2.何少健－肌组织与神经组织课件.ppt

1、EPITHELIAL TISSUE andCONNECTIVE TISSUE （reviewreview）He shaojian（何少健）何少健）Constitution Constitution of human body of human body from from macroscopymacroscopy to microscopy to microscopyhuman human body body systemssystemsorgansorganstissuestissuescellscells and and intercellularintercellularmaterial

2、smaterialssubcellularsubcellularstructuresstructuresmoleculemolecules satomsatomsneutronneutronprotonprotonEPITHELIAL TISSUE * Covering Epithelium SimpleEpith.Simple Squamous Epith.Simple Cuboidal Epith.Simple Columnar Epith. Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epith.StratifiedEpith. Stratified Squam

3、ous Epith.Stratified Columnar Epith.Transitional Epith.* Glandular Epithelium and Glands* Specialized Structure of Epithelial CellClassification of GlandsStructure of Exocrine Glands Types of Glandular Cells* Covering Epithelium * Glandular Epithelium and Glands* Specialized Structure of Epithelial

4、Cell Exocrine Gland Endocrine Gland Acinus or Secretory Portion DuctSerous cellMucous cellEPITHELIAL TISSUEEPITHELIAL TISSUE * Covering Epithelium * Glandular Epithelium and Glands* Specialized Structure of Epithelial CellFree Specialization Lateral Spec.Basal Spec.MicrovilliCilia Tight Junction Int

5、ermediate JunctionDesmosome Gap Junction Basement Membrane Plesma Membrane InfoldingHemidesmosomeCONNECTIVE TISSUE* *Connective Connective Tissues Tissues ProperProper * * Blood Blood and and LymphLymph* * Cartilage Cartilage and and Bone BoneLooseLoose Connective Connective TissueTissueDense Connec

6、tive Dense Connective Tissue TissueAdipose TissueAdipose TissueReticular TissueReticular TissueCellsCellsFibersFibers GroundGroundSubstanceSubstanceFibroblastsPlasma CellsMacrophagesMast CellsAdipose Cells未分化的间充质细胞未分化的间充质细胞 白细胞白细胞 Collagen FibersReticular FibersElastic FibersProteoglycan (forming mo

7、lecular sieve)GlycoproteinTissue FluidMesenchymeCONNECTIVE TISSUE* *Connective Connective Tissues Tissues ProperProper* * Blood Blood and Lymph and Lymph* * Cartilage Cartilage and and Bone BoneLoose Connective TissueLoose Connective Tissue Dense Dense Connective Connective Tissue Tissue AdiposeAdip

8、ose Tissue TissueReticular Reticular Tissue TissueDense Regular Connective TissueDense Irregular Connective TissueElastic TissueWhite Adipose TissueBlown Adipose TissueReticular CellsReticular FibersMatrixCONNECTIVE TISSUE* Blood and LymphErythrocytesLeukocytesBlood Platelets* * Connective Connectiv

9、e Tissues Tissues Proper ProperStructure of Bone MarrowHaemopoiesisBlood （1） Structure of Bone Marrow and Haemopoiesis Lymph* * Cartilage Cartilage And Bone And BoneCONNECTIVE TISSUE* * Cartilage Cartilage And Bone And BoneHyaline CartilageFibrous CartilageElastic Cartilage* * Connective Connective

10、Tissues Tissues ProperProper* * Blood Blood and Lymph and LymphBone TissueLong BoneCartilageCartilage（1 1）BoneBone（2 2）Bone Bone developmentdevelopmentIntramembranous Ossification Endochondral OssificationMUSCLE MUSCLE TISSUETISSUEHe shaojian (何少健何少健)NERVOUSNERVOUS TISSUETISSUE&MUSCLE TISSUE（0）* Ske

11、letal Muscle* Cardiac Muscle* Smooth Muscle Structuer Under L.M （1） Ultrastructure & Molecular Constitution Mechanism of Contraction Types of Skeletal Muscle FibersMyofibrils Transverse tubules(T-tubules)Sarcoplasmic reticulum, (L-tubules)MUSCLE TISSUE（0）* Skeletal Muscle Ultrastructure & Molecular

