自考30461英语文化概论高频主观题汇总.pdf

1、目录目录Lesson OneThe English Language.1Lesson TwoThe English-Speaking Countries.2Lesson ThreeThe English Names.3Lesson FourSociety and Family.3Lesson FiveThe Monarchical System.4Lesson SevenThe Electoral System.4Lesson EightThe Governmental System.5Lesson NineThe Legal System.5Lesson TenThe Economic Sy

2、stem.6Lesson FourteenThe Educational System. 7Lesson FifteenMass Media. 8Lesson SeventeenReligion.8自考押题 vx 344647 公众号/小程序 顺通考试资料1Lesson OneThe English LanguageLesson OneThe English Language节知识点名称主观题名词解释题母语When we say mother tongue we refer it to the language that welearned from our parents when we w

3、ere children. Mothertongue is in contrast to foreign language. It can also be callednative tongue or native language.当我们说母语时，我们指的是我们小时候从父母那里学来的语言。母语与外语形成对比。它也可以被称为母语或母语。官方语言Official language refers to the language that is used in theformal situations such as government law courts, newspapers,TV prog

4、rammes, broadcasting etc.官方语言是指在政府法庭、报纸、电视节目、广播等正式场合使用的语言。作为第二语言的英语教学The course of Teaching English as a Second Language issimply called TESL.作为第二语言的英语教学课程简称为 TESL。联合国教科文组织UNESCO, which stands for the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization.联合国教科文组织，代表联合国教育、科学及文化的组织。翻译题英语的应用T

5、he English language is widely used in commercial and touristcentres, banks, stock exchanges, airports, and hotels in mostcountriesandatinternationalmeetings,gatheringsandconferences.英语广泛应用于大多数国家的商业和旅游中心、银行、证券交易所、机场和酒店，以及国际会议、和集会。英国的殖民扩张The expansion of English to other countries began in earnest int

6、he 17th century, with the successful colonization of theeasternseaboardofNorthAmerica,laterspreadbycolonization both directly from Britain and from the UnitedStates.英国向其他国家的扩张始于 17 世纪， 随着北美东海岸的成功殖民， 英国的领土随后通过殖民从英国和美国双方开始向外扩张。沟通方式There are two ways of communication, that is, verbal meansand non-verba

7、l means. The verbal means of communicationincludes oral form and written form.沟通有两种方式，即言语性交流手段和非言语性交流手段。言语性交流手段包括口头形式和书面形式。简答题英式英语和美式英语的区别In what ways does British English differ from AmericanEnglish?1)British English is the English language used in Britain. Itconsists of many regional kinds of Engl

8、ish. For example,people in London, Newcastle, Glasgow and Manchester speakEnglish in different ways.2)American English is the English language used in the United自考押题 vx 344647 公众号/小程序 顺通考试资料2States. It consists of many regional kinds of English. Forexample, people in New England, New York City and t

9、heSouth of the United States speak English in different ways.英式英语是在英国使用的英语。它由许多区域的英语组成。例如，伦敦、纽卡斯尔、格拉斯哥和曼彻斯特的人说英语的方式是不同的。美式英语是在美国使用的英语。它由许多区域的英语组成。例如，新英格兰、纽约和美国南部的人说英语的方式是不同的。LessonLesson TwoTwoTheThe English-SpeakingEnglish-Speaking CountriesCountries节知识点名称主观题名词解释题凯尔特人Celts are people from Scotland,

10、 Wales, Ireland and some otherareas.凯尔特人来自苏格兰、威尔士、爱尔兰和其他一些地区。新大陆The American Continent, including North America, CentralAmerica, and South America, is called the New Continent orthe New World.美洲大陆，包括北美、中美洲和南美洲，被称为新大陆或新世界。美国北方佬A Yankee also refers to a citizen from the United States, andespeciallyape

11、rsonbornorlivinginthenorthernornortheastern states of the United States.美国北方佬也指美国公民，特别是在美国北部或东北部出生或生活的人。美洲土著The original inhabitants of America were called NativeAmericans, or American Indians.最初的美洲居民被称为美洲土著，或美洲印第安人。西方化Westernization refersto bringing toother countries thecustoms, habits, ideas, beh

12、aviours, attitudes and businessmethods that are typical of Europe and the United States.西方化是指把欧美典型的风俗习惯、思想观念、行为态度和商业方法带到其他国家，欧盟European Union is an organization of European countries thathave joint policies on matters such as trade, agriculture andfinance.欧盟是一个欧洲国家组织，在贸易、农业和金融等问题上有联合政策。简答题说英语的国家Engl

