工程硕士研究生英语基础教程课件.ppt

1、12Table of Contentsv1.Textv2.Exercisev3.Part B:Grammarv4.Part C3Text A:The Land of the Lock4Years ago in America,it was customary for families to leave their doors unlocked,day and night.In this essay,Greene regrets that people can no longer trust each other and have to resort to elaborate security

2、systems to protect themselves and their valuables.Although the author is writing his opinion,he uses many examples to reinforce his ideas and to prove his thesis.5几年前在美国，许多美国家庭的门通常都是日夜不上锁的。在本文中，格林遗憾地指出人们已经不再彼此信任，不得不求助于各种复杂的安全设备来保护自身及其财产。作者在提出自己观点的同时，举出了大量的例子来验证和强调自己的观点。61 In the house where I grew u

3、p,.I dont know if that was a local term or if it is universal;on the latch meant the door was closed but not locked.None of us carried keys;the last one in for the evening would close up,and that was it.71在我长大成人的家里，我们的习惯是晚上把前门闩上。我不知道这是个地方词汇还是广泛的说法；“闩着门”的意思是关着门但却不上锁。我们都不带钥匙；晚上最后进来的人会把门关上，如此而已。82 Thos

4、e days are over.In rural areas as well as in cities,doors do not stay unlocked,even for part of an evening.92那样的日子已经一去不复返了。现在不管是城市还是乡村，门不再是不上锁了，甚至天一黑门就要上锁。103 Suburbs and country areas are,in many ways,even more vulnerable than well-patrolled urban streets.Statistics show the crime rate rising more

5、dramatically in those allegedly tranquil areas than in cities.At any rate,the era of leaving the front door on the latch is over.113郊区及乡村地区在很多方面比巡视得很严密的城市还要容易出事。统计数字表明在那些据称是平静的地区，犯罪率的上升较之城市还要显著。不管怎么说，晚上闩着前门的日子已经结束了。124 It has been replaced by locks,security chains,electronic alarm systems and trip w

6、ires hooked up to a police station or private guard firm.Many suburban families have sliding glass doors on their patios,with steel bars elegantly built in so no one can pry the doors open.134门闩已经被锁、安全链、电子报警系统以及与警察局或私人保镖公司相连的报警线所取代、许多郊区家庭在庭院里都装有滑动的玻璃门，很别致地装有暗藏的钢筋这样就没人能撬开门了。145 It is not uncommon,in

7、the most pleasant of homes,to see pasted on the windows decals announcing that the premises are under surveillance by this security force or that guard company.15 5在很多擦亮的家里，经常能见到窗户上张贴着布告显示本宅受某保安部队或某保安公司的监护。166 The lock is the new symbol of America.Indeed,a recent public-service,advertisement by a la

8、rge insurance company featured not actuarial,charts but a picture of a childs bicycle with the now-usual padlock attached to it.176锁是美国的新的象征。确实，最新的一宗保险公司的公益广告显示的不是数据表格而是一幅画，画面上一个孩子的白行车上挂着一把现在常见的挂锁。187 The ad pointed out that,yes,it is the insurance companies that pay for stolen goods,but who is goin

9、g to pay for what the new atmosphere of distrust and fear is doing to our way of life?Who is going to make the psychic payment for the transformation of America from the Land of the Free to the Land of the Lock?197诚然，广告显示的是保险公司会为你失窃的东西负责，但是又有谁会补偿这种不信任和恐惧的气氛给我们生活方式带来的改变呢?谁来补偿美国由自由大陆转变为上锁的大陆所造成的心理损失呢？

10、208 For that is what has happened.We have become so used to defending ourselves against the new atmosphere of American life,so used to putting up barriers,that we have not had time to think about what it may mean.218情况就是这样。我们已经非常习惯于保护自己不受美国生活新气氛的影响，习惯于围起屏障，却没有时间去考虑这一切意味着什么。229 For some reason we are

11、 satisfied when we think we are well-protected;it does not occur to us to ask ourselves:Why has this happened?Why are we having to barricade ourselves against neighbors and fellow citizens,and when,exactly,did this start to take over our lives?239出于某种原因，我们都满足于受到良好的保护；却从没想过问问自己为什么会这样?为什么一定要在我们自己与邻居和同

