1、词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分十个大类。词类英语名称作用例词名词Noun(缩写为n.)表示人或事物的名称party政党China中国代词Pronoun(pron.)用来代替名词、形容词或数词等He他that那数词Numeral(num.)表示数量或顺序one一first第一形 容 词Adjective(adj.)用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的特性、性质safe安全great伟大副词Adverb(adv.)用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,表示动作或形状的特性hard艰苦here这里冠词Article(art.)用在名词前,帮助说明名词所指的人或事物an,a,the动词Verb(
2、v.)表示人或事物的动作或状态eat吃have有介词Preposition(prep.)用在名词、代词等前面,说明句子中词与词之间的关系under在。下in在。里连词Conjunction(conj.)用来连接词、短语或句子and和but但是感 叹 词Interjection(interj.)表示说话时的感情或口气Hello喂why呃,嘿1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:apple 2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family (以上两类属于可数名词)3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air 4)抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概 念,如:work,h
3、appiness情况构成方法例词一般情况加-smap-maps bag-bagscar-cars以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-esbus-buses watch-watchesce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-slicense-licenses以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y 为i再加esbaby-babies1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:如:twoMarystheHenrysmonkey-monkeysholiday-holidays2)以o结尾的名词,变复数时:a.加s,如:photo-photospiano-pianosradio-rad
4、ioszoo-zoos;b.加es,如:potatopotatoestomatotomatoes3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数;去f,fe加-ves,如:half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolveswife-wiveslife-livesthief-thieves;1)child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women2)单复同形如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese flowerflowers找规律找规律watchesfactory-
5、factoriesleaf-leavesboxes找规律找规律tomatoespotatoesheroes不规则变化不规则变化child-childrenwoman-womendeersheepman-mengoose-geese根据所给单词的正确形式填空:根据所给单词的正确形式填空:1.Different people may have different _.(idea)2.I often go to work on.(foot)3.I know one of the .(boy)4.Mr.Brown is wearing a pair of .(glass)5.Please give t
6、hem their .(photo)6.Are there any in the box?(watch)7.There are twelve in a year.(month)8.Would you like some?(tomato)9.Look at those in the boats!(people)10.Look!The are singing.(woman)11.September 10th is Day.(teacher)12.Jim has some .(knife)13.How much are these?(vegetable)14.My school is twenty
7、_ walk from here.(minute)15.The girl under the tree is a friend of_.(Lucy)ideasfootboysglassesphotoswatchesmonthstomatoespeoplewomenTeachersknivesvegetablesminutesLucys代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相
8、互词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。通常,主格作主语通常,主格作主语,宾格作宾语宾格作宾语通常,当单数的主格作主语时,谓语动词用单数;通常,当单数的主格作主语时,谓语动词用单数;复数的的主格作主语时,谓语动词用复数。复数的的主格作主语时,谓语动词用复数。Eg.He is my friend.Its me.They are from China.She lent me a book.I love it.Are you interested in them?通常,形容词性物主代词相当形容词的用法,通常,形容词性物主
9、代词相当形容词的用法,应该位于名词的前面;名词性物主代词相当应该位于名词的前面;名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词于形容词性物主代词+名词,之后不接名词名词,之后不接名词。Eg.I like his car.Our school is here and theirs is there.This is your picture.And that is mine.Eg.Thatisagoodidea.Ilovethosebookinblue.Thesepeoplearemyfriends.六、六、不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定不定代词代词。常见的不定代词
10、有。常见的不定代词有all,both,each,every等,以及含有等,以及含有some-,any-,every-,no-加上加上body,one,thing的合成代词,如的合成代词,如anybody,something,no one。What are you?Who is his coat?Whose bag is this?Which do you prefer?The blue one or the white one?Could you tell me what is his name?Mother asked which one I wanted.1._(我)am a worker
11、._(你)are a doctor._(她)is a teacher.2.This is_(他的)shirt.3.This is _(我的)pen.4._(他们的)trousers are there.5.I like this picture.Please give _(它)to_(我).6.People get _(他们的)money from_(我).7._(他们)are new students._(他们的)names are Lucy and Lily.8.These are _(我们的)shoes.Can _(我们)wear _(它们).9Thank _ for _(你的)help
12、.10._(他)loves _(她),and _(她)loves _(他),too.11._(我)love _(你),and _(你)love _(我),too.I You my his She Theirtheirme itThey Their me our me them we He your you you you her I him she用来表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词称为形形容词容词。作 用例 句定 语You can see a lot of beautiful flowers in the garden.表 语Your coat is too small.宾语补足语The