13、ish-speaking countries include Britain, the United States,Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa andseveral Caribbean countries.英语国家包括英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、爱尔兰、南非和几个加勒比国家。拉丁美洲Why are the countries of South America, Central America andMexico called Latin America?3Latin America refers to t

14、he countries of South America, CentralAmerica and Mexico, because Spanish or Portuguese that wasdeveloped from Latin is the official language in these countries.拉丁美洲是指南美洲、中美洲和墨西哥的国家，因为这些国家的官方语言是从拉丁语发展而来的西班牙语或葡萄牙语。LessonLesson ThreeThreeTheThe EnglishEnglish NamesNames节知识点名称主观题名词解释题昵称A pet name is a

15、special name that people use to address aclose friend or a family member.昵称是人们用来称呼亲密朋友或家庭成员的特殊名称。LessonLesson FourFourSocietySociety andand FamilyFamily节知识点名称主观题名词解释题代沟Between older and younger people, there exist differences inideas, feelings, attitudes, behaviours and interests. Such adifference-b

16、etween two generations is called generation gap.老年人和年轻人在思想、情感、态度、行为和兴趣上存在差异。这种两代人之间的差异被称为代沟。翻译题社会变化The Britain and the United States, great changes took place inthe 20th century. Among the main social changes during thesecond half of the 20th century, were a lower birth rate andlonger life expectanc

17、y.在英国和美国，20 世纪的时候发生了巨大的改变。在二十世纪后半叶发生的社会变化中，最主要的是人口更低的出生率和更长的预期寿命。多元文化和多种族的社会Such English-speaking countries as Britain, America, Canadaand Australia are all multi-racial and multi-cultural societies.In these countries, people of many different nationalities andcultures live together.像是英国，美国，加拿大和澳大利亚

18、这样的国家都是多元文化和多种族的社会。在这些国家中，不同国籍和拥有不同文化背景的人生活在一起。大熔炉America used to be considered as a melting pot of races sinceits beginning, where people of different nations and racesgradually got mixed together.美国从建国之初就被认为是许多种族的大熔炉，在这里，来自不同国家，不同种族的人逐渐的融合在一起。妇女解放运动Womens Liberation was the ideal that women should

19、 have thesame social and economic rights and privileges as men.妇女解放运动是一种女性应该和男性一样享有社会、经济的权力和特权的理想。4LessonLesson FiveFiveTheThe MonarchicalMonarchical SystemSystem节知识点名称主观题名词解释题联邦A federal country or a union of states, which consists of agroup of states controlled by a central government.联邦是由中央政府控制的一

20、组州组成的联邦国家或州联盟。翻译题君主立宪制国家The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, with a kingor a queen as its nominal Head of State. The king or the queenis a constitutional ruler, whose power is restricted or limited bythe constitution.英国是君主立宪制国家，国王或女王是名义上的国家元首。国王或女王是宪法规定的统治者， 但是他的权力受到宪法的约束。简答题统而不治The Quee

21、n reigns, but does not rule.In Britain, the monarch is either the king or the queen. As his orher absolute power has been reduced, he or she has no realpower in hand. The Queen reigns, but does not rule. But today,the Queen is still a symbol of national unity.在英国， 君主不是国王就是女王。 由于他/她的绝对权力被削弱，他/她手中没有真正

22、的权力。女王统而不治。但在今天，女王仍然是国家团结的象征。LessonLesson SevenSevenTheThe ElectoralElectoral SystemSystem节知识点名称主观题名词解释题选举权Suffrage refers to the right to vote in political elections.选举权是指在政治选举中投票的权利。影子内阁The largest minority party with the next largest number ofseats, becomes the official Opposition. The leader of

23、theOpposition also has a cabinet but since it is not in power it iscalled the“Shadow Cabinet”.拥有下一个最大席位的少数党成为官方的反对党。反对派领导人也有一个内阁，但由于没有执政，它被称为“影子内阁” 。翻译题义务教育In Britain and the United States, parents are required bycompulsory school attendance law to see that their childrenreceive full-time education,

24、 at school or elsewhere betweenthe age of five and sixteen in Britain and between the age of sixand eighteen in the United States.在英国和美国，根据义务教育法，在英国父母必须确保他们的孩子在 5 岁到 16 岁之间、 在美国父母必须确保他们的孩子在 6岁到 18 岁之间接受全日制教育。简答题民主党与共和党的支持者From whom do the Democratic Party and the Republican Partyget most of their su