12、ConstitutionMyofibrils （2）Thick filaments（3）Thin filaments Myosin（肌球蛋白）（肌球蛋白）Actin（肌动蛋白）（肌动蛋白）Tropomyosin（原（原肌球蛋白肌球蛋白）Troponin（肌钙蛋白）（肌钙蛋白）MUSCLE TISSUE（0）* Skeletal Muscle* Cardiac Muscle* Smooth Muscle Structuer Under L.M Ultrastructure & Molecular Constitution Mechanism Of Contraction（5） Types of

13、Skeletal Muscle FibersMyofibrils Transverse tubules(T-tubules)（4）Sarcoplasmic reticulum, (L-tubules)MUSCLE TISSUE* Skeletal Muscle* Cardiac Muscle* Smooth Muscle Structuer Under L.MUltrastructure & Molecular ConstitutionTransverse tubules (T-tubules) Sarcoplasmic reticulum (L-tubules)Thick filaments

14、Thin filamentsStructuer Under L.M.Ultrastructure & Molecular ConstitutionMechanism of ContractionNERVOUS TISSUE （0） Neurons Synapse Neuroglia cells Nerve Fibers and Nerves Nerve endings Neurotrophic Factors and Neural Stem Cell Shape （1）Structure （2）Classification SomaNeuriteMembraneNucleusPerikaryo

15、n The Numbers of Neurite Long or Short Axon Function Releasing the Sorts of NeurotransmittersDendritesAxonNERVOUS TISSUEClassificationof Neurons （3） The Number of Neurites Long or Short Axon Function Releasing the Sorts of Neurotrans- mittersPseudounipolar NeuronBipolar NeuronMultipolar NeuronGolgi

16、type I NeuronGolgi type II NeuronSensory NeuronInterneuron Motor NeuronCholinergic NeuronAminergic NeuronPeptidergic NeuronNERVOUS TISSUESynapse(1)(1)NeuronTypesClassifi-cationStructure of Chemical SynapsesAxodendritic SynapseAxospinous SynapseAxosomatic SynapseAxoaxonal SynapseDendrodendritic Synap

17、seElectrical SynapseChemical SynapsePresynaptic Element (Synaptic Bouton)Synaptic Cleft Postsynaptic ElementNeuroglia cells Nerve Fibers and Nerves Nerve endingsNeurotrophic Factors and Neural Stem Cell Structure Influence OnNext Cell Excitatory SynapseInhibitory SynapseNERVOUS TISSUENeuroglia or gl

18、ial CellsNeuronSynapseGlial Cells In the Central Nervous SystemGlial Cells In the Peripheral Nervous SystemAstrocytesOligodendrocytesMicrogliaEpendymal CellsNerve Fibers and Nerves Nerve Endings Neurotrophic Factors and Neural Stem CellSchwann Cells Satellite Cells *Shape *Structuer*Function*Shape *

19、Structuer*Function*Shape *Structuer*FunctionNERVOUS TISSUENerve Fibers and NervesNeuronSynapseNeuroglia CellsNerve Fibers（1 1）NerveMyelinated N. F. In the Peripheral Nervous SystemMyelinated N. F. In the Central Nervous SystemNerve EndingsNeurotrophic Factors and Neural Stem Cell Mye-linated N. F.（2

20、）Unmye-linated N. F.Unmyelinated N. F. In the Peripheral Nervous SystemUnmyelinated N. F. In the Central Nervous SystemNERVOUS TISSUENerve Endings*Neuron *Synapse*Neuroglia Cells*Nerve Fibers and NervesSensory Nerve EndingMotor Nerve EndingNeurotrophic Factors and Neural Stem Cell Free Nerve EndingE

