工程师职业道德和责任60页PPT课件.ppt

1、|为何要探讨工程师的社会责为何要探讨工程师的社会责任、职业道德？任、职业道德？|社会责任社会安全、环境社会责任社会安全、环境保护、公众福利、可持续发保护、公众福利、可持续发展展 |职业道德职业道德z知识产权意识知识产权意识z工程安全质量意识工程安全质量意识z职场操守职场操守工程工程(Engineering)(Engineering)是服务于某个特是服务于某个特定目的的各种技术工作的总和定目的的各种技术工作的总和 |“服务于某个特定目的服务于某个特定目的” 社会应用性社会应用性 |“各项技术工作的总和各项技术工作的总和” 技术运用的综合性技术运用的综合性 |“利用资源为人类服务利用资源为人类服务

2、” 改变自然提供价值改变自然提供价值|科学技术是一把双刃剑，其运科学技术是一把双刃剑，其运用可能产生积极意义，也可能用可能产生积极意义，也可能产生负面影响产生负面影响 生态失衡生态失衡环境恶化环境恶化人口失控人口失控资源枯竭资源枯竭 |雷切尔卡逊雷切尔卡逊 ，寂静的春天寂静的春天，1962 关于农药危害人类环境关于农药危害人类环境的预言的预言 ：杀虫剂的过分使用与人：杀虫剂的过分使用与人类基本价值不协调。杀虫剂制造类基本价值不协调。杀虫剂制造了了“死亡之河死亡之河”，“寂静的春寂静的春天天”。|1970年美国成立环境保护署，在年美国成立环境保护署，在很大程度上是由于卡逊所唤起的很大程度上是由于

3、卡逊所唤起的意识和关怀。杀虫剂管制和食品意识和关怀。杀虫剂管制和食品安全调查机构从农业部移到了新安全调查机构从农业部移到了新机构。机构。负面效应的原因：负面效应的原因：|人类认识水平的局限人类认识水平的局限 |已知危害，但为了其他因素（如维护国家已知危害，但为了其他因素（如维护国家民族利益，刺激经济增长、追求短期的经民族利益，刺激经济增长、追求短期的经济效益或满足公众的消费需求等）仍然实济效益或满足公众的消费需求等）仍然实施施 |疏忽大意，对技术运用不当疏忽大意，对技术运用不当|工程负责人或设计者缺少社会责任感，道工程负责人或设计者缺少社会责任感，道德意识，为经济利益或其他个人动机不负德意识，

4、为经济利益或其他个人动机不负责任地主动实施责任地主动实施|科技神话论科技神话论 |人类深沉的忧患意识已表现在古人类深沉的忧患意识已表现在古希腊神话、基督教神学、近代怀希腊神话、基督教神学、近代怀疑主义以及中国人的居安思危的疑主义以及中国人的居安思危的思想中思想中 |农业汲水机械（学名农业汲水机械（学名“桔槔桔槔”，一种利用杠杆原理制作的工一种利用杠杆原理制作的工具具）庄子庄子天地篇天地篇：“有有机械必有机事，有机事必有机心。机械必有机事，有机事必有机心。机心存乎胸中则皂白不辨，神生机心存乎胸中则皂白不辨，神生不定，道之所不载也！不定，道之所不载也！” ” |诺贝尔奖获得者汉内斯诺贝尔奖获得者汉

5、内斯. . 阿尔阿尔文表示：文表示：“人类要生存下去，人类要生存下去，就必须回到二十五个世纪前，就必须回到二十五个世纪前，去汲取孔子的智慧。去汲取孔子的智慧。” ” |社会学家费孝通先生社会学家费孝通先生 ：“2121世世纪人与自然，人与人之间的矛纪人与自然，人与人之间的矛盾将空前激化盾将空前激化”。为此他呼唤。为此他呼唤一位新一位新“孔子孔子”的出现，用的出现，用“天人合一天人合一”、“和为贵和为贵”等等“和谐哲学和谐哲学”去调节各种矛盾。去调节各种矛盾。|科技是应当受到科技是应当受到控制控制的力量，的力量，必须受人类价值的控制，必须必须受人类价值的控制，必须有有人文精神人文精神的约束、受人

