大学英语专业语法课件限定词Determiner.ppt

1、Lecture 3 Determinern_ friends usually speak highly of him.A.His some B.Some his C His many D Many hisn Please send _ samples to London by air.A.these enough B enough these C.Five these D These fiveWell concern ourselves withnNoun and Noun Phrase(an overview)nGenitive NounnDeterminer Noun and Noun P

2、hrasenClassification of nounsnAccording to word formation:n Simple nouns:man,cat,chairn Compound nouns:greenhouse,landlordn Derivative nouns:worker,examinationnAccording to lexical meaning:n Proper nouns:names for a person,place or thing,e.g.China,New York,Johnn Common nouns:individual,collective,ma

3、terial and abstract nouns,e.g.teacher,faculty,water,honestynAccording to grammatical form:n Countable nouns:a car,two cars,n Uncountable nouns:bread,milk,furniture,Noun and Noun PhrasenFunctions of noun phrases:S,SC,O,OC,Appositive,Prep C,Adverbial,Conjunction nNumber forms of nouns:rules&exceptions

4、(See section 4.2)nPartitives-also called unit nouns,are commonly used to denote individuality of a whole unit nouns,e.g.a piece of information,a bottle of ink,a pair of glasses,a flock of birds,a herd of cattle,nNote:For more details,read the course books by yourselves.Genitive NounnCase is a gramma

5、tical category.It denotes the changes in the form of a noun or a pronoun showing its semantic relations with other words in a sentence.(e.g.genitive case,nominative case,accusative case,etc.)nIn modern English,nouns do not have a complicated case system like that of Latin,German,or Russian.The diffe

6、rent grammatical functions of English nouns in a sentence are mostly determined by word order.It is in this sense that the genitive case may be viewed as a relic of the old case system.The Formation of Genitive Nounna)Add s to singular nouns and plural nouns that do not end in s,e.g.nMarys pen,nChil

7、drens Daynb)Add an apostrophe()to plural nouns ending in s,e.g.nTeachers Day,n ladies roomThe Formation of Genitive Nounnc)Add s to the end of the compound nouns or to the end of a post modified noun phrase,e.g.nhis mother-in-laws death,nsomeone elses opinion,nthe university of Minnesotas presidentn

8、d)In coordinate nouns,add s to each of the coordinate elements when denoting respective possession,and only to the last element when denoting common possession,e.g.nMarys and John pens,nMary and Johns penThe Formation of Genitive Nounne)In“noun phrase+appositive(同位语同位语)”construction,add an s to the

9、end of the appositive,or both to the noun phrase and to the appositive,e.g.nBasel the booksellers;nBasels,the booksellersnf)In Personal names ending in sibilant/z/,add s or only.But it can only be s when personal names end in other sibilant sound,e.g.nDickens/Dickenss works,nJones/Joness poems,nMarx

10、s Doctrine,nRosss dissertationThe meanings of Genitive NounnGenitive is chiefly used to denote possession,and therefore is called possessive case.But genitive meanings are by no means restricted to possession.nObserve the examples below,identify the semantic relations between the genitive nouns and

11、its head nouns:(See Ex.5A)nMarys handbagnDavids prompt reply nThe criminals punishmentnMr.Smiths donationna summers daynTwo hours driven300 kilometers distancen5 dollars worth of stampsownershipSubject-predicateVerb-objectsourcedescriptiontimedistancevalueThe Genitive Noun and of-PhrasenGenitive nou

12、ns are sometimes interchangeable with of-phrases,e.g.nChinas foreign policy the foreign policy of China nNewtons law the law of NewtonnThe presidents arrival the arrival of the presidentnBut in some cases,we can only use genitive nouns instead of of-phrase,esp.in idiomatic expressions,e.g.nchildrens

13、 pictorial;na doctors degree;n mens clothing;nat ones wits end;nat swords points;na hairs breadth;na wolf in sheeps clothing The Genitive Noun and of-PhrasenHowever,we can only use of-phrases instead of genitive nouns in the following cases:n when the noun is followed by a long modifier:nThe opinion

14、 of the chairman appointed a month ago;nThe suggestions of those present at the meeting;nin the pattern“the+adj.”or when of-phrase an appositive:nThe income of the rich;nThe struggle of the exploited;nThe city of RomeIndependent GenitivenSometimes,a genitive noun can be used independently,that is,wi

15、thout a following noun.This is known as independent genitive.Independent genitive can be used in the following situations:nA)when the missing noun has occurred somewhere in the context,e.g.nYour bike is somewhat similar to Johns.nTeds was the most expensive car.nB)when the missing noun refers to som