21、ncapsulated Nerve Ending Tactile Corpuscle （触觉小体）（触觉小体）Lamellar Corpuscle（环层小体）环层小体）Muscle Spindle（肌梭）（肌梭）Somatic Motor Nerve EndingVisceral Motor Nerve EndingNERVOUS TISSUE*Neurotrophic Factors and Neural Stem Cell *Neuron *Synapse *Neuroglia Cells*Nerve Fibers and Nerves *Nerve EndingsNeurotrophic

22、 FactorsNeural Stem Cell组织学总论自习与思考组织学总论自习与思考 1 1、通过组织学总论的学习，你对组织学有何认识？、通过组织学总论的学习，你对组织学有何认识？2 2、请将每一基本组织的框架列出。、请将每一基本组织的框架列出。3 3、各基本组织的知识点有哪些？、各基本组织的知识点有哪些？4 4、各基本组织的知识点如何构成各基本组织、各基本组织的知识点如何构成各基本组织 的内容？的内容？ 5、你如何理解结构和功能的关系（举例说明）？你如何理解结构和功能的关系（举例说明）？ OVERCONNECTIVE TISSUE* *CartilageCartilageandandBo

23、neBoneHyaline Cartilage Fibrous Cartilage Elastic Cartilage* * Connective Connective Tissues Tissues ProperProper* * Blood and Lymph Blood and LymphCartilage Tissue PerichondriumFormation and Growth of CartilageCartilage MatrixChondrocyteInterstitial GrowthAppositional GrowthCONNECTIVE TISSUE* * Bon

24、e BoneBone Tissue Long Bone* * Connective Connective Tissues Tissues ProperProper* * Blood and Blood and Lymph Lymph* * Cartilage CartilageBone MatrixBone CellsOsteoprogenitor CellOsteoblastsOsteocytesOsteoclastsSpongy BoneCompact BonePeriosteum(Outer/inner) Circumferential LamellaeOsteon or Haversi

25、an SystemInterstitial LamellaeCONNECTIVE TISSUE BloodNeutrophilic Granulocyte (Neutrophils) Eosinophilic Granulocyte (Eosinophils) Basophilic Granulocyte (Basophils)Monocytes LymphocytesErythrocytesLeukocytesBlood Platelets*Shape *Structuer*Function*Shape *Structuer*Function*Shape *Structuer*Functio

26、nOVERVIEW1.Components（组成）（组成）： Muscle cells and a litter of L.C.T. 2. Types ： Skeletal muscle （骨骼肌）（骨骼肌） Cardiac muscle （心肌）（心肌） Smooth muscle （平滑肌）（平滑肌）OVERVIEW3. The Several Terminology：Muscle fiber/cell（肌纤维（肌纤维/肌细胞）：肌细胞）： Because of their shape like the fiber.Sarcolemma（肌膜）：（肌膜）： The membrane of

27、the muscle cell.Sarcoplasm（肌质（肌质/浆）：浆）： The plasma of the muscle cell.Sarcoplasmic Reticulum（肌质（肌质/浆网）：浆网）： The smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cell.（1） Shape & Size（2） Nucleus（3） SarcoplasmShape & Structure of Skeletal Muscle CellUnder Light Microscope（1） Shape & Size： long cylinder 1 40

28、 mm in the length 10100 m in diameterShape & Structure of Skeletal Muscle CellUnder Light Microscope（2） Nucleus (Nuclei )： polynucleation peripheral flat-ellipse (扁椭圆形扁椭圆形)Shape & Structure of Skeletal Muscle CellUnder Light Microscope（3）Sarcoplasm： Sarcoplasm is full of longitudinal myofibrils, and

29、 among them there are many organelles such as mitochondria.Shape & Structure of Skeletal Muscle CellUnder Light MicroscopeMyofibril（肌原纤维）：（肌原纤维）： Each myofibril is composed of repeating subunits called sarcomeres，which are composed of myofilaments.Shape & Structure of Skeletal Muscle CellUnder Light