6、类理的约束、受人类理智、情感乃至常识的制约，才智、情感乃至常识的制约，才能成为人性化的、能够真正促能成为人性化的、能够真正促进人类幸福的力量进人类幸福的力量 工程实践：受多种因素制约的复工程实践：受多种因素制约的复杂的运作体系杂的运作体系|科学技术在生产过程中的有效应用科学技术在生产过程中的有效应用|组织管理、组织管理、协调协调、经济核算、经济核算|协调环境、社会、政治、法律、文化协调环境、社会、政治、法律、文化等多种因素以控制其广泛的社会影响等多种因素以控制其广泛的社会影响|一项工程是否具有可行性及其最终的一项工程是否具有可行性及其最终的成败不单取决于技术因素，还取决于多种成败不单取决于技术

7、因素，还取决于多种非技术因素非技术因素 美国学者美国学者J. J.波多格纳：波多格纳：“工程师在组织化社会中的工程师在组织化社会中的基本作用是一种基本作用是一种整合作用整合作用，工程师的作用是构建整体工程师的作用是构建整体”。 |工程的经济效益工程的经济效益|工程可能对公众利益产生的影响工程可能对公众利益产生的影响|工程对环境产生的影响工程对环境产生的影响|工程的安全可靠程度及对工人的劳动保工程的安全可靠程度及对工人的劳动保护措施护措施|与该地区文化等社会因素的兼容性与该地区文化等社会因素的兼容性|对施工所在地居民的影响及安置方案对施工所在地居民的影响及安置方案|是否与有关法律相抵触是否与有关

8、法律相抵触工程技术的复杂性和广泛的社工程技术的复杂性和广泛的社会联系性要求工程师：会联系性要求工程师： |精通技术业务，解决好专业技术精通技术业务，解决好专业技术难题难题|善于合作、协调，处理好各种社善于合作、协调，处理好各种社会关系会关系|具备道德素养，对雇主负责，更具备道德素养，对雇主负责，更对社会公众、对环境及人类未来负对社会公众、对环境及人类未来负责责价值判断：价值判断： |技术价值判断技术价值判断|经济价值判断经济价值判断|道德价值判断道德价值判断 全面的社会效益和全面的社会效益和人类长远发展的道义眼光人类长远发展的道义眼光 |世界范围内，资源公正、环境公正、世界范围内，资源公正、环

9、境公正、全球气候问题的全球气候问题的国家责任国家责任讨论将因为个别讨论将因为个别大国继续不与国际社会合作而继续，更多大国继续不与国际社会合作而继续，更多的国际组织和国际公约会因此出现；的国际组织和国际公约会因此出现；|国际社会将进一步在平衡这些问题上国际社会将进一步在平衡这些问题上作出实际的努力作出实际的努力|工程及技术教育认证委员会（工程及技术教育认证委员会（ABET）在进行工程学学科认证时要求工程伦理学在进行工程学学科认证时要求工程伦理学必须被纳入在工程教育中必须被纳入在工程教育中|真正的道德，应当是人人可为、真正的道德，应当是人人可为、人人可做、人人可行的人人可做、人人可行的平常行为平常

10、行为|中国的德育之所以不尽人意，恰中国的德育之所以不尽人意，恰恰在于恰在于平常时期、平常之人平常时期、平常之人感受感受到的德育效果不明显到的德育效果不明显|在今天进入在今天进入“智育盛世智育盛世”的时代，的时代，德育一下子缺席或成为空白德育一下子缺席或成为空白 |中国道德的真正建立，必须从对中国道德的真正建立，必须从对三种虚奢道德的告别入手：一是三种虚奢道德的告别入手：一是告别告别自虐症自虐症；一是告别；一是告别自宠症自宠症；一是告别根深蒂固的一是告别根深蒂固的自私症自私症！|在中国，生产安全、公共安全、在中国，生产安全、公共安全、环境安全、食品安全会继续成为我环境安全、食品安全会继续成为我国

