1、2021/7/261(最新整理)英国文学FrancisBacon2021/7/262Francis Bacon(1561-1626)32021/7/26 3).Francis Bacon(1561-1626)A)Introduction Francis Bacon was the founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science.Bacons mind was universal in its comprehensiveness;there was nothing in the world of which he coul
2、d not write.During the course of his lifetime he distinguished himself as a scholar in several fields and as a scientist,writer,and philosopher.As a philosopher he was greatly concerned with human beings understanding of themselves and the world they live in.His practical experience of the world als
3、o made him a great lawyer and a considerable statesman.42021/7/262021/7/265 Francis Bacon isa key figure in the transition from the intellectual world of the late Middle Ages to that of modern Europe.the prophet of a new century,which was characterized by the growing scientific spirit.the trumpeter
4、of a new age“(by himself)a man of various qualities.the wisest,brightest,and the meanest of mankind“(Alexander Pope)one of the greatest man and most worthy of admiration that had been in many ages.“(Ben Jonson)2021/7/266 When he published his first Essays in 1597,he became Englands first essayist.Th
5、e Essays,written in a powerful,direct,and compact style,are laden with quotations,metaphors,witticisms,and allusions,which clearly mark them as the work of Francis Bacon.As a Renaissance scholar,Bacon wrote more often in Latin than he did in English,which perhaps accounts for the fact that his Engli
6、sh style sometimes seems difficult or obscure to modern readers.But his commentaries are shrewd and often brilliant,and as apt today as when first written.2021/7/267 Bacons essays are noted for their style and striking observations about life.They are the first true English prose classic.The final e
7、dition of the Essays published in 1625 contained 58 pieces.These essays cover a wide variety of subjects,such as love,truth,friendship,parents and children,beauty,studies,riches,youth and age,garden,death and many others.Among these essays,the famous pieces are Of Studies,Of Travel and Of Wisdom.202
8、1/7/268Essays2021/7/269 读书足以怡情,足以博彩,足以长才。其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其傅彩也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节,然纵观统筹、全局策划,则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰,文采藻饰太盛则矫,全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足,经验又补读书之不足,盖天生才干犹如自然花草,读书然后知如何修剪移接;而书中所示,如不以经验范之,则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书,无知者羡读书,唯明智之士用读书,然书并不以用处告人,用书之智不在书中,而在书外,全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者,不可尽信书上所言,亦