30、 MicroscopeSkeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle Fibers（longitudinal section）MyofibrilCross StriationMuscle Satellite CellSkeletal Muscle Fibers（transverse section）Muscle Cell MyofibrilNucleiMuscle Fiber and MyofibrilMuscle FiberMyofibril I band A bandCross StriationMuscle Fiber and MyofibrilMuscle FiberMy

31、ofibril I band A bandCross StriationI band.(I/明带明带) A band.(A/暗带暗带) Band Patterns of the MyofibrilMuscle Fiber and MyofibrilMuscle FiberMyofibril I band A bandCross StriationMyofibrilI bandA band线线Myofibril（electronic microscope）A band band lineI bandlineline I band.(明带明带): Z line. Thin line in midd

32、le of the I band, caused by the presence of the Z disk. Band Patterns of the Myofibril线线Myofibril（electronic microscope）A band band lineI bandlineline A band.(暗带暗带): H band M line Band Patterns of the Myofibril线线Myofibril（electronic microscope）A band band lineI bandlineline A band.(暗带暗带): H band. Th

33、e central region of the A band, which is slightly lighter in appearance because it does not have thin filaments in it. Band Patterns of the Myofibril A band.(暗带暗带): M line There is a central dark line in A band. there are structural proteins at the location that bind to thick filaments to keep them

34、in register. Band Patterns of the Myofibril线线Myofibril（electronic microscope）A band band lineI bandlinelineSarcomereSarcomere( (肌节肌节) ) A segment of myofibril between two neighbor Z line. I band + A band + I band The basal contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle cells.Location:Structure:Function:My

35、ofibrilI bandA bandlineline bandSarcomere lineMyofibrillinelineThick FilamentThin Filamentline lineline H band I band(thin filament only)A band(thick filament only)thin & thick filamentsCross bridge Molecule Myosin（bean-bud shape）Head（ATPase）RodTroponin肌钙（原）蛋白肌钙（原）蛋白Actin肌动蛋白肌动蛋白Tropomyosin原肌球蛋白原肌球蛋

36、白Thin FilamentComposed mainly of the protein actin. Smaller amounts of tropomyosin and troponin are present. The pointcombined with myosina pair of spiral chains of molecule actinActin肌动蛋白肌动蛋白Single molecule actin Tropomyosin 原肌球蛋白原肌球蛋白a pair of spiral chains of multipeptideTroponin 肌钙（原）蛋白肌钙（原）蛋白（t

37、hree subunites）Troponin 肌钙（原）蛋白肌钙（原）蛋白Composed of three spherical subunites, namely, TnT、TnI、TnC.TnTTnITnCcombined with Ca2+regulate mutual link between actin and myosinhelp troponin adhere to tropomyosinTransverse Tubule(T-tubule,横小管) The plasma membrane has tubular invaginations, called T-tubules,

38、 that run into the cytoplasm, branching and surrounding myofibrils. T-tubulesMyofibrilSarcoplasmT-tubulesA bandI bandThin & Thick FilamentsTerminal CisternaTransverse Tubule(T-tubule,横小管) Their function is to carry the action potential(动作电位动作电位) into the cell interior. They associate closely with th

39、e SER in the cell.Transverse Tubule(T-tubule,横小管) Their location is at the interface between I band and A band in skeletal muscle cell.Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (肌质/浆网)Longitudinal Tubule ( L- tubule,纵小管 ) It forms a network between and around the myofibrils. At level of A band - I band interface, ther

40、e are terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that flank a T-tubule. Usually two terminal cisternae /per T tubule: therefore this complex is called a triad(三连体). Two triads/per sarcomere. It can reserve calcium ions.T-tubules&L-tubulesMyofibrilSarcoplasmT-tubulesA bandI bandThin & Thick Fil

