外研版八年纪英语下册初二语法总结.ppt

1、一、语 法,1.动词时态 2.并列复合句 3.宾语从句,1、动词时态,句中没有be的变法,一般现在时有be 的变法,否定句、一般疑问句的结构,一般过去式的句子结构：,肯定句：主语+have /has +V过去分词+其他.,现在完成时的句子结构,一般疑问句回答:,Is he.? Yes, he is. No, he isnt. Do you .? Yes, I do. No, I dont. Does.she ? Yes she does. No, she doesnt. Did they.? Yes, they did. No, they didnt. Have you.? Yes, I ha

2、ve . No. I havent. Were they.? Yes, they were. No, they werent. Was he.? Yes, he was. No, he wasnt. Has she ? Yes, she has. No, she hasnt.,2、并列复合句,并列复合句-是由并列词and ,but ,or 等把两 个或者两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。 并列复合句的构成： 简单句+并列连词+简单句。 并列连词前后简单句之间的关系。 （1）并列关系用and （2） 选择关系 用or （3）转折关系用but,3、宾语从句,1.引导词的选择,一般疑问句充当宾语

3、从句,特殊疑问句充当宾语从句,疑问代词或疑问副词,2.语序 陈述句语序,3.时态,陈述句充当宾语从句,主句,一般现在时,一般过去时,从句,按实际情况用相应时态,过去的某种时态,4.当主句谓语动词为think，suppose， expect，believe 等时，其后的宾语从句为否定句时，常将否定词not从从句中移到主句中，构成否定转移,5.如果从句说的是客观现象或真理，无论主句是什么时态，从句都用一般现在时。,that,if/whether,直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系,1.陈述句变为引导的宾语从句,e.g. 1. He said, “You are younger than I ”.

4、2. He says, “Tom is a good student ”.,He said that I was younger than him.,He says that Tom is a good student.,直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系,e.g. 1. He asked, “Where do you live?” 2. “How can we get to the post-office?” he asked.,He asked where I lived.,He asked how they could get to the post-office.,直接引语变间接引语与

5、宾语从句的关系,3.一般疑问句引导的宾语从句,She said, “ Do you often come here to read newspaper? ” “Will they go to visit the Great Wall?” he asked.,She asked if (whether) I often came here to read newspaper.,He asked if (whether) they would go to visit the Great Wall.,二、话 题,人的相貌及性格 2.天气及季节 3.看病与健康 4.假期,三、句子,简单句,并列句,复合

6、句,选择问句,特殊疑问句,感叹句,一般疑问句,否定句,祈使句,简单句,并列句,复合句,选择问句,特殊疑问句,感叹句,This is an orange bike. He knows me and I know him. When I was 5, I could swim. Did you live here or there? What did they learn just now? What a heavy rain it is! Does Tom speak French? I dont understand it. Stand （Dont） up.,一般疑问句,否定句,祈使句,四、句

7、型 (及交际用语),对某人来说做某事是怎么样的： It is +adj. for/of sb. + to do sth. 2. 提问看病的： What can I do for you ? Can I help you ? Whats wrong? Whats the matter?,3.回答生病情况： 1),I have got a,headache .,stomach ache .,toothache.,fever.,cough.,cold.,catch a cold,2) 就此病症提出合理建议 Take / Have some / these medicine three times a

8、 day. Drink more water and stay in bed for a few days. Its nothing serious. Youll be / get / become OK / well soon/ in one or two days. Dont be so tired.,4.提问某人的爱好： What s your hobby?,回答爱好：,My hobby is,collecting fans/tickets.,collecting stamps/model cars.,writing.,playing basketball.,swimming.,runn

9、ing.,singing.,5. 提问人的相貌： What does.look like? 6. 提问人的性格： What is . like?,7. 到该做什么事的时候了。 Its time to do sth. Its time for sth.,8. 提建议用语： Why not do sth.? Why dont you do sth.? What/How about sth. / doing sth.? Its best to do sth. Youd better do sth. You should do sth.,五、词 类,1. 动词 6. 形容词、副词 2. 系动词 7.数

10、词 3. 代词 8. 频率副词 4.不定代词 9. 介词 5. 连词 10. 疑问词,1.动词 (谓语),He watches TV every day. He is watching TV now. He watched TV a moment ago.,动词 (非谓语),He enjoys watching TV. Jim makes me laugh. I wanted to see it again.,2.系动词 (+形容词的动词),look be turn get sound become taste feel smell,1) Jims idea sounds nice. 2) K

