语言学教程第一章课件.ppt

1、School of Foreign Languages,Shandong University of TechnologyA2What do you expect of the course?Textbook:Textbook:胡壮麟（主编），2011，语言学教程（第四版），北京大学出版社。Time for the courseTime for the course：two sessions,one yearAssessment method:Assessment method:final examination(70%)+attendance+homework Miss more than

2、six classes,fail;Leave of absence for private affairs for more than eleven classes,fail.A4 Aim:Aim:This course will present you with some of the basic knowledge about language,including the nature of language,its system and organization,its relations with other factors such as psychology,culture,soc

3、iety,mind,literature,language learning and teaching,etc.Have a basic understanding on the key ideas and main branches of linguistics.Develop the ability of observation and analysisA5uThe myths of language wait us to reveal:u四川人不怕辣，湖南人辣不怕，贵州人怕不辣。u我激动得说都不会话了。u菊 清平乐 相逢缥缈，窗外又拂晓。长忆清弦弄浅笑，只恨人间花少。黄菊不待清尊，相思飘

4、落无痕。风雨重阳又过，登高多少黄昏。uIs bilingual environment beneficial for childrens IQ?uIs English or Chinese a more developed language than others?uWhy bother to study linguisticsA6uIt makes you distinct from mere English learners and English speakers.uIt helps to develop your ability to think consciously,the abi

5、lity to find and solve problems.uIt is tested if you pursue your graduate study in the English department.Why bother to study linguistics 网络教学平台网络教学平台 Preview and review Relate it to your daily language use,use it as a tool to explain An official account in Wechat:语言学语言学午餐午餐Ling-Lunch A8 Language of

6、 commonsense Vs.Language of science The discourse of science cannot translate into commonsense without lost of meaning.In any typical group of science students there will be some who find themselves in difficulty.A9 人之为学有难易乎？学之，则难者亦易矣；不学，则易者亦难矣。A10 Chapter 1 Invitations to linguistics Chapter 2 Spee

7、ch sounds Chapter 3 Morphology(word formation)Chapter 4 Syntax(sentence structure)Chapter 5 Meaning Chapter 8 Language in use(meaning in use)A11The basic issues in this chapter:1.What is Linguistics?1.What is Linguistics?1.1 The definition of linguistics 1.2 Main branches of linguistics 1.3 Importan

8、t distinctions in linguistics2.What is Language?2.What is Language?2.1 The definition of language 2.2.Design features of language 2.3 Functions of language A121.What is Linguistics?1.What is Linguistics?A13 Linguistics is the scientific study of Linguistics is the scientific study of language.langua

9、ge.Two important messages are conveyed in this definition:first,scientific communicates the method that should be adopted in linguistic study;second,language communicates the proper object of study for linguistics.1.1 The definition of linguistics1.1 The definition of linguistics A141.Collect and ob

10、serve language facts,which are found to display some similarities,and generalizations are made.2.Hypotheses about the language structure are formulated.3.The formulated hypotheses are checked against the observed facts to prove their validity.A15 A one year old boy pronounces some unintelligible sou

11、nds.His mom finds it like the sound of ball.(collect and observe)Thirsty?Hungry?Ball?Circles?The boy smiles when mom call circles in a handkerchief ball.Something round is a ball.（hypotheses）Try other round objects.(check the validity of hypotheses)A16 What is language?What are rules there are that

12、govern the structure of language?What do all languages have in common?How social factors are reflected in language?How does a child acquire his mother tongue?A17A18A191.Descriptive vs.prescriptive2.Synchronic vs.diachronic3.Langue and parole4.Competence and performance5.Speech and writingA20 The des

13、criptivedescriptive study of language is to record linguistic phenomena or rules,to study language as a social phenomenon.The prescriptiveprescriptive study of language is to state that certain linguistic phenomena or rules should or should not be obeyed,like a grammar book does.Linguists usually us

14、e the first method in their study of language.A21 Prescriptive:网络语言不标准，不规范。Descriptive:网络语言的性质、词汇、句法、修辞特征；网络语言的规范以及对待网络语言的态度；网络语言与语文教学、当代社会文化、网民的社会心理特征、网络词语及其意义生成的认知机制等。A22 SynchronicSynchronic study of language takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.Diachronic Diachronic study examines l