25、pport in the United States?The Democratic Party is generally supported by workers,farmers and liberals. The Republican Party gets most of itssupportfrombusinessmen,professionalsandthemoreconservative voters.5民主党通常得到工人、农民和自由派人士的支持。共和党的大部分支持来自商人、专业人士和更保守的选民。LessonLesson EightEightTheThe GovernmentalGo

26、vernmental SystemSystem节知识点名称主观题名词解释题国务卿The Secretary of State or the State Secretary is the head of theState Department, that is U. S. government department offoreign affairs.国务卿是国务院的首脑，即美国政府的外交事务部门的主要负责人。平民政府Civilian government is prevalent in most countries, wherethose in power are people who are

27、 not serving in the armedforces or in the police force.平民政府在大多数国家都很普遍，在这些国家，掌权的是那些没有在武装部队或警察部队服役的人。翻译题美国政府的三个部门The Constitution defines three distinct branches of the nationalgovernment of the United States. They are the legislativebranch-the Congress, the executive branch with the Presidentas its c

28、hief, and the judicial branch -the courts.宪法定义了美国政府的三个部门。立法部门是国会，行政部门由总统作为首脑，司法部门是法院。简答题英国内阁的任务The task of British Cabinet：The task of the British Cabinet as a whole is to decide whatpolicy to submit to the Parliament, to carry it out at once whenit is agreed by the Parliament, and to see that the g

29、overnmentdepartments function efficiently. It is also the Cabinets job towatch over the state of national economy.总的来说，英国内阁的任务是决定向议会提交什么样的政策，一旦议会通过就立即执行，并确保政府部门高效运作。监督国民经济状况也是内阁的职责。LessonLesson NineNineTheThe LegalLegal SystemSystem节知识点名称主观题名词解释题司法Justice is the legal system of a country for the pur

30、pose ofmaking sure that people obey the laws and that punishment isgiven to those people who violate the laws.司法是一个国家的法律制度，其目的是确保人们遵守法律，并对违反法律的人进行惩罚。欺诈Fraud is the crime of gaining money or other benefits by deceitor trickery.欺诈是通过欺骗或诡计获得金钱或其他利益的犯罪。伪造Forgery is the crime of copying or making money,

31、documents,or paintings, so that they look genuine in order to deceivepeople.6伪造是为了欺骗人们而复制或制造金钱、文件或绘画，使它们看起来是真品的犯罪行为。翻译题英国宪法The British Constitution is formed partly by statute, partly bycommon law, and partly by conventional law.英国宪法由部分的成文法，部分的普通法和部分的习俗构成。简答题英国宪法How is the British Constitution diffe

32、rent from that of most othercountries?The British Constitution, unlike that of most other countries,isnot set out in any single document. The British Constitution isformed partly by statute, partly by common law, and partly byconventional law. The British Constitution can be altered byAct of Parliam

33、ent, or by general agreement, and is thusadaptable to changing political conditions.与大多数其他国家的宪法不同，英国宪法不是由一份单独的文件规定的。英国宪法部分是通过法令形成的，部分是由普通法形成的，部分是由传统的法律形成的。英国宪法可以通过议会法案或一般协议加以修改， 因此可以适应不断变化的政治条件。LessonLesson TenTenTheThe EconomicEconomic SystemSystem节知识点名称主观题名词解释题房地产业务Real-estate business is the busi

34、ness of selling immovableproperty, such as houses, buildings and land.房地产业务是出售房屋、建筑物和土地等不动产的业务。公共关系Public relations refer to the work of forming in the minds of thegeneral public a favourable opinion of an organization.公共关系是指在公众心目中形成对一个组织产生好感的工作。翻译题百货商场和超市A department store is a large shop which is

35、divided into a lot ofdifferent sections and which sells many different kinds ofgoods. A supermarket is a large shop which sells all kinds offood and household goods.百货商场是大型商铺，里面被划分出不同的商品区，售卖多种多样的商品。而超市是售卖多种多样的食物和日常用品的大型商铺。公用事业Public utility is a useful service for the public, including watersupply,

36、natural gas supply, electricity or power supply, and busservice. It is an important service which is provided foreveryone and paid for by everyone.公用事业是为公众提供有用的服务，包括供水、天然气供应、电力或电力供应以及公共汽车服务。这是一项重要的服务，它是为每个人提供的，所以由每个人支付。劳动密集型产业The labor-intensive industry is characterized with large inputsof labor an

