参考大学英语语法主谓一致课件.ppt

1、第1页，共25页。第2页，共25页。“一致”（concord或agreement）指句子成分之间或词语之间在语法形式上的协调关系。主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在“人称”和“数”的方面的一致关系，这又叫做“主-动一致”（Subject-verb Concord）。第3页，共25页。1.语法一致原则（Grammatical Concord)主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。The number of errors was surprising.Jane and Mary look alike.2.意义一致原则（Notional Concord）1）主语形式虽

2、为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词为复数。The crowd were running for their lives.单数形式代表复数内容的词有：people,police,cattle,militia等。2)主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。The news was very exciting.形复意单的单词有news,works（工厂）和一些以ics结尾的学科名称，physics,economics等。3.就近原则（Principle of Proximity）谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词or,eitheror,neithernor,not only,b

3、ut also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。Either your students or Mr.Wang knows this.第4页，共25页。1.以以S结尾的表示疾病的名词作主语时谓语用单数结尾的表示疾病的名词作主语时谓语用单数 arthritis:关节炎 bronchitis:支气管炎 mumps:腮腺炎 diabetes:糖尿病 phlebitis:静脉炎 但是measles(麻疹)，rickets(软骨病)谓语可用单/复数 2.以以S结尾的表示游戏名称的名词谓语常用单数结尾的表示游戏名称的名词谓语常用单数 darts:投镖游戏 domin

4、oes:多米诺骨牌 marbles:打弹子游戏 billiards:台球 但cards(打纸牌)用复数；当它们表示所用工具时谓语用复数 Darts is often played in English pubs.Two darts are thrown at every turn.第5页，共25页。3.以以ics结尾的学科名称通常用单数结尾的学科名称通常用单数mathematics:数学 physics:物理学 optics:光学 statistics:统计学 politics:政治学 acoustics:声学/音响效果 economics:经济学 athletics:体育学 mechanic

5、s:机械学 semantics:语义学linguistics:语言学 tactics:兵法/策略 当这类名词表示学科以外的其它意义时用作复数 Statistics is not as difficult as some people think.The latest statistics on crime are beyond description.注:下列以ics结尾的名词仅用作单数 classics:杰作,著作 comics:连环图画 ethics:伦理学 cosmetics:化妆品第6页，共25页。4.以S 结尾的地理名称如山脉，海峡，瀑布，群岛等通常用作复数the West Indi

6、es西印度群岛 the Bahamas巴哈马群岛the Himalayas喜马拉雅山脉 the Straits of Gibraltar直布罗陀海峡 the Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉瀑布the Rockies 落基山脉 但如果是国名，则用作单数，如:the United States,the United Nations,the Netherlands（荷兰）。5.由二部分组成的物体通常以S结尾，如果不带“一把”等单位词而单独使用，通常用作复数。scissors剪子 shears 大剪刀 pincers、tongs 钳子 pliers 老虎钳 pajamas 睡衣，宽长裤 susp

7、enders吊裤带 knickers短裤，灯笼裤 pants 裤子 jeans 工装裤 shorts 短裤 briefs 三角裤 shoes glasses/spectacles 眼镜 binoculars 望远镜 chopsticks 如带有单位词，则由单位词的单/复数来决定谓语动词的单/复数A pair of shoes was on the desk.第7页，共25页。6.下列以s结尾的名词通常用作复数 archives:档案 arms:武器 eaves:屋檐 contents:内容 goods:货物 suburbs:郊区 thanks:谢意 wages:工资 stairs:楼梯 rem

8、ains:遗体 morals:道德，品行 minutes:记录 注:whereabouts(行踪，下落)，dramatics(舞台艺术)可用单/复数 7.凡是由-ings结尾的名词常用作复数 clippings:剪下来的东西 filings:锉屑 earnings:收入 diggings:掘出的东西 lodgings:租的房间 surroundings:环境 sweepings:扫拢的垃圾 注:tidings(消息,音信)可用作单或复数第8页，共25页。.以结尾的单，复数同形的名词，谓语动词形式取决于这些名词是用作单数还是用作复数；意义不同，单复数也不同 barracks:营房 headqua