41、amentsL-tubulesTerminal CisternaN N冲动冲动 肌膜肌膜 横小管横小管 终池终池及及纵小管纵小管，释放释放钙离子钙离子骨骼肌的收缩机制（滑动学说）骨骼肌的收缩机制（滑动学说）钙离子钙离子与与肌钙蛋白肌钙蛋白结合结合 细肌丝细肌丝构形改变，构形改变，暴露出暴露出肌动蛋白肌动蛋白的结合的结合位点位点骨骼肌的收缩机制（滑动学说）骨骼肌的收缩机制（滑动学说）粗、细肌丝粗、细肌丝接触接触 肌球蛋白肌球蛋白分子头分子头ATPATP酶酶被激活，分解被激活，分解ATPATP释放能量释放能量 粗肌丝粗肌丝拉着拉着细肌丝细肌丝向向M M线线方向滑动，方向滑动，肌节肌节缩短。缩短。收

42、缩结束后，收缩结束后，钙离子钙离子被泵回被泵回肌浆网肌浆网，肌钙蛋肌钙蛋白白等恢复原状，肌纤维松弛。等恢复原状，肌纤维松弛。M线 肌球蛋白头肌动蛋白肌钙蛋白TC原肌球蛋白松弛时松弛时Z线Z Z线线收缩时：收缩时：肌节肌节Z Z线线Z Z线线Z Z线线H H带带 M M线线松弛时：松弛时：肌丝滑动，各带变化模式图肌丝滑动，各带变化模式图肌丝滑动模式图肌丝滑动模式图* Nerve Cells（Neurons）： They are the basal structural and functional unite. They can receive stimulations, integrate i

43、nformations and transmit nervous impulses. Some neurons has the endocrine function.* Neuroglia Cells（Neuroglia）： They play an important role in the support , the nutrition, the protection and the insulation for neurons.Constitution of Nervous TissueNeuronNeuritesSomaAxonDendritesShape of Neurons (se

44、ction)H.E stainH.E stain silver stainsilver stainThe soma includes the nucleus and the perikaryon. Nucleuslarge, round, clear, and having distinct nucleolus PerikaryonContains rich organelles The special organelles areNeuron H.E high mag.Nissls bodiesNeurofibrilStructure of NeuronNisslsNissls bodies

45、 bodies （尼氏体尼氏体 ）Definition:The basalphilic substances in the cytoplasm of neuron.Component：Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, RER. &Free RibosomesFunction：synthesize protein.Neuron H.E high mag.NeurofibrilsNeurofibrils（神经原纤维）（神经原纤维）Definition:They are the filaments, which can be demonstrated with silver

46、stain, in cytoplasm.Component：They consists of aggregate of microtubules and neurofilaments. Function：They support the neurons as a cell skeleton and are also involved in the transportation of substances.Neuron silver stain, high mag.Classification of Neurons1、According to the number of their proces

47、sesMultipolar NeuronBipolar NeuronPseudounipolar Neuron2 2、 According to the size of soma and the length of axon:Golgi type:Large soma and long axon Golgi type:Small soma and short axonAxonClassification of Neurons3 3、 According to the functions: Sensory Neuron(or Afferent )Motor Neuron(or Efferent

48、)Interneuron Model of nerve reflex circleClassification of Neurons4、According to releasing the sorts of neurotransmitters or neuromodulators:Classification of Neurons Cholinergic Neurons（胆碱能神经元）（胆碱能神经元） Aminergic Neurons（胺能神经元）（胺能神经元） Peptidergic Neurons（肽能神经元）（肽能神经元） In general, a neuron can only r

49、elease a kind of neurotransmitters（神经递质）（神经递质） or neuromodulators（神经调质）（神经调质）.Synapse（突触）. Definition: It is a specialised cellular junction between a neuron and another one, or a neuron and an effecting cell, where the transmission of messages occurs. Type of the Synapse * Axodendritic Synapses * A

50、xospinous Synapses * Axosomatic Synapses * Axoaxonal Synapses * Dendrodendritic Synapses. Classification： Electrical Synapses Chemical Synapses. Definition: A nerve fiber is composed of an axon and a surrounding sheath formed by the neuroglial cell. Nerve Fiber2 . Classification： *Myelinated nerve f