11、ate looks taller. 3) I feel nervous now. 4) Beijing becomes bigger. 5) The days get long. 6) The cake tastes delicious.,3.不定代词,1. other, others, the other, the others, another, One., the other., any other 2. one, ones, ones 3. something somebody / someone anything anybody / anyone everything everybo

12、dy / everyone nothing nobody / no one,5. 连 词,1. and 7. when 2. but 8. before 3. or 9. after 4. so 10. as 5. though 11. if 6. because,用and, when, because, but, or, so, though before, after, if, 填空,1. Jim often helps me with my English _ I often help him with his Chinese. 2. _ the question is very dif

13、ficult, few of us can answer it. 3. Mr. Black is over 70 years old, _ he still works 8 hours a day.,Because,and,but,4. Everyone must be here _ 6:00 tomorrow. 5. _it is raining heavily, the farmers are still working in the field. 6. I can help you _ I have time.,用and, when, because, but, or, so, thou

14、gh before, after, if, 填空,Though,before,if,7. _ getting up, I always listen to the radio for a while. 8. We must be quick, _ we cant follow them. 9. To catch the early bus, _ I got up very early this morning.,用and, when, because, but, or, so, though before, after, if, 填空,so,or,After,10. _ the teacher

15、 came in, I was thinking about the game. 11. _ you know him, why not go and meet Jim instead of me, Kate?,用and, when, because, but, or, so, though before, after, if, 填空,If,When,6.形容词、副词,形容词与副词的转换,在词尾处+ ly,y结尾时,去y + ily,有的e结尾的单词,需去y + ly，有的则直接+ly。,quickquickly 2. easy-easily 3.terrible-terribly 4. tr

16、ue-truly 5.brave-bravely 6. careful-carefully,形容词、副词的使用,形容词,副词,修饰名词,修饰动词、形容词,They are clever boys. I prefer long hair.,It really sounds nice. They work very hard.,7. 数词,数词,基数词变序数词,百,千,万,的表达,几分之几,用来表达时、分,用来表达年、月、日,8. 频率副词,always,usually,often,sometimes,seldom,never,用How often 对它们进行提问。 他们体现了动词出现的频率程度。

17、,I always have milk for breakfast. I usually have eggs for breakfast. I often have noodles for it. I sometimes have fruits for it. I seldom have rice for it. I never have meat in the morning.,9. 与时间相关的介词,for 时间段前,in 某年、某月前,on 具体日子、节日、 生日、星期几前,at 某分，某时前,当“早上、下午、晚上”被修饰时不用 in 而用on.,表示方位的介词： 某物处在某处的东南西北

18、。,north,south,west,northeast,southeast,northwest,southwest,east,The Position,in, to, on 的区别,on,某处在某处之内,某处与某处相接壤,某处在某处之外,in,to,with 的多种用法,do sth. with sb./ sth. a girl with long hair a room with two doors a city with large population be busy with sth. be popular with. be with a style of. talk with sb

19、. help sb. with sth. an action movie with Jackie Chan Whats wrong / the matter with.?,10. 疑问词,六、易混淆的词、词组,What is .like? What does.look like?,1.,2.,3.,what to do how to do,wake up wake sb. up,4.,5.,there be have / has,join take part in.,6.,7.,8.,in the east of. to the east of.,trip travel,other, othe

20、rs the other, the others One., the other., another any other schools any other school,易混淆的词、词组,9.,10.,11.,12.,stop to do sth. stop doing sth.,as well as except besides,a little, little, a bit, a bit of. a few, few,get to. arrive in / at. reach,13.,too much much too,14.,by car take a car,15.,16.,exci

21、ted, interested, amazed exciting, interesting, amazing,Its time to . . Its time for. .,18. noise, voice, sound,19. hear, listen, listen to,20. say, tell, talk, speak,21. read, watch, see, look, look at,17.,like as,八、易错的词,+doing,还有介词busy,finish enjoy spend keep prefer practice,make let,+do,+doing,pla

22、n order decide want ask ,+to do,1.Without thinking more, he left here. 2.I cant finish writing it in only a few minutes. 3.Everyone is busy getting ready for the final exams. 4.Mother always spends much time doing such foolish things. 5.Jim was good at dancing when he was young. 6.Lets practice speaking English, OK?,九、不易用对的词,enough (名词前) enough water enough books enough time enough people,enough (形容词、副词后) tall enough strong enough good enough big enough,十、形容词与不定代词的位置,something easy, hard, important. anything useful, interesting, funny. nothing difficult, cheap, amazing, exciting.,