1、音标培训音标培训IPAIPA TrainingTraining CourseCourse元音元音音标是什么音标是什么? ?辅音辅音发音技巧发音技巧句型口语练习句型口语练习音标是什么?音标是记录语音音素的符号。它的制定原则是:一个音素只用一个音标表示, 一个音标并不只表示一个音素 例如:双元音就是由2个音素组成的。音素是人类语言中能够区别意义的最小声音单位, 是构成音节的最小单位或最小的语音片段。 一个发音动作形成一个音素。 一般分为元音和辅音两大类。音标分类1、IPA音标2、DJ音标3、KK音标4、其他音标(AHD, EPD, Gimson 等)1、国际音标 国际音标(Internationa
2、l Phonetic Alphabet),简称IPA。 最早源于1888年,由国际语言协会制定。该组织希望以一个符号代表一音,避免各人使用一套自己的符号所产生的不便。 国际音标,是设计用来标注全世界各种语言的发音的符号系统。很多语言学家把国际音标做局部修改以标记他们所研究的语言,所以国际音标也有很多种。 2005年后,通行表上的音标计有辅音72个,元音23个。这些音标都是以拉丁字母为基础的,直到2007年,国际音标共有107个单独字母,以及56个变音符号和超音段成分。国际语音学学会偶尔会增删一些符号,或者修正某些符号。 英国和美国两个国家的英语都被视为国际性标准英语,所以影响最大的就是英式英语
3、和美式英语,而它们都为各自的英语发音制定了一套记录英语发音的符号,严格的说每一部英语字典都有一套自己的记录英语发音的符号系统,这些符号都被叫做音标。只是: 由英国语音学家Daniel Jones根据IPA编的一本英语正音辞典的音标系统(简称为DJ音标),和美国两位语言学家John S. Kenyon和Thomas A. Knott编写的美式英语发音辞典的音标系统(简称为KK音标)非常具有代表性,因而成为国际标准音标,被广大中国学子学习和掌握。 DJ音标&KK音标2、DJ音标存在不同版本:(a)英语国际音标(旧版)(即1917年第1版到1967年的第13版DJ音标) 由于存在一些问题,被后来的新
4、版音标所取代,现在这种音标的词典基本上买不到了。(b)英语国际音标(中版)(即1977年第14版DJ音标) 它解决了13版音标中存在的问题。此版音标共记录音素44个,其中元音20个,辅音24个。新英汉词典2000年版和目前部分中学课本中仍在使用这种音标。(c)英语国际音标(新版)(即1997年第15版DJ音标) 此版音标对英语的读音进行了更细致的标注。增加了4个弱元音和一个辅音。此版音标共记录音素49个,其中元音24个,辅音25个。1997年以后出版的牛津词典、朗文词典、柯林斯词典、麦克米兰词典等著名英语词典都采用了这一版音标,我国的一些词典出版社也采用了这种音标。一些教材如新概念英语等也采用
5、了这种音标。英国的语音教学目前使用的都是这版音标。目前销售的各种词典中,使用此音标的占95%以上。】【以上说的15版有49个音标,表示没看到文献出处,存疑问】 英语界对音标数目的分歧,往往是因为对/tr/ /dr/ /ts/ /dz/这些辅音结合体的看法和处理不同。 判断音标是否是健全的音位体可根据以下两个方面: 看其能否和元音相拼构成音节 看其能否出现在词的三个位置: 词首,词中,词尾 /ts/ /dz/只能出现在词尾、元音之后,不能出现在元音之前与元音相拼; /tr/ /dr/只能出现在词首、元音之前,而不能出现在词尾和元音之后。DJ音标元音有20个:单元音12个 /i:/ /i/ /:/
6、 / /:/ / /u:/ /u/ /:/ / /e/ / 双元音8个 /ei/ /ai/ /i/ /au/ /u/ /i/ / /u/辅音有28个:清辅音10个 /p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ / /s/ /tr/ /ts/ / /t/浊辅音10个 /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ / /z/ /dr/ /dz/ / /d/其它辅音8个 /h/ /m / /n/ / /l/ /r/ /w/ /j/。DJ音标(旧版)DJ音标元音有20个:单元音12个 /i:/ / / : / / /:/ / /u:/ / /:/ / /e/ / 双元音8个 /e/ /a/ / /a/ / / /e/ /辅音有2
7、4个:清辅音10个 /p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ / /s/ / /t/浊辅音10个 /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ / /z/ / /d/其它辅音8个 /h/ /m / /n/ / /l/ /r/ /w/ /j/。 辅音按照发音方法有各种分类。 DJ音标根据其词典的版本进行过数次修改, /tr/ /dr/ /ts/ /dz/在新版中不存在。DJ音标(新版)DJ音标元音有20个:单元音12个 /i:/ / / : / / /:/ / /u:/ / /:/ / /e/ / 双元音8个 /e/ /a/ / /a/ / / /e/ /辅音有28个:清辅音10个 /p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /
8、/s/ /tr/ /ts/ / /t/浊辅音10个 /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ / /z/ /dr/ /dz/ / /d/其它辅音8个 /h/ /m / /n/ / /l/ /r/ /w/ /j/。DJ音标(EPD版) KK音标中摈弃了英式音标中长元音符号 /:/,这是英式与美式音标书写上的最大区别,KK音标共有44个音标,元音有20个,辅音有24 个。辅音符号和新版DJ音标的辅单符号完全一致,只是元音部分有所区别:KK音标的元音音标符号:单元音 /i/ / / / / / /= / /= / /r/ tea it pen cat bird sister about /bus box/do