9、rters:总部 means:方法,手段,工具 series:系列 species:种类 works:工厂 crossroads:十字路口 This glass works was set up in 2008.These glass works are near the railway station.9.少数名词用作单数和用作复数意义不同 Whats the odds?有什么要紧？=what does it matter?（差别）The odds are against us.我们成功的机会很小。（可能的机会）The martyrs remains were buried at the f

10、oot of the hill.遗体 Here is the remains of the temple.遗迹第9页，共25页。练习：1.The Alps(covers,cover)an area of 200,000 square kilometers and(is,are)the greatest mountain range in Europe.2.Draughts(is,are)an easier game than chess.3.What(is,are)his politics?4.The remains of Shakespeare(is,are)buried on Stratf

11、ord-on-Avon.5.Politics(is,are)the art or science of government.6.Mr Smiths morals(is,are)above criticism.7.Usually a bird species facing the danger of extinction(gains,gain)public recognition.8 The species of fish in the aquarium(is,are)numerous.第10页，共25页。1.通常用作复数的集体名词:people,police,folk,youth,cattl

12、e,poultry,militia,verminHis cattle were still lean.Such vermin as bugs and rats are hard to get rid of.Many cattle are kept.饲养了很多牲畜。Several hundred police were on duty.几百个警察在执勤。The police are searching for him.2.通常用作单数的集体名词:advice,baggage,equipment,information,knowledge,machinery,scenery,news,foliag

13、e,merchandise,furnitureThe merchandise on display in the shop window is very good.All the machinery is new.3.既可用作复数也可用作单数的集体名词：family,army,group,committee,company,government,enemy,class,team,party,club,majority,crowd,audience,jury,union,fleet（舰队）,faculty（能力；大学教职人员），crew，publicHis family are all musi

14、c lovers.His family isnt large.His family_ going to have a long journey.The whole family _ watching TV.第11页，共25页。练习：1.The jury _in opinion about“sentence of death.”A.disagrees B.disagree C.agrees D.has disagreed 2.Today the public _about the way nature is being ruined.A.are concerned B.is concernedC

15、.have been concerned D.is being concerned 3.The committee cant come to a decision because _at odds.A.it has B.they have C.it is D.they are4.The majority _on Bens side,but Peter disagrees with them on two points.A.were B.was C.is D.are第12页，共25页。第13页，共25页。1.用and或bothand 连接并列主语，谓语通常用复数To mean to do som

16、ething and to actually do something are two separate things.但是当并列主语指的是同一个人，事物或概念时，谓语用单数，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。Truth and honesty is the best policy.The girls teacher and friend is a young doctor.To love and to be loved is the great happiness.To try and fail is better than not to try at all.A knife and fork

17、is on the table.Bread and butter is our daily food.类似结构有：whisky and soda,strawberry and cream,salt and water,ham and egg,cart and horse，fish and chips等。第14页，共25页。2.当and 连接的单数主语前面有 each,every,many a,no 等修饰时，（即 many aand many a;everyand every;eachand each;noand no）谓语动词用单数 Many a boy and many a girl ha

18、s seen the brighter-than-expected white flash of light.No teacher and no student was present at the opening ceremony.第15页，共25页。3.如主语是单数，尽管后面跟有with,together with,as well as,as much as,no less than,more than,rather than,like,but,except,besides,in addition to等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数 That man,as well as his wife

19、,is accused of molesting minors since 1950s.A professor,together with his students,was sent to work in Nigeria.The room with its furniture was rented.4.由or,eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut(also),not but 等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语与邻近的主语取得一致 Either you or he is to go.Not only Joan but her sisters know the combin