11、政府和民间关注的焦点；国政府和民间关注的焦点；|工程技术工作者的职业精神和科工程技术工作者的职业精神和科学态度也将继续成为社会关注的热学态度也将继续成为社会关注的热点；点；|工程伦理教育将会成为工程教育工程伦理教育将会成为工程教育重大改革的问题而被关注。重大改革的问题而被关注。 职业社团章程：保护公众健康和安全，职业社团章程：保护公众健康和安全，保证社会的可持续发展保证社会的可持续发展 保护环境保护环境；可持续发展：可持续发展：是一个变化的过程，其中，投资的是一个变化的过程，其中，投资的方向、技术的导向、资源的分配、制度的方向、技术的导向、资源的分配、制度的改革和作用应改革和作用应直接直接满足

12、人们当前的需求和满足人们当前的需求和渴望，同时渴望，同时不危及不危及自然界承载人类活动的自然界承载人类活动的能力，也能力，也不危及不危及子孙后代满足他们自我需子孙后代满足他们自我需求和渴望的能力。求和渴望的能力。|取材于真实事件，不露取材于真实事件，不露声色地展现和弘扬了人声色地展现和弘扬了人类类捍卫正义捍卫正义的可贵精神的可贵精神 |埃琳埃琳布罗克维奇（朱布罗克维奇（朱莉娅莉娅罗伯茨饰）发现罗伯茨饰）发现当地社区内隐藏着重大当地社区内隐藏着重大环境污染事件，而居民环境污染事件，而居民们对此并未察觉，逐渐们对此并未察觉，逐渐被埃琳打动，被埃琳打动，团结起来团结起来对抗污染对抗污染。在各方的帮。

13、在各方的帮助下，终于得到了赔偿，助下，终于得到了赔偿，并创造了美国历史上同并创造了美国历史上同类民事案件的赔偿金额类民事案件的赔偿金额之最。之最。|埃琳用无比坚韧向世人埃琳用无比坚韧向世人证明了证明了一个一个“弱女子弱女子”的价值的价值。 如何合理地保护环境？如何合理地保护环境？ 可承受的成本、现实可行可承受的成本、现实可行的技术、人类健康不受直接影响、的技术、人类健康不受直接影响、自然资源可再生自然资源可再生历经历经30多年的探索，试图在经济多年的探索，试图在经济考虑与保护人类健康的需求之间寻考虑与保护人类健康的需求之间寻求平衡。求平衡。伤害度标准：伤害度标准：当污染物对人类健康构成了一个确

14、切当污染物对人类健康构成了一个确切而紧迫的威胁时，而紧迫的威胁时，必须必须将它们将它们降低降低到合理到合理的危害临界值之下。此时，成本不应该作的危害临界值之下。此时，成本不应该作为一个重要的考虑因素，至于当某一物质为一个重要的考虑因素，至于当某一物质对人类健康构成了一个不确定的（但是可对人类健康构成了一个不确定的（但是可能的）危害，或者当人们不能确定危害的能的）危害，或者当人们不能确定危害的临界值时，可以考虑临界值时，可以考虑经济因素经济因素。如果伤害。如果伤害不能被挽回，那么就应该赋予它以更高的不能被挽回，那么就应该赋予它以更高的优先考虑权。优先考虑权。仅仅是仅仅是“技术性技术性”问题吗？问

