人教版英语必修4unit1语法ppt课件.ppt

1、精选英语句子概论精选简单句的基本词序简单句的基本词序主语主语动词部分动词部分宾语宾语 状语状语（谓语谓语） 方式方式 地点地点 时间时间Iboughta hat yesterday.The children ran home.We ate our meal in silence.The car stopped suddenly.精选 句子成分是指构成句子的句子成分是指构成句子的各个组成部分，即词和词组在句各个组成部分，即词和词组在句子中的各种语法意义。句子成分子中的各种语法意义。句子成分主要有主要有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语定语、状语。另外，一些句子还。另外，一

2、些句子还有一些其他的成分，如同位语、有一些其他的成分，如同位语、呼语、插入语等。呼语、插入语等。精选1. I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.主主语语谓谓语语定定语语宾宾语语同同位位语语状状语语精选(一一)主语主语 主语是指句子谈论的主题，也主语是指句子谈论的主题，也就是句中动作、行为、性质和状态就是句中动作、行为、性质和状态的主体。的主体。 1.名词；名词；2. 代词；代词； 3. 数词；数词； 4. 动名词；动名词；5. 不定式；不定式； 6. 词组或复合结构；词组或复合结构； 7. 从句；从句；8. 名词化的其他词类名词化的

3、其他词类精选MarysMary _ a dog.hasTomsMary and Tom _ a dog.have谓语的动词要与主语的人称和数谓语的动词要与主语的人称和数一致。一致。精选Who is speaking, please? To act like that is children.Two will be enough.Beijing is a beautiful city.Dancing is fun.What he said was wrong.名名代代数数不定式不定式动名词动名词从句从句精选（二）谓语（二）谓语 谓语说明主语的动作、行为或所谓语说明主语的动作、行为或所处的状态。通

4、常由动词的各种形式来处的状态。通常由动词的各种形式来充当。并且和主语在人称和数上保持充当。并且和主语在人称和数上保持一致。谓语有广义与狭义之分，广义一致。谓语有广义与狭义之分，广义的谓语指主语以外包括动词在内的部的谓语指主语以外包括动词在内的部分，狭义的谓语仅仅指动词，这里我分，狭义的谓语仅仅指动词，这里我们讨论的是广义上的谓语。们讨论的是广义上的谓语。精选1.一般谓语都是由一个动词或动词一般谓语都是由一个动词或动词短语来充当短语来充当 She got here at six.2.有些谓语是由有些谓语是由“系动词系动词+表语表语”构成的构成的 The girl felt cold. He is

5、 a teacher.精选Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-Verb Agreement主谓一致原则主谓一致原则精选 一、语法一致的原则一、语法一致的原则是指主语为单数或复数时，其谓语动词要与其相呼应。 二、意义一致的原则二、意义一致的原则指谓语动词的单复数取决于主语所表达的概念，而不取决于表面的语法标志，主要表现为某些集体名词后可跟动词单数或复数。如果这些集体名词指整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；指具体成员时用复数。 三、就近原则三、就近原则是指谓语动词单复数取决于离它最近的词语，而无须考虑其他的词精选The boy _ diving.They _ diving.Bot

6、h Jack and Tim _ diving.All of them _ diving.Neither Jack nor Tim _ walking.isareareisare精选A young man and a girl want to go there. The singer and the writer are famous to many young people. Both Jack and Tim _ diving.are由由andand连接的两个单数名词做主连接的两个单数名词做主语时，谓动一般用复数。语时，谓动一般用复数。精选The singer and dancer _ o

7、n the stage.is精选The gift is used to have western meals.What is it?A knife and fork is used to have meals.精选） 由由 and 连接的并列主语，如连接的并列主语，如果主语是同一个人，同一事，同果主语是同一个人，同一事，同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，否一概念时，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数则用复数这时后面的名词没有冠词这时后面的名词没有冠词。 arehas精选2) 用用and 连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体整体, 如如: bread and butter, k

8、nife and fork 等作主等作主语时语时(由两个部件配成的物品由两个部件配成的物品), 谓语动词用单数谓语动词用单数. 如如:精选 Each man and woman _ the same rights. A. has B. have C. had D. is having）由）由each, every, no, many a(许多许多)所修饰所修饰的名词，即使用的名词，即使用 and连接作主语，谓语动词连接作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。一般用单数。 Many a man _the story. hasbelieves精选The group _ made up of nine stud

9、ents.The group_ dancing happily.is isareare精选The team The team _ some good players. (have) some good players. (have)The team _ handsome. (be)The team _ handsome. (be)hashasareare精选 由集体名词，如由集体名词，如group, family, class, government, team, public, enemy, crowd, company, audience, club, party, crew等作主语等作主

