现代英语词汇学wordformation课件.pptx

1、 Word-formation IVThe Minor Processes1 Important PointsnI.Abbreviation/ShorteningnAcronymy:Initialisms/AcronymsnClipping:nBlendingnII.Back-formationnIII.ReduplicationnIV.AnaloguenV.Words from Proper Nouns2I.The Introduction of ShorteningnWhen new words are formed by compounding or affixation,the res

2、ult is of course a longer unit.Shortening is contrary to the tend of compounding or affixation.nThere are several ways of shortening English words as follows:nAcronymy:Initialisms/AcronymsnClipping n Blending3I.Acronymy1.1 Initialisms 1.2 Acronyms41.1 InitialimsInitialisms are words formed from the

3、initial letters of words which are pronounced as sequences of letters e.g.,EEC.Acronyms are also formed from the initial letters of words,but are pronounced as a word,e.g.radar(radio detecting and ranging).1)non-technical:O.K.(=all correct)/VIP(very important person)2)borrowings:AD(=L.Anno Domini)53

4、)proper nouns:U.S.A./OPEC(=Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)/IBM(=International Business Machines Corporation)4)technical:IQ(intelligence quotient)/N-bomb(=nuclear bomb6nIOC=International Olympic CommitteenBBC=British Broadcasting CorporationnISBN=International Standard Book NumbernCAD=

5、computer assisted designncm=centimeternTB=tuberculosis7nCPUnDIYnCEOnITnAInSOSncentral processing unitnDo it yourselfnChief Executive OfficernInformation technologynartificial intelligencenSave our shipninternational direct dialWrite out in full the following initialisms8nIDDnGMTnVIPnP.S.na.m.np.m.ni

6、nternational direct dialnGreenwich Mean Timenvery important personnpostscriptnante meridiemnpost meridiemWrite out in full the following initialisms91.2 AcronymsAcronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.Most of the words are from the name of an organization or sc

7、ientific terms10nradarnWAVESnNATOnAIDSnBASICnRadio detecting and rangingnWomen Appointed for Voluntary Emergency ServicenThe North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationnAcquired Immune Deficiency SyndromenBeginners all-purpose symbolic Instruction CodeWrite out in full the following initialisms11nN-bombnD-No

8、ticenG-mannD-daynV-daynNuclear bombnDefense NoticenGovernment mannDecimalization daynVictory daySome acronyms are formed with the intial letter of the first word plus the whole of the second.12 This term refers to the process by which a word of two or more syllables(usually a noun)is shortened witho

9、ut a change in its function taking place.Advertisement,examination,gymnasium,laboratory,photograph.professor,all have commonly-used clipped forms:ad or advert,exam,gym,lab,photo,Prof.Clipped words are generally used in less formal situations than their full-length equivalents:they indicate an attitu

10、de of familiarity on the part of the user,either towards the object denoted,or towards the audience.II.Clipping132.1Clipped Wordsnad=advertisementnexpo=expositionnphone=telephonenpro=professionalnmemo=memorandumntec=detectivenheli or copter=helicopterncomfy=comfortable14ngymnasium ndormitory nhandke

11、rchief ngasoline nkilogram ngymndormnhankynGasnkiloGive clippings for the following words15ninfluenza nbusiness nparachute nrefrigerator ntaxicab nflunbiznchutenfridgentaxi or cabGive clippings for the following words161.Noun-verb conversion2.2 Types of Clipping nBack Clippings/ApocopeBack Clippings

12、/ApocopenFront Clippings/AphaeresisFront Clippings/AphaeresisnFront and back ClippingsFront and back ClippingsnMiddle Clippings/SyncopeMiddle Clippings/SyncopenPhrase ClippingPhrase Clipping171.2.1 Back ClippingThe shortening may occur at the end of the word,sometimes with an addition of-o,-y,or-i.e

13、.,npicturenPoliomyelitisnProfessionalnRhinocerosnstereophonicnpicnPolionPronRhinonstereo18nadvertisement nbusiness nCoca-cola nchampionndemobilize ndoctorngasolinengentlementnadnbizncokenchampndemobnDocnGasngentGive clippings for the following words19nhippopotamusninformationnlaboratory nlavatorynma

14、thematicsnmechanicnhipponinfonlabnlavnmathnmecGive clippings for the following words20nammunitionnconscious objectorntelevisionnAustraliannrecruitntrigonometrynumpirenveterinariannammonconchyntellynAussienrookientrignumpnvetGive clippings for the following words212.2.3 Front Clipping bus(=omnibus)/b

15、o(=hobo)/chute(=parachute)/coon(=raccoon)/copter(=helicopter)/dozer(=bulldozer)/mum(=chrysanthemum)/phone(=telephone)/quake(=earthquake)1.2.4 front and back clippingsflu(=influenza)/fridge(=refrigerator)/tec(=detective)/scrip(=subscription)/vic(=convict)221.2.5 Middle Clippingbike(=bicycle)/trike(=t

16、ricycle)/cric(=critic)/Frisco(=San Francisco 1.2.6 Some clipped words are used only in journalismGovt (=government);I nt l(=International);Dept(=department);Hkong(=HongKong);Spore(=Singapore 231.2.1 Phrase ClippingMany phrases and sentences have shortened,simply because they are too lengthy and used

17、 too often in conversation.Goodbye and farewell were once God be with you and Fare thee well.After all is said to be the remnant of after all is said and done,and the Americanism fall is shortened from of fall of the leaf.The following are some recent examples:24 consols(=consolidated annuities)pyro

18、(=pyro-gallic acid)jet(=jet-propelled plane)private(=private common soldier)lube(lubricating oil)/pub(public house)25III.BlendingnThe definition of blendingnBlending（拼缀法）拼缀法）is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two words.The result of such a process is c