15、题吗？你被分配到工厂（排放废水）当环境你被分配到工厂（排放废水）当环境工程师，工程师，废水流入繁华旅游区的湖泊废水流入繁华旅游区的湖泊。同。同行工厂都处于微利状态，但竞争依然激烈。行工厂都处于微利状态，但竞争依然激烈。你负责监测工厂排放的废水和废气，你负责监测工厂排放的废水和废气，并定期向自然资源部门提交报告。你的报并定期向自然资源部门提交报告。你的报告表明废水超标，上司说告表明废水超标，上司说“你应该把这样你应该把这样的超标看成仅仅是的超标看成仅仅是 “技术性技术性”问题问题 ，你，你应应“调整调整”数据数据，以使工厂似乎达标，以使工厂似乎达标”。焦点：小小超标对人类和鱼类的危害焦点：小小超

16、标对人类和鱼类的危害不会更大，而解决超标就必须投入大量资不会更大，而解决超标就必须投入大量资金购买新设备金购买新设备落后竞争对手，公布出落后竞争对手，公布出去影响工厂形象去影响工厂形象环境工程师的基本责任？环境工程师的基本责任？如何回应上司的要求？如何回应上司的要求？l公司的工厂经理公司的工厂经理l公司的总经理公司的总经理l竞争公司的环境工程师竞争公司的环境工程师l竞争公司的工厂经理竞争公司的工厂经理l政府的自然资源部门政府的自然资源部门l当地从事旅游业的商人当地从事旅游业的商人l在湖中游泳的孩童的父母们在湖中游泳的孩童的父母们l在湖中打鱼（食用鱼）的人们在湖中打鱼（食用鱼）的人们Ethics

17、 game widely used in major corporations |Complaints and Whistle-blowing (Supervisor takes credit for anothers work)In a department meeting, your supervisor takes credit for some excellent work of a colleague who is absent. What do you do? Answer A: Put the word out to your fellow workers as to who r

18、eally did the work . Comment: 0 pointsIt is the truth but cutting the legs off your supervisor is never smart. Disrespect is also unethical. Answer B: Seek a private meeting with the supervisor in order to make sure your colleague gets credit, at least in the supervisors head. Comment: 5 pointsThis

19、can be done only with considerable tact on your part and understanding on the part of the supervisor. Answer C: During a meeting with the big boss inadvertently let it slip that your colleague did not get the credit he deserved on a recent project.Comment: - 5 pointsIf it gets back to your superviso

20、r, you will never convince him it was inadvertent-even I dont believe it was inadvertent. Answer D: Inform your colleague as to what took place and let him take whatever action he desires.Comment: 10 pointsThe easiest course of action and, in the long run, the best. After all, are you sure you know

21、all the facts and all the ramifications? It was your colleague who was injured, not you, so only he knows how badly.|Signing off on WorkYou are the engineer responsible for the design of a project. A subcontractor has completed the design drawings, but you feel that there are some shortcomings in th

22、e drawings. Your division manager and the government representative, while conceding that the drawings are not completely accurate, are pressuring you to sign the drawings because failure to meet the budget milestone will jeopardize the entire project. They have assured you that the corrections can

23、be made during project construction. What should you do?Answer A: You want to be known as a team player and want to please your manager and customer, so you reluctantly sign the drawings. Comment: - 20 pointsNot only have you set yourself up for potential liabilities, but you have compromised the in

24、tegrity and credibility of the company.Answer B: You refuse to sign the drawings, even though you realize that the project may be terminated. Comment: 0 pointsYou have refused to compromise your integrity, but an important multimillion dollar project may collapse.Answer C: You sign the drawings but

25、document your concerns in an attachment to the drawing. Comment: 10 pointsA wise solution. You protect yourself and the company from potential liability while not compromising your integrity.Answer D: You ask for assistance from the Ethics Office.Comment: 10 pointsBy contacting the Ethics Office you

26、r concerns are documented, and with help from the Ethics Office you should be able to find a reasonable compromise.|A Complaint of Retribution for Following ProceduresA quality inspector alleges she is suffering retribution because she follows established procedures in documenting all defective hard