15、anguage through the course of time.It studies the development or history of language.A23A24 近代汉语副词研究60年（1949-2009）汉语基本颜色词的进化阶段与颜色范畴 离合词形成的历史及成因分析 主观化对句法限制的消解 国外话语标记研究及其对汉语研究的启示 中英文前言作者自称语语用对比研究A25 Saussure made the distinction between languelangue and paroleparole.LangueLangue refers to the abstract

16、 linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.It is a social phenomenon.ParoleParole is the actual speaking of language by an individual speaker.It is an individual linguistic phenomenon.A26 LangueParole1set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide bythe c

17、oncrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules2abstractconcrete3relatively stablevaries from person to person,from situation to situationA27 Chomskys competencecompetence refers to the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.It stresses the psychological or mental propert

18、y of language.PerformancePerformance refers to the actual use of the language by a speaker in a real communicational context.It is the external realization of the internal linguistic competence.A28 How is Chomskys distinction between competence and performance similar to Saussures langue and parole?

19、Similarity:the study object of linguists Differences:sociological view vs.psychological viewA29 Is speech or writing the primary medium of human languages according to modern linguists?Why?From the point of view of linguistic evolution From the ways that are gotten by users From the information conv

20、eyedA302.What is Language?2.What is Language?Language is a system of arbitrary Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human vocal symbols used for human munication.A32 Design features Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any an

21、imal system of communication.They are devised to distinguish the communication system as possessed by human,which we term language,from communication systems as possessed by other life forms.By arbitrarinessarbitrariness we mean that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular s

22、ound and the meaning it is associated with.e.g.A is called a“laoshu”in Chinese,while a“rat”or“mouse”in English.A34And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field,and every fowl of the air;and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them:and whatsoever Adam called every li

23、ving creature,that was the name thereof.Genesis 2:19 OnomatopoeicOnomatopoeic words,as direct imitations of natural sounds,are not in conflict with this feature.e.g.a Chinese dog barks wangwangwang,while an English dog barks bowwow.Although they describe the same sound,the forms are different.A36A37

24、A38Arbitrariness at the syntactic levele.g.He came in and sat down.He sat down and came in.He sat down after he came in.Arbitrariness and conventionThe link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.A39“When I I use a word,”Humpty Dumpty said in rather a scornful tone,“it m

25、eans just what I I choose it to mean neither more nor less.”“The question is,”said Alice,“whether you cancan make words mean so many different things.”A40 By arbitrariness it means that there is no logical or intrinsic relation between sound and meaning for human language.However,this does not entai

26、l that speakers of human language can use language in his own manner,regardless of what other speakers would think.If language can be used to express meaning and exchange information,a mutual agreement as for what sound can express what meaning has to be reached at the first place,otherwise language

27、 would not exist at all.We call this mutual agreement conventionality.This is exactly what Alice remarks in the dialogue,i.e.you cannot use language in whatever way you yourself like it to be used.A41 b k t l s f r :e u Old,sad,glad,let,back,farBy dualityduality we mean that each language is organiz

28、ed at two levels,one is sound and the other is meaning.The sounds at the basic level are meaningless by themselves,but they can be grouped into a large number of units of meaning at higher level of language.山东soundsoundswordsLower levelHigher level A42The advantage of this division is that we can us

29、e limited number of sounds to produce unlimited number of sound combinations with distinctive meanings.e.g.in the language of English we use around 48 sounds to produce almost infinite number of sound combinations(words).This feature is very economical for the system of language.A43 A large number o

30、f words can be formed out of a small set of sounds.And out of the huge number of words,there can be endless number of sentences,which in turn can form unlimited number of texts.Sounds(small number)words(large number)sentences(large number)texts(large number)A44 Does the traffic light system have dua

31、lity?Can you explain by drawing a simple graph?A45 Does the traffic light system have duality?Can you explain by drawing a simple graph?A46 蒜你狠、富二代、裸婚、低头族 A red-eyed elephant is dancing on a hotel bed By creativitycreativity we mean that speaker of a language can produce new expressions and understa

32、nd utterances that they have never heard before.A47 Can you tell which feature of language makes it a creative system?dualityA48 My goal for 2016 is to accomplish the goals of 2015 which I should have done in 2014 because I made a promise in 2013&planned in 2012 Another sense of creativity of langua

33、ge is due to its potential to create endless sentences.（recursiveness递归性）A49 Attention:我骗了你。我知道你骗了我。我知道你知道我骗了你。张三知道我知道你知道我骗了你。A50 Where is the book?相对论的基本假设是相对性原理，即物理定律与参照系的选择无关。Journey to the West By displacementdisplacement we mean that language can be used to refer to things that are present or n

