting of the device will begin in January and February in Tanzania, Benin and Indonesia while commercial use is scheduled to start by the end of March. They also plan to expand the versatility of the new device t

32、eaching it to recognize other diseases, such as tuberculosis and Lyme Disease.21. Which of the following is Not the advantage of the app.?A.affordable B. easy to use C. reliable D.additional22. When will the device be commercially used? A. In the beginning of January B. By the end of February C. By

33、the end of March D.In the beginning of March23. Which would be the best title for the passage?A. Smartphones Becoming Tools for Diagnosing MalariaB. Doctors Fighting MalariaC. Different Kinds of DiseasesD.Smartphones Application【文章大意】本文属于社会生活类，主要讲述疟疾是地球上造成死亡最致命的疾病之一，研究人员找到了利用手机摄像头检测病人血液中致病微生物的方法 【答案

34、与解析】21.D 推断题。根据第四段提到Jean ViryBabel is the CEO of IanXen, the company that developed the app. He says it is cheap and works on the spot这个应用物美价廉，当场可以使用，根据第五提到ViryBabel says the app is affordable, easy to use and provides reliability of up to 98 percent价格不高，操作简单，可靠性达百分之九十八，故没有提到D项additional“额外的，附加的”。22

35、.C 推断题。根据最后一段提到Researchers say the fieldtesting of the device will begin in January and February in Tanzania, Benin and Indonesia while commercial use is scheduled to start by the end of March研究人员说，这具设备奖于一月和二月在坦桑尼亚，贝宁，印尼西亚开始实地测试，并计划于三月投入市场，故选C项。23.A 主旨标题。本文主要讲述疟疾是地球上造成死亡最致命的疾病之一，研究人员找到了利用手机摄像头检测病人血液

36、中致病微生物的方法，故选A项。Teenagers who talk on the cell phone a lot, and hold their phones up to their right ears, score worse on one type of memory test. Thats the finding of a new study. That memory impairment might be one side effect of the radiation (放射线) that phones use to keep us connected while were on

37、 the go.Nearly 700 Swiss teens took part in a test of figural memory. This type helps us remember abstract (抽象的) symbols and shapes, explains Milena Foerster. The teens took memory tests twice, one year apart. Each time, they had one minute to remember 13 pairs of abstract shapes. Then they were sho

38、wn one item from each pair and asked to match it with one of the five choices. The study volunteers also took a test of verbal memory. Thats the ability to remember words. The two memory tests are part of an intelligence test. The researchers also surveyed the teens on how they use cell phones. And

39、they got call records from phone companies. The researchers used those records to figure out how long the teens were using their phones. This allowed the researchers to work out how big radiation exposure (接触) each person could have got while talking.A phone users exposure to the radiation can diffe

40、r widely. Some teens talk on their phones more than others. People also hold their phones differently. If the phone is close to the ear, more radiation may enter the body, Foerster notes. Even the type of network signal that a phone uses can matter. Much of Switzerland was using an older “second-gen

41、eration” type of cell phone networks, the study reports. Many phone carriers (通讯公司) have moved away from such networks. And more companies plan to update their networks within the next few years.The teens scores in the figural memory tests were roughly the same from one year to the next. But those w

42、ho normally held their phones near the right ears, and who were also exposed to higher levels of radiation, scored a little bit worse after a year. No group of teens showed big changes on the verbal memory test. Why might one type of memory be linked to cell phone use, but not another? Foerster thin

43、ks it could have to do with where different memory centers sit in the brain. The site that deals with the ability to remember shapes is near the right ear.36. The underlined word “impairment” in Paragraph 1 most probably mean “_”.A. associationB. damageC. patternD. improvement37. According to Paragr

44、aph 2, which of the following is TRUE?A. The teens took two types of memory tests four times in total.B. The teens needed to report the average time spent on their phones.C. Researchers paid little attention to the teens habits of using phones.D. The teens ability of remembering words is shown in fi

45、gural memory test.38. What can we infer from Paragraph 3?A. How people hold their phones has no effect on their bodies.B. Phone users can make more money with new networks.C. The cell phone network type has little to do the cell phone use.D. Radiation levels are affected by the cell phone network ty

46、pes.39. According to the study, teens who use their phones to their right ears a lot do worse inA. matching numbersB. reading signalsC. remembering shapeD. learning words40. What might be the best title for the text?A. Cell phone use and safety warningsB. Facts about cell phone use at schoolC. Dange

47、rous levels of cell phone use among teensD. Teens cell phone use linked to memory problems【答案】36. B 37. A 38. D 39. C 40. D【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。一项新研究的发现，经常打电话、把手机举到右耳的青少年在一种记忆测试中得分更低，这种记忆损伤可能是手机辐射的副作用所导致。文章同时说明了研究的过程以及影响受到辐射程度的因素。【36题详解】词义猜测题。根据上文Teenagers who talk on the cell phone a lot, and hold their phones up to their right ears, score worse on one type of memory test.（经常打电话、把手机举到右耳的青少年在一种记忆测试中得分更低。）可知手机辐射会造成记忆的损伤。故可推测划线部分单词意思为“破坏；损坏”。故选B。【37题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段中The t