10、语时时, ,如果看成一个整体如果看成一个整体( (强调整体），谓语动强调整体），谓语动词用单数形式词用单数形式, ,如果看成其中各成员，（强调个体）则用复如果看成其中各成员，（强调个体）则用复数形式数形式. . 注意：集体名词为 people, police, cattle，谓语动词用复数形式e.g. The police are searching for the thief. 1、集体名词做主语时的主谓一致精选 Choose the correct verb form to complete the following sentences.1.The research group (is,

11、 are) made up of five people. 2.What (do, does) the group want for their lunch?3.Our family (is, are) not poor any more.4.He has to worry. His family (is, are) waiting for him.5.The class (is, are) more than forty in number.isdoisareis精选6.The class (have, has) disagreed among themselves about where

12、they should go and have a picnic. 7.The government (has, have) spent more than two million yuan in planting trees.8.The city government ( has, have) different opinions about next years plan. havehashave精选Neither dog _ big. ( A. is B. are )Neither of them _ big. ( A. is B. are ) A Neither of the rabb

13、its _ handsome. ( A. is B. are )A / BNeither rabbit _ handsome. ( A. is B. are )AA / B二、代词作主语二、代词作主语两者都不精选neither ofnone ofn. (U) n.(C)neither + n.(singl.) V. singl. plural.How to use none and neitherV.(singl.)V.(singl.)代词代词none和和neither有时用作单有时用作单数看待数看待,有时作复数看待有时作复数看待,主要根主要根据说话人的意思决定据说话人的意思决定.但是但是代表

14、代表不可数名词时不可数名词时,只看作单只看作单数数;neither作形容词时与单数名作形容词时与单数名词连用词连用,谓语动词用单数谓语动词用单数.精选none 做主语时做主语时, 谓语动词可用单数谓语动词可用单数, 也可也可用复数用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西时总是但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数看作单数, 因而谓语动词要用单数因而谓语动词要用单数. 如如:精选1.Neither of us _ (was/were) ready when the party began.2. None of them _ (has/have) watched the talk show.have/haswa

15、s/were 精选everybody当这些词做主语时，谓语动词用单数，在句中我们可以用they 来代替它们，有时我们可以用he/she来代替。anybodyeveryonenobodysomebodyeverythinganythingnothingsomething不定代词不定代词no one, nobody, each, the other精选 Nothing_difficult in the world if you set your mind to it .is2.Something _ (has / have) gone wrong with my watch. 3.Anybody

16、who _ ( break / breaks) the rule will be punished.hasbreaks精选Bob Bob _ a worker.isMike Mike and Bob _ workers.areBoth Mike and Bob _ workers.areNeither Mike nor Bob _ a teacher.isBill Neither of them _ (know) how to teach English. knows/knowNone of them _ (know) how to teach English. knows/know三、用作主

17、语的两个名词或代词由三、用作主语的两个名词或代词由or, either or, neither nor, both and或或not only but also连接连接精选Peter Henry Either Peter or Henry _ going to win.isHenry精选 A or B Not A but B Either A or B Neither A nor B Not only A but also B Verb Here There+Verb A and B A , B and C就近原则就近原则:当用作主语的两个名词或代词由当用作主语的两个名词或代词由or, eit

18、heror , neithernor 或或 not onlybut also 连接时连接时,谓语通常与临近的名谓语通常与临近的名词或代词保持一致。词或代词保持一致。由由there或或here引导的句子引导的句子,主语不止一个名词时主语不止一个名词时,谓语动词通谓语动词通常与邻近的名词或代词保持一致常与邻近的名词或代词保持一致.精选Not only you but also he _ wrong. (is/are)Neither you nor he _ right. (is/are)There _ two shops and a cinema beside the railway statio

19、n. (is/are)Here _ a map and a handbook for you. (is/are)isisareis_精选Mr. Black , as well as two women, _ at the office.isMr. Black精选四四.主语介词（短语）：主语介词（短语）：当主语后面接说明主语的修饰语，如当主语后面接说明主语的修饰语，如as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, with ,like, rather than, together with , but ,except, besides, ,in

20、cluding等时，等时，其谓语动词的单、复数不受修饰成分的影响，仍保持同主语一其谓语动词的单、复数不受修饰成分的影响，仍保持同主语一致的关系，由主语的单、复数而定。致的关系，由主语的单、复数而定。 精选1. The teacher with two students _ at the meeting . (was / were)2.E-mail, as well as the telephones, _ an important part in daily communication.A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play wa