9、不可只为寻章摘句,而应推敲细思。书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之,有只须读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读,取其所作摘要,但只限题材较次或价值不高者,否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏、淡而无味矣。2021/7/2610 读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强,不常讨论者须天生聪颖,不常读书者须欺世有术,始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理学使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩:凡有所学,皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍,无不可读适当之书使之顺畅,一如身体百病,皆可借相宜之运动
10、除之。滚球利睾肾,射箭利胸肺,慢步利肠胃,骑术利头脑,诸如此类。如智力不集中,可令读数学,盖演题须全神贯注,稍有分散即须重演;如不能辨异,可令读经院哲学,盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人;如不善求同,不善以一物阐证另一物,可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷,皆有特药可医。(王佐良先生译)2021/7/2611真理何物?皮拉多笑而问曰,未待人答,不顾而去。却有见异思迁之徒,以持见不变为束缚,而标榜思想与行动之自由意志。先哲一派曾持此见,虽已逝去,尚有二三散漫书生依附旧说,唯精力已大不如古人矣。固然,真理费力难求,求得之后不免限制思想,唯人之爱伪非坐此一因,盖由其天性中原有爱伪之劣念耳。希腊晚期学人审问此事
11、,不解人为何喜爱伪说,既不能从中得乐,如诗人然,又不能从中获利,如商人然,则唯有爱伪之本体而已。余亦难言究竟,唯思真理犹如白日无遮之光,直照人世之歌舞庆典,不如烛光掩映,反能显其堂皇之美。真理之价,有似珍珠,白昼最见其长,而不如钻石,弱光始露其妙。言中有伪,常能更增其趣。盖人心如尽去其空论、妄念、误断、怪想,则仅余一萎缩之囊,囊中尽装怨声呻吟之类,本人见之亦不乐矣!事实如此,谁复疑之?昔有长老厉责诗歌,称之为魔鬼之酒,即因其扩展幻想,实则仅得伪之一影耳。为害最烈者并非飘略人心之伪,而系滞留人心之伪,前已言及。然不论人在堕落时有几许误断妄念,真理仍为人性之至善。盖真理者,唯真理始能判之,其所教者
12、为求真理,即对之爱慕;为知真理,即得之于心;为信真理,即用之为乐。上帝创世时首创感觉之光,末创理智之光,此后安息而显圣灵。先以光照物质,分别混沌;次以光照人面,对其所选之人面更常耀不灭。古有诗人信非崇高,言则美善,曾有妙语云:“立岸上见浪催船行,一乐也;立城堡孔后看战斗进退,一乐也;然皆不足以比身居真理高地之乐也;真理之峰高不可及,可吸纯洁之气,可瞰谷下侧行、瞭徨、迷雾、风暴之变”。景象如此,但须临之以怜世之心,而不可妄自尊大也。人心果能行爱心,安天命,运转于真理之轴上,诚为世上天国矣。如自神学哲学之真理转论社会事务,则人无论遵守与否,皆识一点,即公开正直之行为人性之荣,如掺伪则如金银币中掺杂
13、,用时纵然方便,其值大贬矣。盖此类歪斜之行唯毒蛇始为,其因无公行之足,唯有暗爬之腹也。恶行之中,令人蒙羞最大者莫过于虚伪背信。谎言之为奇耻大辱也,蒙田探究真理,曾云:“如深究此事,指人说谎犹言此人对上帝勇而对人怯也,该说慌者敢于面对上帝,而畏避世人”。善哉此言。虚伪背信之恶,最有力之指责莫过于称之为向上帝鸣最后警钟,请来裁判无数世代之人,盖圣经早已预言,基督降世时,“世上已无信义可言矣”。论论 真真 理理2021/7/2612“真理是什么东西?”彼拉多当年玩世不恭地取笑说,他提这个问题是不指望得到答案的。世人多数心随境变,他们认为坚持一种信念就等于自戴一种枷锁,会使思想和行为无法自行其事。虽然
14、作为一种学派的怀疑论早已消逝,但持这种观点者却仍大有人在尽管他们的观念未必像古人那样清晰而透彻。使人们宁愿追随诡言,而不去追求真理的原因,不仅由于探索真理艰苦的,也不仅由于真理会约束人的幻想,而且是由于诡言更能迎合人性中的那些恶习。后期希腊有一位哲学家曾探讨过这个问题,因为他不能理解,为什么一些欺世诡言竟能如此迷人,尽管它们即非像诗歌那样优美,又不像经商那样能使人致富。我也不懂这究竟是为什么难道人们仅仅是为了爱好虚假而追求虚伪吗?也许因为真理好像阳光,在它照耀下人世间所上演的那种种假面舞会,远不如在半明半暗的烛光下会幻而华丽。对世人来说,真理犹如珍珠,它要在阳光的照耀下才变得明亮。真理不是那种