9、g car /r/ /u/ / or too book双元音 /a/ /e/= /e/ /a/ /o/=/o/ / /r/ /r/ /r/ bike name cow no boy ear bear tour 3、KK音标(美式音标)拼读法和音标拼读法:入门简单高效,符合人类学习语言的规律,尤其适合于非英语为母语国家的初学者。即使从来都没有学过英语的人通过学习和训练,在不依靠音标的情况下,就能达到“见词能读,听音能写”的惊人效果,音标:提高音准自然拼读法能够覆盖英语中80%左右的单词,也有机构的宣传是只能覆盖70%。那也就意味着这个方法的主要问题是特例都需要一一记住。而音标是一个非常科学、系统
10、地标注单词发音的方法。音标百分百适用,没有特例,可以标注任何一个单词。拼读法和音标我们随便举一些常见的单词例子,就能说明不符合发音规则的单词是多不胜数的,例如以下这几组单词,拼写规则是相同的,但发音却不同: put-cut, hear-bear, great-meat, go-do.a- / apple a- /e/ cakea- / cabbagea- / abouta- /:/ water a- / whata- /:/ classa- /e/ anyA a ei B b bi: C c si: D d di: E e i: F f ef G g di: H h eit I i ai J
11、j deiK k kei L l el M m em N n en O o u P p pi: Q q kju: R r : S s es T t ti: U u ju: V v vi: W w d blju: X x eks Y y wai Z z zi:/ zed26个字母音标ChapterChapter 1 1 国际音标国际音标- -元音元音InternationalInternational PhoneticPhonetic AlphabetAlphabet -Vowels-Vowels长元音-long single vowelsi: : ?: u: :长元音-short single
12、 vowels e 双元音-diphthongs e a a e 元音 Vowels长元音-long single vowelsi: : ?: u: :长元音-short single vowelsi ? u e 双元音-diphthongs ei i ?i uui eu元音 Vowelsi:e-i:he me be we these Chinesei-i:ski machine magzineea-i:seat heat meal cheap easy read pleaseie-i:field piece believe achieveei-i:either receive deceite
13、e-i:jeep week three green bee sheep meetey-i:keyPractice makes perfect ! a- orange cabbage villagee- begin pretty chicken pocket ticket delayi- milk fish drink him lily office humid swim pityu- busy businessy- happy bicycle likely pretty rhythmey- monkey money journeyei- reindeer foreignerPractice m
14、akes perfect ! : er- : her person serve certain nervousir- : skirt sir dirty girl bird birth first or- : word world worm worthur- : purse nurse curl further fur surfear- : learn earth earn pearl heard earlyour- : journeyPractice makes perfect !a-panda banana about China salad maturee-open camerai-ho
15、liday family beautifulo-today second polite welcome somebody envelopeu-autumn difficult support suggest minusar-sugar polar popularer-teacher driver number center mother singer speakeror-doctor factor humor professor actorou-famous dangerousure-picture futurePractice makes perfect !?:a-?:waterau-?:P
16、aul Auguest naughty fault cause caught taught aw-?:law draw claw paw flawar-?:war warm warnal-?:ball tall fall wall talk walk salt alsoor-?:or horse order corn sport short pork borderore-?:before store moreoor-?:door floorou-?:ought bought brought our-?:your four course courtoar-?:board roar soarPra