16、ebodys house or residence,e.g.nWell have our party at Marys.nThe dentists is not too far away from the Metro station.Independent GenitivenC)when the missing noun refers to church,school,or other public buildings,e.g.nI have never visited St.Pauls(Cathedral)in London.nHe once studied at Merchant Tayl

17、ors(School).nD)when the missing noun refers to the commercial firms,e.g.nPickled vegetables are available at the grocers.nChinese toys are sold both at Smiths and Browns.Double GenitivenThe prepositional phrase(an of-phrase)that takes an independent genitive as complementation is called Double genit

18、ive,e.g.nHe is a friend of my fathers.(=He is one of my fathers friends.)nCf:He is a friend of my father.=He is friendly to my father.nMore examples:na portrait of Mr Brownsna portrait of Mr Brownna criticism of Mr Hamiltonsna criticism of Mr HamiltonDouble GenitivenNotes(A&B):nA)the independent gen

19、itive in the of-phrase must carry definite/specific personal reference,e.g.na patient of the doctors n*a patient of a doctorsn*an engine of the planesDouble GenitivenB)the noun phrase with a double genitive as post-modifier can take an indefinite determiner such as a(n),some,any,etc,or a demonstrati

20、ve determiner such as this,that,which to convey emotional feelings,e.g.na daughter of Mrs Greensnany/some daughters of Mrs Greensnthis brilliant idea of Davidsnthat clever remark of your sistersnthis notorious scheme of your colleaguesnthat iniquitous plot of the kingsnWhich novel of DickensnTwo nov

21、els of DickensnBut not“*the daughter of Mrs Greens”Determiner nIs the following sentence grammatical?Why?n*Watch was lost.nThere are quite a number of ways to make it grammatical:nThis/That watch was lost.nMy watch was lost.nMarys/Teds watch was lost.nOne watch was lost.nEvery watch was lost.nNo wat

22、ch was lost.nNeither watch was lost.nWhich watch was lostnWhat do the above facts suggest?+DeterminerN/NPWhat influence does Det.have on the following N/NP?It helps to determine the N/NPs reference and quantity.How many/how much?What/Which/whose(thing/person)do you refer to?Determiner nWhat are dete

23、rminers?nWords that precede any premodifying adjectives in a noun phrase and which denote such referential meanings as specific reference(特指特指),generic reference(类指类指),definite quantity or indefinite quantity are referred to as determiners.(reference&quantity)nDeterminers include:articles,possessive

24、 determiners,genitive nouns,demonstrative determiners,relative determiners,interrogative determiners,indefinite determiners,cardinal and ordinal numerals,fractional and multiplicative numerals,and other quantifiers.Determiner nThe choice of determiners is closely related to what might be called the

25、three classes of nouns:singular countable nouns,plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns.The three classes of nouns demand appropriate determiners to collocate with.n1)determiners with all three classes of nouns:possessive determiners,genitive nouns and the definite article as well as some,any,n

26、o,the other,and whose,e.g.nthe/his/some car,the/his/some cars,the/his/some money.n2)determiners with singular countable nouns only:a(n),one,another,each,every,either,neither,many a,such a,e.g.neach worker,every student,either book,another bookDeterminer n3)determiners with plural countable nouns onl

27、y:both,two three,etc,another two/three,many,(a)few,several,these,those,a(great)number of,e.g.nboth/several/these/many/a number of workersn4)determiners with uncountable nouns only:a little,a great amount of,a bit of,a great deal of,much less,least,e.g.nmuch noise,little/a great deal of money,less oi

28、ln5)determiners with singular and plural countable nouns only:the first,the second,the last,the next,e.g.nthe first man/men,the next meeting/meetingsDeterminer n6)determiners with either singular or uncountable nouns only:this,that,e.g.nthis/that job,this/that workn7)determiners with plural and unco

29、untable nouns only:a lot of,lots of,plenty of,enough,most,such,other,e.g.nEnough books/money,more essays/time,plenty of cars/rain Collocations between determiners nAccording to their potential position,determiners can be divided into three subclasses:nCentral determiners-articles,genitive,demonstrat

30、ive determiners,possessive determiners,some,any,no,every each,either,neither,enough,what(ever),which(ever),whose,etc.(They are mutually exclusive in a phrase)nPredeterminers-all,both,half,double,twice,three times,etc.;one-third,two fifths,etc.;what,such a(n)nPostdeterminers-next,last,other,another,e

31、tc.;many,much,a few,a little,fewer,the fewest,more,most Collocations between determiners nIf a noun phrase contains more than one determiner,they are not combined together at will.Rather,they follow some order.n1)predeterminer+central determiner+postdeterminer,e.g.nall the other students,both his tw

32、o sistersn2)predeterminer+central determiner,e.g.nall the students,both his parentsn3)central determiner+postdeterminer,e.g.nthe other students,his last few sistersn4)predeterminer+postdeterminer,e.g.nall other students,all three sistersn5)postdeterminer+postdeterminer,e.g.nthree other students,a fe

