英语高级写作cause+and+effect课件.ppt

1、Cause and E1A第1页，共19页。Another common pattern of essay organization is called cause and effect.In a cause/effect essay,you discuss the causes(reasons)for something,the effects(results),or both causes and effects.You might use cause/effect organization to answer typical test questions such as these:2A

2、第2页，共19页。Explain the decline in reading ability among schoolchildren.Discuss the effects of global warming on the environment.Discuss house price and its effects on the Chinese economy.Explain the causes and effects of the Stockholm syndrome.3A第3页，共19页。You can organize a cause/effect essay in two ma

3、in ways:block organization chain organization.4A第4页，共19页。block organization In block organization,you first discuss all the causes as a block(in one,two,three,or more paragraphs,depending on the number of causes).Then you discuss all the effects together as a block.You can discuss either causes or e

4、ffects first.Of course,you can also discuss only causes or only effects.5A第5页，共19页。Block Organization6A第6页，共19页。Block Organization7A第7页，共19页。Task 1 Work out the outline of the essay with your teammates.8A第8页，共19页。Chain OrganizationIn this pattern,causes and effects are linked to each other in a chai

5、n.One event causes a second event,which in turn causes a third event,which in turn causes a fourth event,and so on.Each new cause and its effect are links in a chain.Depending on the complexity of the ideas in each link,you can devote an entire paragraph to one link,or you may include several links

6、in one paragraph,or you may describe the entire chain in one paragraph.Chain organization usually works better than block organization when the causes and effects are too closely linked to be separated.Notice the chain pattern in the following diagram.9A第9页，共19页。Chain Organization:How Fertile Land B

7、ecomes DesertPeople move to new areas and clear land for agriculture by cutting down trees.The tree roots no longer hold the soil in place.The tree roots do not hold the soil in place.The topsoil washes away during heavy rains.The topsoil washes away during heavy rains.There is no good soil to grow

8、crops in.There is no good soil to grow crops in.People move into new areas and clear land for agriculture by cutting down trees.10A第10页，共19页。The type of cause/effect organization you choose depends on your topic A chain pattern is usually easier if the causes and effects are very closely interrelate

9、d.You might use a chain pattern to write about the causes of a particular disease or phenomenon in nature such as a thunderstorm or a rainbow.The block pattern is usually easier with larger,complex topics such as global warming or homelessness.Sometimes you will want to use a combination of block an

10、d chain organization.11A第11页，共19页。Cause/Effect Signal Words and Phrases12A第12页，共19页。13A第13页，共19页。Task 2 Step 1 Underline the part of the sentence that states a cause.Step 2 Circle the word or words that introduce the cause.Step 3 Be able to discuss the use of each word or phrase you have circled.Wha

11、t kind of grammatical structure follows each one?Notice especially the difference between the use of because and because of14A第14页，共19页。Effect Signal Words15A第15页，共19页。16A第16页，共19页。Task 3 Step 1 Underline the part of the sentence that states an effect.Step 2 Circle the word or words that introduce t

12、he effect.Step 3 Be able to discuss the use of each word or phrase that you have circled.What kind of grammatical structure follows each one?How is the sentence punctuated?17A第17页，共19页。Task 4 Step 1 Decide which sentence in each item is a cause and which is an effect.Write C for cause or E for effec

13、t next to each sentence.Step 2 Combine the sentences in each item into a new sentence that shows a cause/effect relationship.Use the cause or effect signal word or phrase given to form your new sentence,and circle the word.You will have to add,delete,or change words in most sentences.18A第18页，共19页。Th

14、ese are the important points you should have learned from this chapter.1.Cause/effect organization is a common pattern in academic writing to write about causes(or reasons)and effects(or results).2.There are two common cause/effect patterns of organization.In block organization,the causes(or reasons

15、)are grouped together in one block,and the effects(or results)are grouped together in another block.There may be a transition paragraph between blocks.In chain organization,the causes and effects are too closely linked to be separated.One cause leads to an effect,which is the cause of the next effect.3.Use a variety of cause/effect signal words to help your reader follow your ideas.19A第19页，共19页。