20、ation to the safe which contains the list of the family securities.第16页，共25页。练习：1._either he or his accountants going to claim for the loss?A.AreB.Were C.Is D.Does 2.Joes father,along with his two uncles,_in New York one more day.A.demand that he stay B.demands that he stays C.demands that he stay D

21、.demand that he stays 3.Every policeman and fireman _on the alert.A.have been B.was C.are D.were Keys:c c b 第17页，共25页。1.由不定代词every,each,each one,each of,another,either,neither,no one,the other,everybody,everything,many a,more than one 等作主语或修饰主语时，谓语用单数。Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.More t

22、han one man believes that the promise of the American Dream is still out of reach for many blacks in the city.2.由“a great many,a good many,a group of,a number of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语用复数。A great many graduates think they are all entitled to make a mistake once in a while.3.all of,some of,a lot of,half of,mos

23、t of,the majority of,two thirds of,ninety percent of,the rest of,plenty of,part of,heaps of（堆）等+名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的单/复数取决于后面的名词或代词的数，因为这些词是中心词Half of the apples go bad.The rest of the land is uncultivated.第18页，共25页。练习：1.Although the first part of the book is easy,the rest _.A.are difficult B.has proved

24、difficultC.is supposed difficult D.have been found difficult2.Mrs.Angel feels very happy when the rest _appearance.A.makes B.make their C.has made their D.have made his3.More than one example _necessary to make the students understand this rule clearly.A.should be B.is C.are D.have been 4.Another fi

25、ve weeks _necessary for us to finish the work.A.are B.were C.is D.will have been Keys:b b b c第19页，共25页。1.表加，减，乘，除等算式时，谓语常用单数。如数词是复数形式，如：thousands of,millions of 等，谓词常用复数 Ten minus two is eight.Forty divided by eight is five.2.当a portion of,a series of,a pile of,a kind of,a great deal of,a great amou

26、nt of 等+复数主语时，谓语动词用单数形式 A large portion of Emilys poems was found and published after her death.A series of lectures on educational psychology is said to be given by E.Stone.第20页，共25页。3.当a flock of,a drove of,a school of,a swarm of,a herd of,a pack of 等集体名词被看作一个整体时，谓语用单数。如指个体，用复数 Usually,a herd of A

27、frican elephants has up to one thousand members.4.the number of+复数主语，谓语用单数；a number of+复数主语，谓语用复数 A number of Britons were sent to Tehran yesterday.The number of Britons was fifty-four.第21页，共25页。练习：1.The number of students in the oral English program training _to 20.A.limits B.is limited C.limited D

28、.are limited 2.A series of debates between the lecturers _ for the next weekend.A.are scheduled B.was scheduled C.were scheduled D.have been scheduled Keys:b b第22页，共25页。1.不定式分句和ing 分词分句作主语，谓语用单数Writing stories and articles is what I enjoy most.2.名词性从句作主语，谓语动词常用单数What caused the accident is a complet

29、e mystery.That blacks in Americas second-largest city fare the worst among all major races in education,health,economics,housing and criminal justice is said by a study released on Wednesday.3.定语从句中从句与先行词的数保持一致I am one of those people who by the general opinion of the world are counted both infamous

30、 and unhappy.George is the one of the brightest confidants who has graduated from Mongolia University.I,who am your friend,will try my best to help you.第23页，共25页。4.存在句中，be 的单复数适用就近原则 There has to be a lot of give-and-take in any successful marriage.There are four chairs,a table,and a small bed in th

31、e room.5.强调句“It is I who.”中，分句动词形式与I要保持一致。非正式英语中，可用me代替I,随后的分句动词常用第三人称单数 It is I who am to blame.It is me that was injured in the accident.第24页，共25页。练习：1.John is the one of the staff members who _to be transferred.A.is going B.are going C.have been going D.has been going 2.He is one of those persons who_ never satisfied.A.are B.is C.has been D.to be 3.What they have done _useful to the people.A.are considered B.is considered C.have been considered D.will be considered Keys:a a b第25页，共25页。