21、sA精选五、分词、量词作主语由分数或百分数或由分数或百分数或a lot of, lots of, plenty of, half of, the rest of, some of, most of, all of , (a) part of +名词或代词作主语名词或代词作主语时，要根据这个名词或代词来确定其谓动的单复数形时，要根据这个名词或代词来确定其谓动的单复数形式。如式。如: 精选e.g. Tom is one of the students who_good at playing football.Tom is the only one of the students who_ good

22、 at playing football. areis 注意注意 在在“one of+ +复数名词复数名词+ +关系代词关系代词” 的结构中，定语从句中谓语动词用复的结构中，定语从句中谓语动词用复 数形式；但是若前有数形式；但是若前有the only, , 将其限定为只将其限定为只有一个时有一个时, ,谓语动词用单数形式谓语动词用单数形式. .精选六、 、“the+形容词/过去分词做主语的主谓一致e.g. The rich are to help the poor. The wounded was a young boy. 以定冠词the + adj.（或过去分词）结构作主语，谓语动词常用复数

23、形式，如the brave, the poor, the blind, the sick, the old等，但有少数过去分词与定冠词连用时指个体，用单数形式。精选七七 当主语由不定式、动名词或疑问词引导的当主语由不定式、动名词或疑问词引导的句子充当时，谓语动词用单数。句子充当时，谓语动词用单数。精选1).To hold the Olympic Games_ a rich prize for a country. (be) 2). Choosing what to eat _ no longer as easy as it once was.isis What we need _ more t

24、ime and more materials. What we need _ teachers.(由由what, who, why, how, whether等引导的主语等引导的主语 从句，谓语动词通常用单数，但所指的具体内从句，谓语动词通常用单数，但所指的具体内 容为复数意义，则可以用复数形式容为复数意义，则可以用复数形式.)3)isare精选1.表示时间表示时间, 金钱金钱, 距离距离, 度量等的名词作主语度量等的名词作主语, 尽管尽管是复数形式是复数形式, 它们作为一个单一的概念时它们作为一个单一的概念时, 其谓语动其谓语动词用单数形式词用单数形式. 如如:精选表示时间、金钱、距离、重量

25、等复数名词，在表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等复数名词，在表示单位数量用作主语时，通常被看作整体，表示单位数量用作主语时，通常被看作整体，谓语动词用单数。谓语动词用单数。 isA million dollars _(is/are) really a lot of money.Sixty years a long time.Three thousand miles a long distance.Fifty kilograms not too heavy to be carried.isisis精选2.名词如名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glass

26、es 等等作主语时作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数谓语动词必须用复数.但这类表示成双的东西的名但这类表示成双的东西的名词前有词前有a pair of修饰时，谓语用单数。修饰时，谓语用单数。如如:精选3. 形复意单名词如形复意单名词如: news; 以以ics结尾的学科名称如结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics; 国名如国名如: the United States; 报纸名如报纸名如: the New Times; 书名如书名如: Arabian Nights等作主语等作主语; 谓语动词谓语动词要用单数要用单数. 精选1One or two days _ enough to

27、 see the city Ais Bare Cam Dbe2Neither my wife nor I _ able to persuade my daughter to change her mind Ais Bare Cam DbeExercises:精选3Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examination after another Ais Bare Cam Dbe4Not the teacher，but the students _ looking forward to seeing the film

28、 Ais Bare Cam Dbe精选5Nobody but Betty and Mary _ late for class yesterday Awas Bwere Chas been Dhave been6A woman with some children _ soon Ais coming Bare coming Chas come Dhave come精选7No one except my parents _ anything about this. Aknow Bknows Cis known Dare known8The teacher as well as the studen

29、ts _ the book already Ahas read Bhave read Care reading Dis reading9All but one _ in the accident Awas killed Bwere killed Cwill be killed Dare killed 精选10. When and where to build the new factory _ yet. A. has not been decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided 11. The number

30、 of people invited _fifty, but a number of them _ absent for different reasons. A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were 12. _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass. A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are精选 13. The results of the exam

31、ination _that you have all made great _ . A. show; progress B. shows; progress C. show; progresses D. shows; progresses 14.Here _ a new pair of shoes for you. A. is B. are C. have D. has精选主谓一致记忆口诀 单单复复最常见单单复复最常见,集体名词谓用单。集体名词谓用单。 如若强调其成员如若强调其成员,复数谓语记心间复数谓语记心间. 有些名词谓常复有些名词谓常复,people, police, cattle即即这般这般 主语单数后接介主语单数后接介,谓语单数介无关谓语单数介无关. many a作主语也如此作主语也如此,谓语动词应用单谓语动词应用单 or, nor, but also, there be,近主原则挂嘴近主原则挂嘴边边.精选共同进步！