12、胞之间设立屏障呢?而且，究竟是什么时候这一现象开始主宰我们的生活呢?2410 And it has taken over.If you work for a medium to large-size company,chances are that you dont just wander in and out of work.You probably carry some kind of access card,electronic or otherwise,that allows you in and out of your place of work.Maybe the security

13、 guard at the front desk knows your face and will wave you in most days,but the fact remains that the business you work for feels threatened enough to keep outsiders away via these keys 2510我们的生活已经受到控制了。如果你在一家大中型公司工作，你很合可能不能随使出入公司。你可能要携带某种电子或非电子的出入卡，才能进出工作单位。也许前合的保安认识你，平时挥挥手就让你进去了，但是事实仍然是你所供职的单位觉得受到

14、了威胁，要通过这样一些“钥匙”挡住外来者。2611 It wasnt always like this.Even a decade ago,most private businesses had a policy of free access.It simply didnt occur to managers that the proper thing to do was to distrust people.2711情况不总是这样的。就在10年前，大多数私人企业都是允许自由出入的。经理们从没想过不相信别人是正常的。2812 Look at the airports.Parents used

15、to take children out to departure gates to watch planes land and take off.Thats all gone.Airports are no longer a place of education and fun;they are the most sophisticated of security encampments.2912看看机场吧。过去父母经常带着孩子们到出站口去看飞机降落和起飞。这样的日子已经一去不复返了。机场不再是教育和娱乐的地方，而是高精尖的安全营地。3013 With electronic X-ray eq

16、uipment,we seem finally to have figured out a way to hold the terrorists,real and imagined,at bay;it was such a relief to solve this problem that we did not think much about what such a state of affairs says about the quality of our lives.We now pass through these electronic friskers without so much

17、 as a sideways glance;the machines,and what they stand for,have won.3113通过x光设备，我们似乎最终找到了遏制真正的和想份中的恐怖分子的办法；解决这样的问题使我们松了一口气，以至于我们不去考虑这种情况对我们的生活质量意味着什么。我们现在目不斜视地通过电子检测仪；机器以及他们所代表的东西取得了胜利。3214 Businessmen,in increasing numbers are purchasing new machines that hook up to the telephone and analyze a calle

18、rs voice.The machines are supposed to tell the businessman,with a small margin of error,whether his friend or client is telling lies.All this is being done in the name of security;that is what we tell ourselves.We are fearful,and so,we devise ways to lock the fear out,and that,we decide,is what secu

19、rity means.3314越来越多的商人都在购买一种新型机器，与电话机连在一起就能分析出打电话音的声音。人们认为这种设备能在很小的误差范围内，判断出他的朋友或客户是否在撒谎。所有这一切都是在“安全”的名义下完成的；我们对自己也是这么说的。我们恐惧，因此我们想出办法把恐惧档在外面，而我们认为，这就是安全。3415 But no,with all this security,we are perhaps the most insecure nation in the history of civilized man.What better word to describe the way in

20、 which we have been forced to live?What better indictment of all that become in this new and puzzling time?3515恰恰相反。尽管有了所有这种“安全”，我们也许是人类文明史上最不安全的国度，有什么更好的词来形容我们被迫所采取的生活方式呢?有什么好办法对我们在这新潮而又令人迷悯的时代中的遭遇进行控诉呢?3616 We trust no one.We have become so smart about self-protection that,in the end,we all outsma

21、rted ourselves.We may have locked the evils out,but in so doing we have locked ourselves in.3716我们不相信任何人。我们已经如此精于自我保护，以至于最终聪明反被聪明误。我们也许把邪恶锁在了外面，但与此同时，我们也把自己锁在了里面。3817 That may be the legacy we remember best when we look back on this age:In dealing with the unseen horrors among us,we became prisoners