17、ctice makes perfect ! o- on shot hot pot mop not dot stop hospital popular problema- watch want what wash wasPractice makes perfect !u:o-u:do lose movie proveu-u:ruler rule rude flute truth polluteoo-u:food moon zoo cool school broom tooth loose too rootoe-u:shoe canoeou-u:you soup group throughew-u
18、:chew flew blew threw jewelryui-u:fruit juice suitPractice makes perfect ! o- wolf womanu- put sugar July pull push bush bullet carefuloo- book cook look wood foot good tookoul- should could wouldPractice makes perfect ! : a- : father fast class last after ask graphar- : bark party marker spark targ
19、et arctical- : half calm palmau- : laugh auntear- : heartPractice makes perfect !o-son mother love some come monkey noneu-bus but gum jump nut hungry under hurry much hug drugoo-blood floodou-touch couple young enoughPractice makes perfect !a-apple map dad hat family black happy ant Practice makes p
20、erfect !ea-eanye-eegg bef desk leg yes bell pen checkai-esaidue-eguess guest Auguestea-ebread weather heavy head dead healthy sweatie-efriendPractice makes perfect ! e a- e late hate gate same fate waste shake famousai- e wait rain main trainay- e pay day may hay trayey- e they grey okey obeyei- e e
21、ight weight neighborea- e great breakPractice makes perfect ! a i- a nine bike write kite white shine fighty- a why my shy fly by satisfyie- a tie pie lie die criedei- a height either neitheruy- a buy guyigh- a high right light fight thigheye- a eye eyebrowye- a bye rye dyePractice makes perfect ! o
22、i- voice coin join oil point choiceoi- toy joy boy annoyPractice makes perfect ! a ou- a out cloud groud house pound blouse southow- a crow how flower townPractice makes perfect ! o- pose so nose smoke codeoa- boat coat goat soapou- soul shoulderow- know bowl grow yellowoe- toe hoePractice makes per
23、fect ! ea- theatereo- theoryear- year dear hear near teareer- deer beer pioneerier- pierce fiercePractice makes perfect !eair-eair hair chair stair fair repairare-ecare share dare hare spare glare scareear-epear bear wearere-ewhere thereeir-etheirPractice makes perfect ! oor- poorour- tour gourdure-
24、 sure pureu- EuropePractice makes perfect !ChapterChapter 2 2 国际音标国际音标- -辅音辅音InternationalInternational PhoneticPhonetic AlphabetAlphabet -Consonants-Consonants1.乔治亚是美语,学校是英式,怎么跟学校不一样?2.为什么我小朋友一年级不能学国际音标?3.学了发音法没用,还是不会拼读单词。4.拼读法会不会和拼音混淆?5.音标会不会和拼音混淆?6.光盘发音不准。7.光盘发音没有教小朋友怎么拼读?8.有没有速成班,不想学那么久。9.有没有专门的
25、发音法班级?我只想学发音。10.发音法和主教材没有联系,怎么融合一起来上呢?常见问题解答1.乔治亚是美语,学校是英式,怎么跟学校不一样? 英式英语跟美式英语其实没有本质上的差异,只是某一小部分的发音会有所不同,比如car的发音,英式发音为/k:/,美式发音为/kr/,区别是很小的,完全是能听出这是同一个单词的发音,所以并不会引起理解及沟通上的障碍。就像我们一样,同样是讲普通话,也会有个别字发音会有所差异,可是并不会造成沟通障碍。同时我们老师在课堂上如果碰到英美发音有差异的单词,也一定会去提醒小朋友,需要重点关注那些单词,这样他们就不会混淆了。所以妈妈尽管放心,无论是英式还是美式,我们学的都是非
