工程心理学ppt课件.ppt

1、1Engineering Psychology and Human Performance工程心理学与人类行为工程心理学与人类行为2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance2FeatureslInteresting 趣趣lSignificant 益益lHard 难难2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance3Introduction of Bi-language CourselEnglish textbooklEnglish PPTlChinese & English oral

2、presentation l100 basic English glossaries 2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance4Introduction of the textbookl以人的认知信息加工心理学为基以人的认知信息加工心理学为基础，系统阐述与工程技术设计有础，系统阐述与工程技术设计有关的心理学问题，理论性强、与关的心理学问题，理论性强、与技术设计联系密切技术设计联系密切;l引用大量的工程心理学实验结果，引用大量的工程心理学实验结果，立论依据充足，科学性强立论依据充足，科学性强;l内容新颖，引用的文献大多反映内容新颖，引用

3、的文献大多反映最近最近10年来美国工程心理学的研年来美国工程心理学的研究成果。究成果。Christopher D. Wickens ，Justin G. Hollands出版社：Prentice Hall2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance5Reference bookslC.D. Wickens ，J.G. Hollands著，朱主祥等译著，朱主祥等译.工程心理学工程心理学与人的作业与人的作业, 华东师范大学出华东师范大学出版社版社, 2002l美美唐纳德唐纳德.A.诺曼著，梅琼译诺曼著，梅琼译.设计心理学设计心理学, 中信出版

4、社中信出版社, 2003l方俐洛，于国丰，汪慧丽方俐洛，于国丰，汪慧丽.工工程心理学程心理学, 团结出版社团结出版社, 19896Chapter 1Introduction to Engineering Psychology and Human Performance2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance7OverviewlWhat is psychology? Science, study, of the mind and its processes.Human psychologyAnimal psychologyChild p

5、sychologyEngineering psychologySociety psychology2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance8What is Engineering Psychology?lReduce error(减少错误减少错误)lPromote productivity(提高生产率提高生产率)lIncrease safety and comfort(增加安全增加安全性和舒适度性和舒适度)A branch of psychology, using psychology in engineering.2007.7Eng

6、ineering Psychology and Human Performance9Engineering psychologyl When？l Where？l Why？l What？l How？20 Century 50s World War IIUSA2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance10Why?3 MotivationslPractical needs(实践需要实践需要)“training the human to fit the machines”“designing the machines to fit the hu

7、man”In World War II After World War II ! Aircraft accidents with well- trained operators（Table 1）Psychologists analyzed the operator-machine interface2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance112007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance12Why?3 MotivationslTechnology evolutionary tren

8、ds(科技进步科技进步) More rapid, more complex, more and more interrelated elements, forcing the designer to consider the distribution of tasks between human and machines.2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance13Why?3 MotivationslInformation theory and cybernetics (信息论和控制论信息论和控制论)Information theor

9、y Cybernetics(控制论控制论)Stimulus-response languageof behavior psychology Terms: feedback, channel capacity bandwidthSame terms as mechanical, electronic, information system, help integrate humans and machines in system design and analysis. World War 2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance14A

10、pplication field2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance15What?Research scope Information-processing capacities of the human brain.(人脑的信息加工过程人脑的信息加工过程) “工程心理学的目的不是简单的比较一件设备的两种可能的设计工程心理学的目的不是简单的比较一件设备的两种可能的设计（这是人类因素学的任务），而是要说明人的能力以及限度（产生实（这是人类因素学的任务），而是要说明人的能力以及限度（产生实验数据的基础），并可以根据这种能力限度直接推断

11、并选择出一种较验数据的基础），并可以根据这种能力限度直接推断并选择出一种较好的设计好的设计”。 Poulton，1966！注意与人因工程学的研究范畴区分开！注意与人因工程学的研究范畴区分开 是否涉及人脑的信息加工过程。是否涉及人脑的信息加工过程。2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance16Introduction of the teaching contentlChapter1 Introduction (工程心理学介绍工程心理学介绍)lChapter4 Spatial Display(空间显示空间显示)lChapter5 Navig

12、ation and Interaction in Real and Virtual Environment(现实与虚拟环境中的导航与交互现实与虚拟环境中的导航与交互)lChapter6 Language and Communication(语言与通讯语言与通讯)lChapter9 Selection of Action(行动的选择行动的选择)lChapter12 Stress and Human error(应激和人为差错应激和人为差错) Totally 40 hours2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance172007.7Engi

13、neering Psychology and Human Performance182007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance192007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance202007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance21How？Research MethodslField Studies 现场研究现场研究lAccident/Incident Reports 事故事故/事件报告事件报告lSurveys 调查调查lTask

14、Simulation 任务模拟任务模拟lLaboratory Experiments 实验室研究实验室研究lLiterature (research and handbooks) 文献文献lModels (human simulations) 模型模型2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance22Field StudieslFeature: evaluations of real users employing the system in question “in the field” .lForms: videotapes, user