22、 of ourselves.All of us prisoners,in this time of our troubles.3917也许当我们回首这个年代时，我们所能记得最清楚的印象就是；在对付这种存在于我们之间的无形的恐怖时，我们成了自己的囚徒。我们所有的人，都成了这个多事之秋的囚徒。401.resortvi.1.诉诸,凭借,求助(+to)It was after the failure of this attempt that he resorted to force.是这次尝试失败之后他才诉诸武力的。2.经常去(+to)The beggar resorted to the restau

23、rant for some soup.这个乞丐常去该饭店要汤喝。n.1.常去的休闲度假之处;名胜C There are many summer resorts in the mountains.在山里有许多避暑胜地。Language Study 412.trip n.C1.跌倒,失足;失误He apologized for the trip of the tongue.他为失言道了歉。vi.1.绊,绊倒(+over)2.轻快地走(或跑);轻快地跳舞QThe kids came tripping down the stairs.孩子们脚步轻捷地走下楼。vt.1.绊,绊倒He tripped th

24、e pickpocket up by the heels.他用脚后跟把扒手绊倒。2.使失误,使犯错误(+up)A few confusing questions tripped up the suspect.几个棘手的问题使嫌疑犯泄漏了真情。Language Study 423.elaborate a.1.精心制作的;精巧的;详尽的They made elaborate costumes for the play.他们为这出戏精心制作戏装。2.复杂的3.煞费苦心的,辛勤的She made elaborate preparations for the party,but no one showe

25、d up.她为了聚会费心准备,但是一个人也没来。She made an elaborate study of Shakespeares works.她刻苦研究莎士比亚的著作。Language Study 434.reinforcevt.1.增援,加强The general reinforced the fort with more troops.将军派更多的军队增援要塞。2.增加,补充,加固3.强化,加深;使更具说服力Newspapers like this tend to reinforce peoples prejudices.像这样的报纸往往加深人们的偏见。Language Study

26、445.pryvt.1.(用杠杆等)撬,撬起,撬动OO8He pried the box open with a screwdriver .他用螺丝起子将箱子撬开。n.1.撬杠,杠杆C vi.1.窥探;窥视(+into/about)Stop prying about the house.别在屋子里到处窥探了。2.刺探,打听(+into)She likes to pry into the private life of her friends.她喜欢打听友人的私生活。Language Study 456.chances are(that)1.可能Chances are shes already

27、heard the news.可能她已经知道这消息了。Language Study 467.barricade n.C1.路障,街垒Various barricades blocked off all the main streets of the city.各种路障封锁住了城里所有的主要道路。2.栅栏,挡墙,障碍物Everyone should be guarded by legal barricades.人人都应受法律保障。vt.1.在.设置路障;筑栅防御They barricaded the main road with fallen trees.他们用倒下的树堵住了主要道路。2.阻塞,

28、挡住The boy barricaded the door to keep the stranger out.男孩挡住门不让那个陌生人进去。Language Study 478.access n.1.接近,进入;接近的机会,进入的权利;使用U(+to)Only a few people have access to the full facts of the case.只有少数几个人能看到有关该案全部事实的材料。2.通道,入口,门路CU(+to)The only access to their house is along that narrow road.只有沿着那条狭窄的路走才能到达他们的

29、房子。Language Study 489.sophisticateda.1.老于世故的She is a sophisticated woman.她是一个老于世故的女人。2.富有经验的;精通的3.不落俗套的,精致的4.复杂的,精密的,高度发展的sophisticated weapons 尖端武器Language Study 4910.indictmentn.1.控告,告发;起诉CUbe under indictment for fraud 被控犯有诈骗罪present an indictment against someone 控告某人2.起诉书CLanguage Study 5011.leg

30、acyn.C1.遗产;遗赠His uncle left him a legacy of$50,000.他叔父给他留下五万元遗产。2.留给后人的东西Books are the legacies that a great genius leaves to mankind.书是伟大的天才留给人类的精神财富。Language Study 5112.in the name of1.以.的名义Stop doing that,in the name of God!看在上帝的分上,别干了!Language Study 5213.at any rate1.无论如何;至少At any rate,the medic

31、al supplies will reach you within a week.无论如何,医疗用品将于一星期内运到你那里。Language Study 5314.attach to1.属于All blame must attach to myself.一切责任应由我本人承担。Language Study 5415.stand for1.代表;象征The American flag stands for freedom and justice.美国国旗代表自由及公平。What do the letters UN stand for?字母UN代表什么?2.主张;支持,拥护We stand for