26、常纯正的英语。2.为什么我小朋友一年级不能学国际音标? 一年级小朋友处于英语入门阶段,直接学习音标对他们来说难度系数太大且不易吸收,而自然发音法趣味性较强,可以帮助小朋友找到简单高效的认读单词的诀窍,通过接触一些比较经典的拼读组合,逐步达到“见词能读,听音能写”的惊人效果,从而提高小朋友的词汇量。国际音标跟拼读法比,会相对枯燥一点,对小朋友的词汇量也是有一定要求的,在学习音标的时候,只有在词汇量充足的情况下,小朋友才能更好的将自己脑海中的单词与音标对应,达到举一反三,融会贯通的效果,这样学习效果才会更加明显。所以建议妈妈先让小朋友通过拼读法累积一定的词汇量,再学音标。要知道,心急是吃不了热豆腐
27、的哦!3.学了发音法没用,还是不会拼读单词。 自然拼读法是通过简单有趣并且高效的方式来引导小朋友单词入门的。如果把英语中所有的拼读组合都学完,你会发现基本上70%-80%的英语单词都是符合这些拼读规则的。那这也就意味着这个方法并不适用所有的英语单词,有些特例还是需要一一特殊记忆。我们教材上列举的拼读法只是一些比较经典的拼读组合,并不是英语里面所有的拼读组合,所以有些单词不会拼是很正常的。单词主要还是要靠积累,这就是为什么我们说拼读法比较适合小朋友英语入门的原因,学这本书最主要的目的是让小朋友掌握一种简单有效的认读方法。4.拼读法会不会和拼音混淆? 拼读法的字母组合跟拼音的字母组合是不一样的,比
28、如单词cow奶牛,其中ow的发音跟拼音里的o是一样的,在但是长得完全不一样,所以不会出现混淆的情况。5.音标会不会和拼音混淆? 音标以及拼音都是根据国际音标表改编而来的,在形式及发音方面都具有很多相似的地方,如果小朋友已经熟悉地掌握了汉语拼音,对音标的学习是非常有帮助的,比如:音标/i:/ /i/和拼音i,音标/:/ / 和拼音e,音标/:/ /和拼音o,音标/u:/ /u/和拼音u,音标/:/ /和拼音,有了拼音的基础,学习音标就更加简单易懂了,对音标的记忆也有很大的帮助。就跟小朋友完全掌握了英语的26个字母之后,绝对不会把字母和拼音搞混是一个道理。但是如果在对拼音不熟悉的情况下,确实会容易
29、混淆。所以不建议很小的小朋友学音标。6.光盘发音不准。 请问妈妈听到那个单词发音有错了呢?确认后解释,我们教材上的光碟里都是非常纯正的美式发音,不会存在任何问题。7.光盘发音没有教小朋友怎么拼读。 我们老师在课堂上会教小朋友怎么拼读的,课后也会发音指导小朋友进行拼读复习。因为拼读法教学方式是乔治亚的一个特色,所以我们不会讲拼读方法刻录在光盘上,以免外传,只有成为我们乔治亚的正式学员,才可以享受到老师亲自指导的待遇哦!8.有没有速成班,不想学那么久。 学习语言最重要的就是坚持,英语不是我们的母语,所以我们没有好的语感,也没有语言环境,所以一定需要一个积累的过程,不可能说在很短的时间就可以让小朋友
30、达到母语级别的水平,我们主要是传授更加有效的学习方法,但是想进步的话还是要靠自己努力,俗话说得好,师傅领进门,修行靠个人嘛!请妈妈一定要一步一个脚印,让孩子基础打扎实一点。9.有没有专门的发音法班级,我只想学发音。 我们没有专门的发音法班级,发音法和主教材是穿插进行的,这样课堂内容及形式会更加丰富多彩,对小朋友来说更加有吸引力,自然对英语的学习热情也会增加,如果只上发音发的话,内容会比较单一,学习目的性太强,无形中给孩子带来压力,不利于培养孩子对英语的兴趣。10.发音法和主教材没有联系,怎么融合一起来上呢。 我们的发音法教材是结合主教材来编写的!(拿教材给家长看)发音法主要是为小朋友提高词汇量
31、提供简单有趣并且有效的方法。在课堂上,老师会通过发音法对主教材上的新单词进行教学,小朋友对新单词的学习会更加得心应手,有事半功倍的效果。清辅音-unvoicedp t k s f ts tr h 浊辅音-voiced b d z v dzdr rlmnwj 辅音 Consonantspp- p pay put cup map pig lip sippp- p apple happen supper slipperbb- b big bite bat lab club tube garbagebb- b rabbit cabbage rubbish rubber hobbyPractice ma
32、kes perfect !t t- t sit hit take tell night tt- t kitty better little buttered- t watched laughed missedd d- d deep dog card bed day dear mind murderdd-d middle sudden odded-d lived changed calmedPractice makes perfect !k c- k cold card cup cat come cool cookk- k key desk milk keepck-k lock cock soc
33、k mockch-k school ache chemistryqu-k queen quick quiet question quit quiz g- golf glass gate dig again game girlgg- egg beggar giggle luggagegh- ghostgu- guess guestPractice makes perfect !s s- s say sky sit smile booksc- s city cycle circle cinemass- s lesson pass miss grasssc- s science scene scen