15、红玉或钻石,需要借助摇曳不定的烛光而幻化出五色缤纷的浮光。真真假假的诡言会给人带来愉快。假如一旦把人们内心中那种种虚荣心、虚妄的自我估计、各种异想天开的揣想都清除掉,许多人的内心将会显露出原来是多么的渺小、空虚、丑陋;以至连自己都要感到厌恶。对这一点,难道有谁会怀疑吗?曾有先哲责备“诗”,诬之为“魔鬼迷幻药酒”,因为诗不仅出自幻想,而且其中总有虚幻的成分。但其实诗又怎能比谬误更为诱惑人呢?真正可怕的,还不是那种人人难免的一念之差,而是那种深入习俗盘踞于人心深处的谬误与偏见。尽管人世腐败,但只要人接触到真理,还是不能不被真理所征服。因为真理既是衡量谬误的尺度,又是衡量自身的迟度。神圣的教义是追求
16、真理而与之同在,认识真理要敢于面对,更要信赖真理而对之皈依,这才是人性的崇高境界。在上帝创世的最初日子里,他首先创造了光第一是知觉,其次是理智,最后赐给人类以良知的心智之光。上帝把光明赐予浑沌的物质世界,又在安息日以光明照亮了人类的心灵,并且至今他还把神圣的光辉赐予他所恩宠的那些选民。有一派感性主义哲学在许多方面是肤浅的,但其中一位诗人却由于向往真理而流芳于世。他曾说过:“居高临下遥看颠簸于大海中的航船是愉快的,站在堡垒中遥看激战中的战场也是愉快的,但是没有能比攀登于真理的高峰之上,而俯视尘世中的种种谬误与迷障、烟雾和曲折更愉快了!”只要作这种俯看者不自傲自满,那么这些话的确说得好极了!是啊,
17、一个人如能在心中充满对人类的博爱,行为遵循崇高的道德律,永远只围绕真理的枢轴而转动,那么他虽在人间也就等于步入天堂了。以上谈了神学和哲学方面的真理,还要再谈谈实践的真理。甚至那些根本不相信真理存在的人,也不能不承认光明正大是一种崇高的德性。伪善正如假币,也许可以骗取到货物,但它毕竟不能体现真正的价值。欺诈的行为像蛇,它无法用足站立,而只能靠肚皮爬行。没有任何罪恶比虚伪和背叛更可耻了!所以蒙田在研究“骗子”这个词为何如此可憎时说得好:“深思一下吧!说谎者是这样的一类人,他敢于狂妄地面对上帝,却不敢勇敢地面对世人!”正是如此!曾经有一个预言,说基督返回人间时那刻,就是在大地上找不到诚实者的时刻而谎
18、言就是请求上帝来执行末日审判的丧钟之声。对于虚伪和欺诈者们,这乃是一个严肃的警告啊!2021/7/2613、见圣经新约约翰音第18章。彼拉多(Pontius Pilate)是罗马委任的犹太国总督。他审讯耶稣,当耶稣说,我来到世间是为了传播真理时,他嘲笑地说了这样一句话。、指古希腊的智者派,古罗马的怀疑派哲学。、指古希腊哲学家卢西恩(Lucian,125180)。晚期希腊哲学中怀疑主义的批判者。、此语源于柏拉图(St Jerome,347420)、圣奥古斯丁(354430)亦责备诗歌是“魔鬼之诱饵”、“药酒”等。、见圣经旧约创世纪第1章。、指伊璧鸠鲁派哲学家克莱修(Lucretius,罗马人,约
19、前99约前55)。名著有特质论。认为感觉是一切的尺度。、圣经中的故事,说蛇引诱亚当、夏娃犯罪,于是神诅咒蛇:“你必用肚子行走,终生吃土”。、蒙田(Michelde Montaigue15331592),法国名作家,著有散文集,引文见该书卷二论荒言。2021/7/2614 Writing Style of Bacons Essays Bacons essays are noted for heir clearness,brevity and force of expression.Bacons chief concern is to express his thought with clearn
20、ess and in as few words as possible.His sentences are short,pointed,incisive,and often of balanced structure.Many of them have become wise old sayings.Generally Speaking,Bacons literary style has three prominent qualities:directness,terseness,and forcefulness.2021/7/2615 B)Bacons Works Bacons works
21、may be divided into three groups:the philosophical works;the literary works and the professional works.Advancement of Learning 治学之道and New Instrument新工具were his philosophical works.Bacons literary works are his essays.The final edition of the Essays 论说文集 published in 1625 contained 58 pieces.2021/7/
22、2616Bacons Works The Advancement of Learning and The New Instrument:The former deals with the accomplishments of science up to his time.In this work Bacon analyzed the various divisions of knowledge and considered the possible means of advancing them.In the latter Bacon described the method by which knowledge could be universalized.2021/7/2617
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