33、w more words Collocations between determiners nNote:Unlike postdeterminers,central determiners and predeterminers are mutually exclusive in a phrase.That is,no two members of them can co-occur in a noun phrase.e.g.nhis last two books,the first two chaptersn*my that book,*all half students Articles n

34、Articles are the most typical of determiners.English has three articles-the definite,the indefinite and the zero article.Both definite and indefinite articles can be used to perform the functions of generic and specific reference.Generic and specific reference nGeneric reference-any member represent

35、ative of a class of people or things.nSpecific reference-a particular specimen of the class.nCompare:n The lion is roaring.(specific)n The lion is the king of animals.（generic）n A tiger has escaped.（specific）n A tiger can be dangerous.（generic）Generic and specific reference nThe Generic function can

36、 also be performed by the definite article combining with certain adjectives or adjectival participles,e.g.nThe rich get richer,and the poor get poorer.nThe oppressed and the exploited wanted to free themselves from the oppressors.Generic and specific reference nZero article means the absence of art

37、icle.That is,no article is used,esp.with plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns.Zero article also has generic use,e.g.n Pandas are rare animals.(plural countable noun)nCarrots are my favorite vegetables.(plural countable noun)nWashington is the capital of the United States.(proper noun)nHappin

38、ess is what they are after in life.(abstract noun)nKnowledge is power.(abstract noun)nGold is not very expensive in that place.(material noun)Anaphoric,cataphoric and situational referencenAnaphoric reference-The word“anaphoric”means“pointing backward”.When what is referred to occurs in a previous c

39、ontext and the definite article has to point backward for its meaning,this is known as anaphoric reference,e.g.n He ordered a book some time ago.The book has now arrived.Anaphoric THE Anaphoric,cataphoric and situational referencenCataphoric reference-The word cataphoric means“pointing forward”.When

40、 the referential meaning of the definite article is determined by what follows the article and the head,and the article has to point forward for its own interpretation,that is cataphoric reference,e.g.nThis is the place where I first met her.Cataphoric THE Anaphoric,cataphoric and situational refere

41、ncenSituational reference-depends not on any referent that has occurred in the context but solely on the common knowledge shared by speaker and hearer or on a specific situation in which the reference is made clear.Sometimes this function can also be performed by zero article,e.g.n Whats on the radi

42、o?nShut the door,please.nShe asked,“Why is father out of work?”nHe was elected chairman of the students union.Articles in use with different classes of nounnThe use of articles is often a headache for us Chinese learners.This is not only because there is no article contrast in Chinese common nouns,b

43、ut also because there are too many exceptions to the rules guiding the use of articles.As a matter of fact,the choice of an article in quite a few idiomatic expressions is just a matter of usage which is difficult or even impossible to explain in terms of a few grammatical rules.In this sense,it is

44、necessary that we should memorize some“exceptions”.Read the course book carefully(section 7.2:P76-82),and get familiar with the use of articles with different classes of noun.Articles in special positionsnGenerally,when a noun is modified by some adjective,the article precede the adjective,e.g.na bi

45、g book,an interesting story,the slow car,etc.nHowever,when modified by some others as follows,the article should follow the adjective.nHe was so short a boy that he cant reach the book on the shelf.nIt is too difficult a sentence for him to understand.nWe all know how great a man he is.nHow can you

46、make such a mistake?nMany a teacher has seen this film.nHe is quite a headmaster.nHe is living rather a poor life.nBoth the teachers and all the students were safe.Exercise:nRead these tips from a magazine about finding a good fitness club.Six of the lines are correct and seven have an article that

47、should not be there.If a line is correct,put a tick at the end of it.If there is an article that should not be there underline it.1.The many people go to a gym regularly,to try to 2.lose the weight and cope with the stress of modern life.3.Here are the some tips for finding the best gym for you.4.Vi

48、sit at least three clubs at the time of day you plan to work out.5.Check for the cleanliness,especially in the changing rooms.6.Ensure the equipment is well maintained and suited to your7.Requirements.Expect the well qualified,presentable instructors.8.Check that an instructor is available in the gy

49、m area at all times9.for an assistance.Is the club security conscious do you need 10.an ID card to get in?Do you need to pay a membership fee and11.does the fee include the cost of aerobics classes?Choose a gym12.a short distance away-if it takes you more than the thirty minutes to get there,you pro

50、bably wont go.Check your exercise:1.The many people go to a gym regularly,to try to 2.lose the weight and cope with the stress of modern life.3.Here are the some tips for finding the best gym for you.4.Visit at least three clubs at the time of day you plan to work out.5.Check for the cleanliness,esp