34、tse- s mousece- s voice science juice rice mice facez z- z zoo zero zip zebras- z is his tears busy easyzz- z puzzle jazz dizzyze- z prize freezese- z nose rose cheese pleasex- z xerox xylophonePractice makes perfect ! s- sure sugarsh- wish ship wash fashion shame shutss- assure pressure Russiaci- s
35、ocial special ancientti- station action nations- measure pleasure treasuresi- television accasion explosion confusionPractice makes perfect ! ch- rich which chair cheap cheer coachch- catch watch kitchench- future nature century g- page large danger angelj- jar jam July job justdge- bridge judge edg
36、edu- schedule procedurePractice makes perfect !f f- f fish finger floor life fatff- f off office offer giraffeph- f telephone elephant photo physicalgh- flaugh enoughv v- v very heavy vase videove- v love live wave havePractice makes perfect ! th- mouth tooth death thing thank think thick th- mother
37、 father this that they there theirthe- soothe clothes breathePractice makes perfect !ts ts- ts hats cats boats petstes- ts gates kitesdz ds- dz beds kids cards handsds- dz decades spadesPractice makes perfect !tr tr- tr truck treat try tradedrdr- dr dry drip drug dressPractice makes perfect !h h- h
38、hide hair him handwh- h who whoser r- r red real ready riserr- r mirrior arrive carry sorrywr- r write wrong wreath wrenchPractice makes perfect !l l- l like lead lot tall mail l- l well bell smellm m- m mud much smart animalmm- m summer grammar commonmb- m climb thumb combmn- m autumnPractice makes
39、 perfect !n n- n no find nine brainnn- n winner funny sunny dinnerkn- n knife know knowledgegn- n sign design foreigner n- pink ink think anger singerng- song long young wingPractice makes perfect !w w- w with work word winewh- w when which where why what whalej y- j yellow year yeah you youngi- j m
40、illion billion trillionPractice makes perfect !ChapterChapter 3 3发音技巧发音技巧TipsTips forfor pronunciationpronunciation1.consonant + vowel(辅音+元音) far away come on seven oclock take off not at all put up look at it first of all after all an American a bottle of ink from A to Z here and there连音连音 Liaison
41、2.vowel + vowel(元音+元音),需加音。u:uau+ vowel,加w音 do(w) it no(w) end go(w) on throw (w) it allow(w) iti:ieiai? i+ vowel, 加j音 see (j) it see (j) off we (j) agree the (j) other copy (j) it stay (j) up fly (j) up annoy (j) each (j) other连音连音 Liaison Practice all the sentences!Ill think it over.Im woking on i
42、t.Class starts at eight.I dont care if they do.Lisa is a very quiet self-effacing person.It is not a bright idea to drag your feet when the work needs to be done.连音连音 Liaison 1.结尾及开头同音 wi(th) that I wan(t) to so(me) more tea ta(ke) care of 略音略音 Elision2.辅音tdkgpb+辅音 jus(t) now kin(d) nurse si(t) down