34、ot present,real or imagined.In other words,language can be use to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.A51 This feature enables speakers to communicate free of the barriers caused by time and space.It also gives human beings the ability to generalize and abstract.It

35、 refers to the fact that details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker.Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.e.g.A Chinese-American child brought up in the States may not be able to say one single Chinese word if he is not purposefully taught

36、to speak Chinese,he can only speak English.A53Linguists talk about the functions of language in an abstract sense,that is,not in terms of using language to chat,to think,to buy and sell,to praise and condemn etc.They summarize these practical functions and attempt some broad classifications of the b

37、asic functions of language.A54Comprehensive theories Jakobsons theory Hallidays theoryA55 Informative function Interpersonal function Emotive function Performative function Phatic function Recreational function Metalingual functionA561.InformativeThe use of language to record facts,to state what thi

38、ngs are like,and to exchange information.This serves as the primary function of language.e.g.A572.Interpersonal FunctionlThe most important sociological use of language,which serves to establish and maintain peoples status in a society(through expressing identity).lEg.honorable guests;dear teacher;l

39、Can you think of other examples that performing the interpersonal function of language?A58 Do you like my new hair style?Its terrible.I apologize for The interpersonal function is such a broad category that it is often discussed under various other terms as performative,emotive(expressive),phatic,re

40、creational.A59 3.Performative Function Language can be used to do things(Austin and Searle),to change the social status or the immediate state of affairs of people.e.g.in Western countries,when the priest says:“I thereby pronounce you husband and wife.”The marriage status of the couple is recognized

41、 legally.Can you think of other examples showing performative function?A60 4.Emotive Function Language can be used to express the emotional state of the speaker.e.g.exclamation.The expressions of gratitude and apology are also examples of this function.Expressive functionA61 5.Phatic Communion Ritua

42、l exchanges,exchanges that have little meaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.e.g.Speaker A:Whats up?”Speaker B:Hey,man,hows it going?(And each just walks on.)Can you mention some typical expressions of phatic communion in Chinese?A62 6.Recreational Function1.（初入江湖）化肥会挥发2.（

43、小有名气）黑化肥发灰，灰化肥发黑3.（名动一方）黑化肥发灰会挥发；灰化肥挥发会发黑4.（天下闻名）黑化肥挥发发灰会花飞；灰化肥挥发发黑会飞花5.（一代宗师）黑灰化肥会挥发发灰黑讳为花飞；灰黑化肥会挥发发黑灰为讳飞花A63Word play,word for words sake,the use of language to have fun.e.g.Tongue twisters such as she sells sea-shells on the sea-shore,and the shells that she sells on the sea-shore are sea-shells

44、is uttered only for the sheer joy of language.The Chinese crosstalk and mini-comedy also belong to this category of language use.A64 7.Metalingual Function Language can be used to explain or describe itself or other languages.e.g.Man is bipedal hairless primate.Man is a noun.It is composed of 3 phon

45、emes.A66 How is Jakobsons theory similar to language functions we learned just now?Can you give examples for each function according to Jakobsons theory?A68We use language to talk about our experience of the We use language to talk about our experience of the world,including the world in our own min

46、ds,to world,including the world in our own minds,to describe events and states and entities involved in describe events and states and entities involved in them.them.(ideational function)(ideational function)We also use language to interact with other people,to We also use language to interact with

47、other people,to establish and maintain relations with them,to establish and maintain relations with them,to influence their behavior,to express our own viewpoint influence their behavior,to express our own viewpoint on things in the world,and to elicit and change theirs.on things in the world,and to

48、 elicit and change theirs.(interpersonal function)(interpersonal function)Finally,we organize our messages in ways which Finally,we organize our messages in ways which indicate how they fit in with the other messages indicate how they fit in with the other messages around them and with the wider con

49、text in which we around them and with the wider context in which we are talking or writing.are talking or writing.(textual function)(textual function)A69 Alice is bored sitting on the riverbank with her sister,when she notices a talking,clothed White Rabbit with a watch run past.She follows it down

50、a rabbit hole when suddenly she falls a long way to a curious hall with many locked doors of all sizes.A70 1.What are the major functions of language?Use your own examples for illustration.(List five functions,one example for one function)2.Communication can take many forms,such as sign,speech,body