27、ware and not permitting hand-backs. As head of Quality, what are your views? Answer A: Hand-backs allow the production line to fix the hardware and keep the assembly line going. Weve got a schedule to meet.Comment: -10 points Hand-backs are nothing more than You rub my back and Ill rub yours and don

28、t reflect acceptable quality procedure. Also, this practice undermines overall corporate quality practice.Answer B: We have to work hand-in-glove with production operations. Not charging them for every little mistake makes their record look a little better. After all, we are a team. Comment: -10 poi

29、nts Any good company wants the quality people and the production people all to be part of an outstanding team, not a sloppy team. Answer C: Im an experienced inspector and I know whats serious and what isnt. The really serious cases are the ones we want to make sure we document . Comment: -10 points

30、 Getting close counts only in horseshoes. What youre suggesting is that every quality inspector set his or her own standards-which defeats the purpose of quality standards. Answer D: The policy states all will be documented - and that means all. Comment: 10 points The quality process strives for per

31、fection, 100 percent of the time. The integrity of the process demands reporting whenever it falls short of that goal. |Intellectual Property: A Patentable DeviceWhile working for your company, you invent a device that has a potential for making you wealthy. You used the companys lab and test facili

32、ties but did the work on your own time. What do you do with your invention? Answer A: Take it to the legal department for determination of ownership rights and appropriate disposition.Comment: 10 points This is the company policy.Answer B: See a local attorney and have him file for a patent in your

33、name. Comment: -10 points This response violates company policy. Answer C: Submit your invention for consideration for award in your companys ideas count program. Comment: 5 points This is a step in the right direction; may get the matter to legal, certainly is not wrong. Answer D: Contact those com

34、panies who would have interest in your invention and sell it to the highest bidder. Comment: -10 points This violates company policy.|Questions of Bribes or Conflict of Interest A fine Line between optimism and lyingA defense program has not yet been formally approved nor have the funds been allocat

35、ed. Nevertheless, because it all looks good and you need to get started in order to meet schedule, you start negotiating with a supplier. What do you tell the supplier? Answer A: This is a hot program for both of us. Approval is imminent. Lets get all the preliminary work underway. Comment: 0 points

36、 Avoids the issues. A good supplier would have many questions.Answer B: The program is a go. I want you under contract as soon as possible. Comment: -10 points Is so optimistic it borders on misrepresentation. In this case, optimism is lying spelled differently.Answer C: Start work and we will cover

37、 your costs when we get the contract. Comment: -20 points Could be illegal.Answer D: If you want to be part of the team on this important great program, you, like us, will have to shoulder some of the start-up costs.Comment: 10 points Tells it like it is.|Aggression from your supervisorYou are a qua

38、lity inspector. After making your own calculations, you disagree with your supervisor as to the acceptable quality of the item you have been asked to pass through. With a rolled-up newspaper in his hand, your supervisor swings it in your direction, hitting the back of the chair you are sitting in. W

39、hat do you do ? Answer A: Swing back at him. Comment: - 10 points Why stoop to his level? Answer B: State unequivocally that such behavior is unacceptable in business and advise him you intend to take this matter up with the manager, to whom you both report. Comment: 10 points Not only will this res

40、ponse get the item a third-party inspection, but it will also put your supervisor on notice that you dont accept his action.Answer C: Get up and go straight to the EEO office. Comment: 5 points This is your privilege, but it doesnt solve the quality problem.The Equal Employment Office or Equal Oppor

41、tunity Office handles complaints of discrimination from employees and is most appropriately used if an employee suspects discrimination and does not feel comfortable raising that issue with the manager. Answer D: Since the boss says, I was only joking, you ignore the act. Comment: - 5 points Intimidation unchecked is intimidation encouraged. Lack of response will encourage this sort of behavior to expand.