43、 goo(d) bye blin(d) man a ba(d) cold a ba(d) boy a blac(k) board a han(d) bag a sui(t) case 略音略音 ElisionPractice all the sentences!Ye(s), sir.I ca(n) never forget it.You a(te) too much.I don(t) know wha(t) to do.This is an ol(d) pi(c)ture of a bi(g) car.You can put i(t) down in the bi(g) garden. I b
44、ought a chea(p) book, but its a goo(d) book.略音略音 Elision咬舌音 Fricativesthrift athlete mouthful wreath breath thrive soothe weather other then there they咬舌音 FricativesPractice all the sentences!Its the same thing.Something is better than nothing.The three athletes were out of breath.Theory is somethin
45、g,but practice is everything.Father and mother went through thick and thin.There are three thousand three hundred and thirty-three featherson that birds throat.They think that these things are better than those as the thicker things are better than thin things.变音Change the pronunciation t-dIts a lit
46、tle bit cold today.Whats the matter with you?Youd better start off right now.would/could/did-youWould you like some coffee?Could you help me with this?Why did you come so late?变音Change the pronunciation have to-haftaI have to go now.You have to finish this today!Have/has got to-have/has gottaIve got
47、ta study tonight.Ive gatta go right now.变音Change the pronunciation want to-wannaI dont wanna go there.Do you wanna go with me?going to-gonnaIm gonna get something to drink.Are you gonna be free tonight?变音Change the pronunciation More sentences you need to know!I dont know.Am I right?Give me some mor
48、e coffee, please!Come on, you can do it!I dont understand what you were saying just now. 浊化及同化Assimilationsk-sg skirt skate skull school st-sd student stool stand stupidsp-sb spring sport spend splendidstr-sdr street strict strange stretch浊化及同化Assimilationtj- intellectual picture centurydj- graduate
49、 individual educationsj- sure sugar pressure鼻音和边音Nasals and Lateralsm modern mom seldom calmn in warn opinion thin thank interesting sing morning coming and going lcall well pull billion鼻音和边音Nasals and LateralsOnly time will tell.The moon waxes.Its a nice moonlight tonight.Everything is going to be
50、fine.Hes the last person I will ask for help.Tom is coming with some ham and marmalade.Never trouble troubles until troubles trouble you.Spring, the sweet spring, is the years pleasant king.Canners can can what they can can but can not can things cant be canned.长元音及双元音Long vowels and diphthongsI lik
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