32、 self-reliance.我们主张自力更生。Language Study 5516.keep/hold at bay1.不使.迫近 He kept me at bay with a long knife.他用一把长刀阻止我接近。Language Study 5617.feature n.1.特征,特色(+of)This is a key feature of our society.这是我们社会的一个主要特点。2.面貌,相貌PHe could recall her features very distinctly.他能够清晰地回想起她的容貌。3.(报纸等的)特写,特别报导,专栏The lo

33、cal newspaper ran a feature on child labor.地方报纸登载一篇有关童工劳动的特写。5.(电影的)正片,故事片The feature begins at half past ten.电影正片七点半开始。vt.1.以.为特色;是.的特色2.(电影)由.主演The new movie features two of my favorite actors.这部新片由我最喜爱的两位演员主演。3.特载,以.作为号召The museums exhibit features paintings of colonial times.博物馆的展品突出介绍殖民时代的绘画。vi

34、.1.起重要作用;作为主要角色(+in)Economic issues featured very largely in the Prime Ministers speech.首相的讲话中很大一部分涉及经济问题Language Study 57EXERCISESvI.Reading ComprehensionvII.Getting InformationvIII.Vocabulary And Structure A B CvIV.Translation A B CvGrammarEx.1Ex.258READING COMPREHENSIONv1-5:BDADC59GETTING INFORMA

35、TIONvOMITTED60VOCABULARY AND STRUCTURE:A1.Transformation2.access3.barriers4.via5.devise6.alleged7.legacy8.sophisticated9.indictment10.vulnerable61VOCABULARY AND STRUCTURE:B1.buy:purchase2.accusation:plex:complicated4.safe:secure5.social environment:atmosphere6.watch:surveillance7.change:transformati

36、on8.barrier:barricade62VOCABULARY AND STRUCTURE:C1.to2.on3.under4.in5.at6.to7.up8.for9.over10.at63Translation:A1.If you get involved in other peoples problems,the chances are that you will end up in an unpleasant position.2.He thinks it a duty to defend his country against enemies.3.Dont attach too

37、much importance to what he said.4.The home is vanishing and the business office is taking over.5.He should have been working but he was otherwise engaged.64Translation:A-26.It never occurs to him that she might be telling lies7.He has not yet figured out what he is going to do.8.They won by the smal

38、l margin of five seats.9.As we look back on the month we spent there,our hearts are filled with gratitude.10.It is a very old car,but at any rate,it was not expensive.11.They could not use the gas stove because it had not been hooked up.12.He forgot he was supposed to be keeping order.652将下面的短句翻译成英语

39、按括号中标明的语法要求用动名词。(1)翻译这本书是很难的 Translating this book is very difficult.(2)现在往火车站赶没有用了火车一定是开走了。It is no use hurrying to the railway station.The train must have left.(3)我们都知道他非常喜欢集邮。We know that he is very fond of collecting stamps.66v(4)教室里禁止吸烟。vSmoking in the classroom is prohibited.v(5)我们的任务是增加产量。vOu

40、r task is increasing the production.v(6)他们反对把会议推迟到下周。vThey objected to delaying the meeting until next week671.(7)我把窗户关上你介意吗 Do you mind my closing the windows.(8)他避免给我们一个明确的答复。He avoided giving going to an English play.(9)你有兴趣去看英语剧吗 Are you interested in going to an English play?(10)他组织这项工作的方法是非常有效

41、的。His method of organizing the work is effective.11醉翁亭记 1反复朗读并背诵课文，培养文言语感。2结合注释疏通文义，了解文本内容，掌握文本写作思路。3把握文章的艺术特色，理解虚词在文中的作用。4体会作者的思想感情，理解作者的政治理想。一、导入新课范仲淹因参与改革被贬，于庆历六年写下岳阳楼记，寄托自己“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”的政治理想。实际上，这次改革，受到贬谪的除了范仲淹和滕子京之外，还有范仲淹改革的另一位支持者北宋大文学家、史学家欧阳修。他于庆历五年被贬谪到滁州，也就是今天的安徽省滁州市。也是在此期间，欧阳修在滁州留下了不逊于岳阳