19、alled a blend or telescopic word or portmanteau word(并合词）并合词）.Blending is thus a process of both compounding and abbreviation.26nExamplesnnewscast(newsbroadcast)nbrunch(breakfastlunch)nsmog(smokefog)ntalkathon(talkmarathon)nslimnastics(slimgymnastics)nvideophone(video telephone)27nsci-finhi-finworka

20、holicnstagflationnUnicomnsitcomnmotelndawknsciencefiction nhighfidelity nworkalcoholic nstagnationinflation nUnited Communicationsnsituationcomedynmotorhotelndovehawk28Structurally blends may be divided into four types.29navionicsnbeautilitynbitnbotelnlidarnmingynsmognaviationelectronicsnbeautyutili

21、ty nbinarydigit nboathotelnlight radarnmeanstingynsmokefog A.First part of the first word+Last part of the second one30ncomsatnfortrannmopednsitcomnSci-fintelexncommunicationsatellitenformulatranslationnmotorpedalnsituationcomedynscience fictionnteleprinterexchange B.First part of the first word+Fir

22、st part of the second one31nairtelnfactionnlunarnautnslimnasticsntalkathonnairhotelnfactfictionnlunarastronautnslimgymnasticsntalk marathon C.Whole form of the first word+Last part of the second one32ndocudramanmedicarenmotownndocumentarydramanmedicalcarenmotortown D.Whole form of the first word+Las

23、t part of the second one33II.Backformationn1.The definition of backformationnBack-formation（逆成法）逆成法）is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix.It is also known as a reverse derivation.This is because many of the removed suffixes are not true suffix

24、es but inseparable parts of the words.neg.editor-editor34nExamplesnedit from editornautomate from automationnenthuse from enthusiasmngloom from gloomyndonate from donationnbrainwash from brainwashingnsleep-walk from sleep-walking352.Back-formation usually involves the following types of words:2.1 Ab

25、stract Nounsdiagnose diagnosisdonate donationenthuse enthusiasm emote emotion362.2 Human nounsnExamplesnloafnsculptnburglenbegnLoafernSculptornBurglarnbeggar372.3 Compound nounsnExamplesneavesdropnmerrymakenbabysitneavesdeoppingnMerry-makingnbaysitter382.4 Adjectives nExamplesndrowsenlazenfrivolndro

26、wsynlazynfrivolous39nNote:Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs.There are only a few that can be used as nouns or as both nouns and verbs.neg.gloom-gloomy greed-greedynStylistically,back-formed words are largely informal and some of them have not gained public acceptance.Therefore,th

27、ey should be used with care.40III.RedulicationnMinor type of word-formation by which a compound is created by the repetition.They are characterized by being rhymed or alliterated.neg.go-go,ping pong,teeny-weenynWilly-nilly,wishy-washy,dilly-dallynShilly-shally41The common use of Reduplicative are:A.

28、To imitate sounds:tick-tick,quack-quackB.To suggest alternating movements sea-saw:up and down,to and pro zigzag:right and left alternatively at sharp anglesC.To express ones contempt of the character,appearance and behavior of a personeg.hocus-pocus,dum-dum,no-no42nD.to disparage by suggesting that

29、sth is in disorder,or of small value or of inferior quality.neg.fiddle-faddle hurry-skurrynTopsy-turvynE.to show ones approvalnSuper-dupernTip-top43IV.AnalogynThe definition of analogy（类比）类比）nThe process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the lan

30、guage44nExamplesnMarathon-telethon,talkathonnblue-collar workers-white-collar workers,gray-collar workers,pink-collar workers,gold-collar workersnenvironmental pollution-visual or eye pollution,noise pollution,cultural pollution,graffiti pollutionnFirst Family-First Lady,First Dog nLandscape-moonsca

31、pe,marscapenBirds eye-fish-eye,worms-eye,cats-eye45V.Words form Proper NamenName of PeopleName of PeoplenName of PlacesName of PlacesnName of BooksName of BooksnTrade namesTrade names46nBoycott:v&nn refusal or refuse to do business with,attend or take part in,as a way of disapproval or opposition.nF

32、rom the 19th century landlord Captain BoycottnCabal:v&nnA clique or make secret plans for political action.nFrom the initial letters of the five ministers Clifford,Ashley,Buckingham,Arlington,and Lauderdale47nI want to be TVS czar of script and grammar.nChurchill,a bent Pickwick in blue uniform,look

33、ed up at him with majestic good humor,much older,more dignified,more assured.nIt is with procrustean thoroughness that the Soviet government squelches all dissent.485.1Names of PeoplenAmperenFaradnOhmnVoltnWattnDieselnMachintoshnBloomersnCherubnProteannBobbynquislingn安培安培 Frenchn法拉法拉 Britishn欧姆欧姆 Ge

34、rmann伏特伏特 Italiann瓦特瓦特 Scottishn柴油柴油 机机 Germann雨衣雨衣 Scottishn女士灯笼裤女士灯笼裤 New Yorkn洋娃娃洋娃娃 cherubn多变的人多变的人 Proteusn警察警察 Sir Robert PeelnTraitor Vidkun Quisling495.2 Names of PlacesnChinanAfghannJerseynRugbynChampagnePorcelainA kind of knitted rugJersey Island in BritainBritish Rugby schoolA kind of win

35、e in France505.3 Names of booksnUtopianOdyssynbabbitSir ThomasHomers epic(Odysseus)Sinclair Lewis51n5.4 TradenamesnNylonnOrlonnDacronnRayonnThey are originally tradenames and now used to denote the four types of fabric,and lost their original identity.52ExamplesnfrisbeenDeep-freezenOmeganXeroxnthermosA plate-like plateA deep freezerA kind of cigarettePhotocopierVacuum bottle53