15、 reports leg: ATM videotapes2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance23Accident/Incident Reportsfocus on the cause of events when things went wrong.limitationsWithout control: difficult to determine the specific cause of behavior Number of accident is small: hard to draw statistically valid

16、 conclusions from small sampleseg: aviation industry (black box)2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance24Surveysreveal users attitudes towards the strengths and weakness of a particular system.limitationsThe sample of user may be small or biased.What people like may not always correspond

17、with what supports the best performance.eg: color display2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance25Task Simulationcapture much of the complexity in real-worldoffer control over the events and circumstances in which performance is observed.eg: driving simulator, virtual environment 2007.7En

18、gineering Psychology and Human Performance26Laboratory Experimentsidentify and manipulate variables that are expected to influence performance with the system in question, while controlling other variables.Advantages: such experiments can generate across a wide range of design applications.Limitatio

19、ns: the conditions in the lab is highly controlled, may not real.2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance27Literature (research and handbooks)not “raw data”, been collected by others and complied in literature or in design principles and standards.Note: the context of the principle or stan

20、dard is appropriate for the context of the current product.2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance28Models (human simulations)a special case of data provided by literature and handbooks.Design parametersperformanceModelMathematical equationsComputer simulationsinputoutputQuestion: compare

21、 the 7 different research methodscost, ease of product change, ease of control, design relevance of conclusions?2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance29Comparison of different research methodologies2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance30How to study this course? Its not your

22、 fault.(不是你的错不是你的错) 当你在使用某物品遇到麻烦时，那不是你的错，当你在使用某物品遇到麻烦时，那不是你的错，而是设计出了问题而是设计出了问题。 摘自摘自设计心理学设计心理学2003 Observe carefully.(仔细观察仔细观察) 改变认识世界的方法，开始敏锐的观察周围的改变认识世界的方法，开始敏锐的观察周围的人和物，以及这两者之间的联系。人和物，以及这两者之间的联系。2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance31Performance Measurement 绩效测量绩效测量l4 categories of r

23、aw dataMeasures ofSpeed or time (emergency shutdown switch )Workload or capacity demands (vehicle GPS)Accuracy or error (diagnosis device)Preference (consumer products)l2 sorts of derived measuresEvaluate measures, or the figure of merit(评价测量或价值图评价测量或价值图) have a clear defined “good” or “bad”Strategi

24、c measures (全局测量全局测量) accuracy+ response timeaccuracy- response rateHigh values for slow but accuracy performance2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance32人类信息处理阶段的词汇定义人类信息处理阶段的词汇定义lAttention resources 注意力资源lLong term Memory 长期记忆lWorking memory 工作记忆lSensory 感觉lPerception 知觉、感知lCognition 认知

25、lShort-term sensory store (STSS)短时感觉贮存lResponse Selection 反应选择lResponse Execution 反应执行2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance33Fig 1.1 A model of Human information processing stages2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance34Sensory Processing 感觉加工感觉加工visual receptors (eyes) 视觉接视觉

26、接收器收器(眼眼)auditory receptors (ears) 听觉听觉接收器接收器(耳耳)STSS:0.5sSTSS:2-4sShort-term sensory store (STSS)短时感觉贮存短时感觉贮存: A temporary mechanism for prolonging(延长延长) the representation of the raw stimulus evidence for durations as short as around 0.5 second (visual STSS) ,to 2-4 seconds (auditory STSS) .对持续时间对

27、持续时间半秒至半秒至2-4秒的原始刺激表征的暂时机制。秒的原始刺激表征的暂时机制。Egs: cartoons and an interesting experimentseehear2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance35Perception 知觉、感知知觉、感知Decode the meaning of the raw sensory data relayed to the brain. 粗糙的感觉材料传入脑中粗糙的感觉材料传入脑中(或贮存在感觉中或贮存在感觉中)必必须通过知觉阶段加以解释或赋予意义。须通过知觉阶段加以解释或赋予

28、意义。Proceeds automatically and rapidly, requiring little attention Be driven bothby sensory input (bottom-up processing)by inputs from long-term memory (experience) (top-down processing)2 important features例：例： 原始刺激原始刺激 解码解码 警铃警铃(听觉听觉) 存在危险存在危险 闪烁的信号灯闪烁的信号灯(视觉视觉) 存在故障存在故障2007.7Engineering Psychology

29、and Human Performance36Bottom-up ProcessingTop-down ProcessingSensory data or “lower” channels of neural information (感觉或较低级感觉或较低级神经信息通道神经信息通道) Long-term memory Past experience (经验、经验、长时记忆长时记忆)Danger！Danger！PerceptionPerceptionharmoniouslHigh sensory qualityl Unfamiliar circumference lPoor sensory q

30、ualityEg: the cab driver 自下自下而上而上自上自上而下而下2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance37Cognition and Memory 认知和记忆认知和记忆Perception: “存在故障存在故障”Cognition: “哪个部位出了故障哪个部位出了故障”Q: Whats the distinction between perception and cognition?A: Cognition require more time, mental effort, or attention.Q: Why?