42、楼记的千古名篇醉翁亭记。接下来就让我们一起来学习这篇课文吧！【教学提示】结合前文教学，有利于学生把握本文写作背景，进而加深学生对作品含义的理解。二、教学新课目标导学一：认识作者，了解作品背景作者简介：欧阳修(10071072)，字永叔，自号醉翁，晚年又号“六一居士”。吉州永丰(今属江西)人，因吉州原属庐陵郡，因此他又以“庐陵欧阳修”自居。谥号文忠，世称欧阳文忠公。北宋政治家、文学家、史学家，与韩愈、柳宗元、王安石、苏洵、苏轼、苏辙、曾巩合称“唐宋八大家”。后人又将其与韩愈、柳宗元和苏轼合称“千古文章四大家”。关于“醉翁”与“六一居士”：初谪滁山，自号醉翁。既老而衰且病，将退休于颍水之上，则又更

43、号六一居士。客有问曰：“六一何谓也？”居士曰：“吾家藏书一万卷，集录三代以来金石遗文一千卷，有琴一张，有棋一局，而常置酒一壶。”客曰：“是为五一尔，奈何？”居士曰：“以吾一翁，老于此五物之间，岂不为六一乎？”写作背景：宋仁宗庆历五年(1045年)，参知政事范仲淹等人遭谗离职，欧阳修上书替他们分辩，被贬到滁州做了两年知州。到任以后，他内心抑郁，但还能发挥“宽简而不扰”的作风，取得了某些政绩。醉翁亭记就是在这个时期写就的。目标导学二：朗读文章，通文顺字1初读文章，结合工具书梳理文章字词。2朗读文章，划分文章节奏，标出节奏划分有疑难的语句。节奏划分示例环滁/皆山也。其/西南诸峰，林壑/尤美，望之/蔚

44、然而深秀者，琅琊也。山行/六七里，渐闻/水声潺潺，而泻出于/两峰之间者，酿泉也。峰回/路转，有亭/翼然临于泉上者，醉翁亭也。作亭者/谁？山之僧/曰/智仙也。名之者/谁？太守/自谓也。太守与客来饮/于此，饮少/辄醉，而/年又最高，故/自号曰/醉翁也。醉翁之意/不在酒，在乎/山水之间也。山水之乐，得之心/而寓之酒也。节奏划分思考“山行/六七里”为什么不能划分为“山/行六七里”？明确：“山行”意指“沿着山路走”，“山行”是个状中短语，不能将其割裂。“望之/蔚然而深秀者”为什么不能划分为“望之蔚然/而深秀者”？明确：“蔚然而深秀”是两个并列的词，不宜割裂，“望之”是总起词语，故应从其后断句。【教学提示

45、】引导学生在反复朗读的过程中划分朗读节奏，在划分节奏的过程中感知文意。对于部分结构复杂的句子，教师可做适当的讲解引导。目标导学三：结合注释，翻译训练1学生结合课下注释和工具书自行疏通文义，并画出不解之处。【教学提示】节奏划分与明确文意相辅相成，若能以节奏划分引导学生明确文意最好；若学生理解有限，亦可在解读文意后把握节奏划分。2以四人小组为单位，组内互助解疑，并尝试用“直译”与“意译”两种方法译读文章。3教师选择疑难句或值得翻译的句子，请学生用两种翻译方法进行翻译。翻译示例：若夫日出而林霏开，云归而岩穴暝，晦明变化者，山间之朝暮也。野芳发而幽香，佳木秀而繁阴，风霜高洁，水落而石出者，山间之四时也