13、old woman keeps everything clean and tidy.注意:1.有些形容词只能作表语,如:alone,afraid,asleep等。例如:Theoldmanisalone.2.形容词用来修饰something,anything,nothing,everything等不定代词,要放在这些词的后面。Youdbettertellussomethinginteresting.一一.以以-ly结尾的形容词结尾的形容词 1)friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。2)有些以-ly 结尾既
14、为形容词,也为副词。daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.二二.用形容词表示类别和整体用形容词表示类别和整体 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry 三三.多个形容词修饰名词的顺序多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)-出处-材料性质,类别-名词 a small round
15、table;a tall gray building;a dirty old brown shirt;a famous German medical school一、副词的位置副词的位置1.在许多情况下,副词都放在所修饰的动词后面或句末。Thegirldancesverywell.2.有时也放在主语后面,谓语动词前面(对动作加以强调)。Heangrilyclosedthedoor.3.句中的副词如碰上助动词,be动词,则通常放在助动词,be动词之后,实义动词之前Wehavealreadyreadthebook.1、时间和频度副词时间和频度副词:now,then,often,always,usu
16、ally,early,today,lately,next,last,already,generally,frequently,seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too,immediately,hardly,finally,before,ago,sometimes,yesterday.注意:注意:1 副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。改错:(错)I very like English.(对)I like English very much.注意:2副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。I dont know him well en
17、ough.There is enough food for everyone to eat.There is food enough for everyone to eat.动词的分类动词的分类1 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为行为动行为动词(实义动词)词(实义动词)、系动词系动词、助动词助动词和和情态动情态动词词四类,有些动词是兼类词四类,有些动词是兼类词。如:1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,2)表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念,主要有seem,appear,look3)感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste 1)助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使
18、用 2)助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,a.表示时态,He has got married.b.表示语态,He was sent to England.c.构成疑问句,Do you like college life?d.与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,I dont like him.e.加强语气,He did know that.只做情态动词:must,can(could),may(might),shall(should),will(would)可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need,dare具有情态动词特征:have(had,has)to,used toThink,want,play,dr
19、ive等分别是:分别是:原形原形(Original Form)、)、第三人称第三人称单数形式单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、)、过去式过去式(Past Form)、)、过去分词过去分词(Past Participle)、)、现在分词现在分词(Present Participle)。)。一、基数词一、基数词 基数词写法和读法二、序数词二、序数词 序数词的缩写形式:first1stsecond2ndthirty-first31st基数词基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数:数:a.与与of 短语连用,表示概数,短语
20、连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目不能与具体数目连连 用,如用,如scores of people 指许多人;指许多人;b.在一些表示在一些表示一排一排或或一组一组的词组里的词组里;如:如:They arrived in twos and threes.他他们三三两两的到达了。们三三两两的到达了。c.表示表示几十岁几十岁;d.表示表示年代年代,用,用 in+the+数词复数;数词复数;e.在乘法运算的一种表示法里在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如:如:3 x 5=15 Three fives is(are)fifteen.1)表示倍数)表示倍数 once,twice,three times2)表示分数)
21、表示分数构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数:数词用复数:1/3 one-third;3/37 three and three-sevenths.按结构英语介词可分为按结构英语介词可分为2类:类:1简单介词简单介词(约有70个),如:in,at,on,by,with,down,for,beside,along,across等。2短语介词短语介词,指多个单词构成的介词,如,in front of,out of,instead of,far from,apart from
22、 等。1.表示地点位置的介词 at,in,on,to,above,over,below,under,in front of,in the front of,beside,behind 2.表示时间的介词in,on,at,after,from,since,时间名词前介词用法口诀时间名词前介词用法口诀 年前周前要用in,具体日子要用on,遇到几号也用on,上午下午得是in,要说某日上下午 用on换in记清楚,午夜黄昏用at,黎明用它也不错,at用在时分前,说“差”可要用上to,说过要用past 表示运动方向的介词:across,through 4.表示“在之间”的介词:表示“在之间”的介词在英语中
23、属于方位介词,如in front of,behind,on,in,near,under,up between,among 英语词性解析英语词性解析-连词连词连词不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与连词不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and,but,or,nor,so,therefore,yet,however,for,hence,as well as,bothand,not onlybut also,eitheror,neithernor,(and)then等等。等等。
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