31、CognitiveOperationsrehearsal(复述复述)reasoningImagingUsing working memoryWorking memory: a vulnerable(易损的，脆弱的易损的，脆弱的),temporary(暂时的暂时的) store of activated information.Note: Sometimes rehearsal in working memory may lead to long-term memory, which is less vulnerable, more permanent(永久的永久的).2007.7Enginee

32、ring Psychology and Human Performance38Response Selection and ExecutionCognitionPerceptionResponse SelectionResponse ExecutionResponse Selection Response Execution Requiring the coordination of the muscles for controlled motion, to assure the chosen goal is correctly obtained 为了控为了控制运动要对肌肉进行协调，以保证制运

33、动要对肌肉进行协调，以保证正确的获得选定的目标正确的获得选定的目标. Just in brain. Eg: correct response selectionPoor executionLose control2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance39FeedbacklEmphasize that the “flow” of information can be initiated at any point.eg:a perceived environment eventa cognitive motivationlEmphasi

34、ze that the “flow” of information is continuous, “action causes perception” or “perception causes action” turn onthe radio2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance40AttentionA supply of limited mental resources.l Selective attention: many mental operations are not carried automatically but

35、require the selective application of these limited resources.l Dividing attention: when there are so many tasks to perform, a strategy must be selected to allocate resources between different tasks or mental operations.eg: foveal vision(视网膜中央凹视力视网膜中央凹视力) is limited resource for visual information.No

36、te: Because attention resource is limited, when the demand of some tasks is excessive(额外的额外的), the others must suffer.eg: the cab driver2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance41 一个新的驾驶员驾驶一辆货车在城里运送容一个新的驾驶员驾驶一辆货车在城里运送容易腐烂的食物。他坐在一个用最先进技术装备的易腐烂的食物。他坐在一个用最先进技术装备的驾驶舱内。仪表板向他显示一幅标明他在城内位驾驶舱内。仪表板向他

37、显示一幅标明他在城内位置的地图，对不同的目的地按其优先权以颜色进置的地图，对不同的目的地按其优先权以颜色进行编码并用强光加以显示。该地图还配备有关交行编码并用强光加以显示。该地图还配备有关交通路况的信息，并拥有一系列电子图像放大选件。通路况的信息，并拥有一系列电子图像放大选件。在一个单独的表下面表明每次交货所要求的时间。在一个单独的表下面表明每次交货所要求的时间。2007.7Engineering Psychology and Human Performance42 在一个阴沉的冬天，夜色降临，天下着雪。向南的公路上交通繁忙，在一个阴沉的冬天，夜色降临，天下着雪。向南的公路上交通繁忙，车辆速度

38、很快。司机俯视着驾驶舱中的地图，地图上头朝北，他试图找到车辆速度很快。司机俯视着驾驶舱中的地图，地图上头朝北，他试图找到他的下一个目的地，以及在即将到达的出口应该向哪个方向转弯。地图杂他的下一个目的地，以及在即将到达的出口应该向哪个方向转弯。地图杂乱难读，相对于他的行车方向来说，地图显得乱七八糟。因此他按压了乱难读，相对于他的行车方向来说，地图显得乱七八糟。因此他按压了（他认为是）图像电子放大按钮，这一按使得地图上的全部目的地立即变（他认为是）图像电子放大按钮，这一按使得地图上的全部目的地立即变成同样的成同样的“高优先高优先”颜色。他向后扫视道路并检查交通车辆，然后再低头颜色。他向后扫视道路并

39、检查交通车辆，然后再低头看地图，试图找出当时所处的位置，并想知道是他的什么行动导致这一意看地图，试图找出当时所处的位置，并想知道是他的什么行动导致这一意外和不寻常的显示。在他的记忆中，以前课程中学习使用手册中的东西是外和不寻常的显示。在他的记忆中，以前课程中学习使用手册中的东西是模糊的。他突然注意到他前面的车辆已经停住，在惊慌中他突然把车转向模糊的。他突然注意到他前面的车辆已经停住，在惊慌中他突然把车转向左侧车道。他听到了后方货车一声尖锐的报警声，就又把车轮极快地转向左侧车道。他听到了后方货车一声尖锐的报警声，就又把车轮极快地转向右侧。他避开了同停在前面的车子碰撞，但开出了车道，车子抛在空中摇右侧。他避开了同停在前面的车子碰撞，但开出了车道，车子抛在空中摇晃了几秒钟后跌入沟渠。由于他系上了安全带，只受到轻微伤害，但车子晃了几秒钟后跌入沟渠。由于他系上了安全带，只受到轻微伤害，但车子受到了严重的损坏，也毁坏了车上装载的易腐烂的食物。他骂这个地图，受到了严重的损坏，也毁坏了车上装载的易腐烂的食物。他骂这个地图，也骂自己愚蠢，试图一边开车一边固定东西，因为使用手册曾提醒他在车也骂自己愚蠢，试图一边开车一边固定东西，因为使用手册曾提醒他在车辆静止时使用地图的交互功能。辆静止时使用地图的交互功能。此课件下载可自行编辑修改，供参考！感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！