46、。直译法：那太阳一出来，树林里的雾气散开，云雾聚拢，山谷就显得昏暗了，朝则自暗而明，暮则自明而暗，或暗或明，变化不一，这是山间早晚的景色。野花开放，有一股清幽的香味，好的树木枝叶繁茂，形成浓郁的绿荫。天高气爽，霜色洁白，泉水浅了，石底露出水面，这是山中四季的景色。意译法：太阳升起，山林里雾气开始消散，烟云聚拢，山谷又开始显得昏暗，清晨自暗而明，薄暮又自明而暗，如此暗明变化的，就是山中的朝暮。春天野花绽开并散发出阵阵幽香，夏日佳树繁茂并形成一片浓荫，秋天风高气爽，霜色洁白，冬日水枯而石底上露，如此，就是山中的四季。【教学提示】翻译有直译与意译两种方式，直译锻炼学生用语的准确性，但可能会降低译文的

47、美感；意译可加强译文的美感，培养学生的翻译兴趣，但可能会降低译文的准确性。因此，需两种翻译方式都做必要引导。全文直译内容见我的积累本。目标导学四：解读文段，把握文本内容1赏析第一段，说说本文是如何引出“醉翁亭”的位置的，作者在此运用了怎样的艺术手法。明确：首先以“环滁皆山也”五字领起，将滁州的地理环境一笔勾出，点出醉翁亭坐落在群山之中，并纵观滁州全貌，鸟瞰群山环抱之景。接着作者将“镜头”全景移向局部，先写“西南诸峰，林壑尤美”，醉翁亭坐落在有最美的林壑的西南诸峰之中，视野集中到最佳处。再写琅琊山“蔚然而深秀”，点山“秀”，照应上文的“美”。又写酿泉，其名字透出了泉与酒的关系，好泉酿好酒，好酒叫

48、人醉。“醉翁亭”的名字便暗中透出，然后引出“醉翁亭”来。作者利用空间变幻的手法，移步换景，由远及近，为我们描绘了一幅幅山水特写。2第二段主要写了什么？它和第一段有什么联系？明确：第二段利用时间推移，抓住朝暮及四季特点，描绘了对比鲜明的晦明变化图及四季风光图，写出了其中的“乐亦无穷”。第二段是第一段“山水之乐”的具体化。3第三段同样是写“乐”，但却是写的游人之乐，作者是如何写游人之乐的？明确：“滁人游”，前呼后应，扶老携幼，自由自在，热闹非凡；“太守宴”，溪深鱼肥，泉香酒洌，美味佳肴，应有尽有；“众宾欢”，投壶下棋，觥筹交错，说说笑笑，无拘无束。如此勾画了游人之乐。4作者为什么要在第三段写游人之

49、乐？明确：写滁人之游，描绘出一幅太平祥和的百姓游乐图。游乐场景映在太守的眼里，便多了一层政治清明的意味。太守在游人之乐中酒酣而醉，此醉是为山水之乐而醉，更是为能与百姓同乐而醉。体现太守与百姓关系融洽，“政通人和”才能有这样的乐。5第四段主要写了什么？明确：写宴会散、众人归的情景。目标导学五：深入解读，把握作者思想感情思考探究：作者以一个“乐”字贯穿全篇，却有两个句子别出深意，不单单是在写乐，而是另有所指，表达出另外一种情绪，请你找出这两个句子，说说这种情绪是什么。明确：醉翁之意不在酒，在乎山水之间也。醉能同其乐，醒能述以文者，太守也。这种情绪是作者遭贬谪后的抑郁，作者并未在文中袒露胸怀，只含蓄

50、地说：“醉能同其乐，醒能述以文者，太守也。”此句与醉翁亭的名称、“醉翁之意不在酒，在乎山水之间也”前后呼应，并与“滁人游”“太守宴”“众宾欢”“太守醉”连成一条抒情的线索，曲折地表达了作者内心复杂的思想感情。目标导学六：赏析文本，感受文本艺术特色1在把握作者复杂感情的基础上朗读文本。2反复朗读，请同学说说本文读来有哪些特点，为什么会有这些特点。(1)句法上大量运用骈偶句，并夹有散句，既整齐又富有变化，使文章越发显得音调铿锵，形成一种骈散结合的独特风格。如“野芳发而幽香，佳木秀而繁阴”“朝而往，暮而归，四时之景不同，而乐亦无穷也”。(2)文章多用判断句，层次极其分明，抒情淋漓尽致，“也”“而”的