37、d capital instead of knowledge.劳动密集型产业的特征是大量投入人力和资金而不是知识。简答题劳动密集型The differences between labor-intensive industry and the7产业和知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry：The labour-intensive industry is characterized with large inputsof labour and capital instead of knowledge. The knowledgeintensiveindustryi

38、salsocalledthetechnique-intensiveindustry,thehigh-techniqueindustry,orthehigh-techindustry. It takes modern science and technology as the mainfactor of production to give impetus to economic development.Unlike the labour-intensive industry, it no longer uses largeinputs of labour and capital but req

39、uires advanced andsophisticated scientific knowledge, technology and method. Itsemployers possess higher levels of education and skills,compared with those in the labour intensive industry.劳动密集型产业的特点是投入大量的劳动力和资本，而不是知识。知识密集型产业又称技术密集型产业、高新技术产业或高新技术产业。它以现代科学技术为主要生产要素，来推动经济发展。与劳动密集型产业不同，它不再需要大量的劳动力和资本投入

40、，而是需要先进而复杂的科学知识、技术和方法。与劳动密集型行业相比，知识密集型产业的雇主拥有更高的教育水平和技能。LessonLesson FourteenFourteenTheThe EducationalEducational SystemSystem节知识点名称主观题名词解释题教育Education is the teaching or training of people, especially inschools, and colleges to improve their knowledge and developtheir skills.教育是对人的教学或培训，特别是在学校和大学里

41、，能够提高他们的知识并且发展他们的技能。常春藤联盟The famous ones are a group of eight old private northeasternuniversities commonly known as the Ivy League.其中最著名的是东北八所老牌私立大学，俗称“常春藤联盟” 。开放大学The Open University is a university in Britain that runs degreecourses on the radio and television for students who do nothave the prop

42、er qualifications and want to study part-time ormainly at home.开放大学是英国的一种大学，它通过广播和电视为没有适当资格、想要兼职或主要在家学习的学生开设学位课程。职业教育Vocational education is connected with the skills people needto do a particular job. Vocational training is aimed at preparinga person for a job.职业教育与人们从事特定工作所需的技能相联系。职业培训的目的是使一个人为工作做

43、好准备。翻译题英国的高等教育In Britain, a small percentage of students go on to highereducation. Many of them go to university and study for abachelors degree, while others study for a certificate or8diploma at a college of further education.在英国，只有一小部分人会继续接受高等教育。在他们中的大多数，是去大学然后考取学士学位，而其他的人为了获得资格证书或毕业证书会选择去学院接受高等教

44、育。知识经济In the era of knowledge economy, everybody should form theconcept of lifelong education. People should study and renewtheir knowledge so long as they live.在知识经济的年代，每个人都应该树立终生学习的理念。人们应该活到老学到老。简答题美国公立学校和英国公立学校的区别A public school in the United States is tax supported andcontrolled by local officia

45、ls, in which education is free. InEngland, a public school is actually a private fee payingsecondary school where children usually live as well as study.美国的公立学校是由地方官员提供税收支持并控制的，教育是免费的。在英国，公立学校实际上是一种私立中学，学生通常在那里学习和生活。核心科目Three core subjects in a British or American school：In a school, children have t

46、o study such core subjects asEnglish, mathematics, and science.在学校里，孩子们必须学习英语、数学和科学等核心科目。LessonLesson FifteenFifteenMassMass MediaMedia节知识点名称主观题翻译题美国的电视台In the United States, there is no government-owned televisionnetwork. Public television stations and commercial televisionstations coexist.在美国，没有国有

47、电视台。公立电视台和商业电视台是共存的状态。LessonLesson SeventeenSeventeenReligionReligion节知识点名称主观题翻译题神话Some ancient people made up stories to explain the mystery ofthe natural events and the origin of man. These storiesoriginated in ancient times were handed down from generationto generation, forming myths.一些古人编造故事来解释自

48、然事件的奥秘以及人类的起源，这些故事源远流长，世代相传，形成了神话。宗教A religion is a particular system of belief in a god or gods andthe activities and behaviors that are connected with thissystem.宗教指的是一种特殊的对上帝和神明的信仰体系，以及与这种体系有关联的活动和行为。教堂Churches are not only places where prayers are recited andceremonies are conducted; they are also community centres9where educational, cultural, social and philanthropic activitiesare held.教堂不仅是祈祷和举行仪式的地方； 它们也是举行教育、 文化、社会和慈善活动的社区中心。