中考英语核心词汇：词形变换专题指导.docx

1、22中考英语词形变换专题指导一 . 转化：指由一种词性转化为另一种词性的构词形式。1. 名词转化为动词：book （ n 书 v 预定）；seat （ n 座位 v 使就位；落座）；water （ n 水 v 浇水）2. 动词转化为名词：try （ v 尝试 n 尝试）；look （ v 看 n 表情）； dream （ v 做梦 n 梦）3. 形容词转化为动词：dirty （ adj 脏的 v 弄脏）；slow （  adj 慢的 v 放慢；减慢）；right （ adj 正确的 v 纠正）；dry （ adj 干的 v 变干）；free （ adj 自由的 v 解放；使自由）；4

2、. 形容词转化为名词：dear （ adj 昂贵的 n 喜欢的人 / 物）；quiet （ adj 寂静的 n 寂静） 5. 其它词类的转化情况：Our classroom faces south. （ south： n 南方；南面 adv 向南；朝南）6. 当英语词汇转化时，转化后的词的读音常有变化。二 . 合成：指由两个或两个以上本身有独立含义的词合在一起组成一个有具体意义的新词的构词形式。1. 合成形容词的常见构词形式： 数词 + 名词a five - year plan （五年计划）；first-class products （一级品）；second-hand goods （二手货）

3、数词 + 名词 +eda three - legged bench （三条腿的登子）；a one - eyed camel （一只眼的骆驼） 数词 + 名词 + 形容词a 20-year-old lady （一位 20 岁的女士）；a 1，000-metre-long bridge （一座 1000 米长的桥） 名词 + 现在分词peace-loving （热爱和平的）；meat-eating （食肉的）； history-making （创造历史的） 名词 + 过去分词heart-broken （伤心的）；man-made （人造的）； water-covered （被水覆盖的） 形容词 +

4、 名词 +edabsent-minded （漫不经心的）；blue-eyed （蓝眼睛的）； kind-hearted （和善的） 形容词 + 现在分词bad-looking （相貌丑陋的）；fine-sounding （动听的）；easy-going （容易相处的） 形容词 + 名词short-term （短期的）；part-time （兼职的）；high-class （高级的）；large-scale （大规模的） 副词 + 现在分词hard-working （努力工作的）；far-reaching （深远的）；ever-lasting （永恒的） 副词 + 过去分词well-develo

5、ped （高度发达的）；well-known （著名的）；well-trained （训练有素的） 其他构词形式的合成形容词all-round （全面的）；face-to-face （面对面的）；thank-you （感谢的）；out-of-date （过时的）2. 合成名词的常见构成形式： 名词 + 名词silkworm （蚕）；footprint （脚印）；newspaper （报纸）；glasshouse （温室）；bedroom （卧室） 名词 + 动名词handwriting （书法）；sun-bathing （日光浴）；sight-seeing （观光） 形容词 + 名词short

6、hand （速记）；hotline （热线）；blackboard （黑板） 动名词 + 名词waiting-room （候车室）；sleeping-pill （安眠药）；writing-desk （写字台）；reading-room （阅览室） 动词 + 名词pickpocket （扒手）；post office （邮局）；playground （操场）；break-water （防波堤） 动词 + 副词get-together （联欢会）；break-through （突破）；take-off （起飞）；lookout （岗哨） 副词 + 动词downfall （垮台）；overthrow

7、 （推翻）；outbreak （爆发）；income （收入；所得） 其他构成形式的合成名词well-being （福利）；good-for-nothing （无用之人）；by-product （副产品）；touch-me-not （含羞草）；self-improvement （自我完善）；self-criticism （自我批评）注意：合成词如果出现复数形式时通常在其后加 -s 或 -es ，如 by-products， reading-rooms， 但应特别注意： passers-by， lookers-on 等词语是在其表达该词中心含义的词上加 -s 或 -es .3. 合成动词及其他合

8、成词类：overthrow （推翻）；sleep-walk （梦游）；undergo （经历）；everything （一切）；furthermore （而且）；forever （永远）；maybe （也许）三 . 派生：指由一个词根加上前缀和（或）后缀构成另一个词的构词形式。1. 前缀：一般而言，前缀只改变词的含意，并不改变词的词性，有些前缀如 en- ， under- 等却使原词改变了词性，如 force （ n 力量） enforce （ v 加强）；rich （ adj 富有） enrich （ v 使富裕）；line （ n 线） underline （ v 在之下画线）。前缀&nb

9、sp;   含义            词根                  派生词dis-     不         like （喜欢）   &

10、nbsp;     dislike （不喜欢）un-      不         fair （公平）         unfair （不公平）il-    不；无       legal （合法的）     

11、 illegal （非法的）in-    不；非      correct （正确的）     incorrect （不正确的）im-      非        possible （可能的）    impossible （不可能的）ir-    不；非    

12、;  regular （规则的）     irregular （不规则的）non-   无；非      smoker （烟民）        non-smoker （不吸烟者）en-      使        courage （勇气）    &n

13、bsp;  encourage （鼓励）fore-  前；预先     head （头）           forehead （前额）inter- 在之间   national （国家的）   international （国际的）kilo-    千         meter （米）

14、          kilometer （千米）mid-   在中间      autumn （秋天）      mid-autumn （中秋）mis-   错误地       understand （理解）   misunderstand （误解）over- 在上，过分；超过 

15、 head （头）     overhead （在头顶上的）re-   再；重；又     build （修建）       rebuild （重建）2. 后缀：通常情况下，后缀不但改变词，还改变词性，常见的后缀有动词后缀、副词后缀、形容词后缀和名词后缀。动词后缀：后缀       含义        词根&

16、nbsp;             派生词 -en       变得   wide （宽的）    widen （加宽；变宽） -ify      使     beauty （美）    beautify （使漂亮） -ize/ise  使

17、     real（的）       realize （实现） 副词后缀：后缀      含义                词根              &

18、nbsp;       派生词-ly    在状态中      happy （高兴；幸福） happily （高兴地；幸福地）-ward   朝方向/地方  back （后）          backward （向后；朝后）形容词后缀：后缀        &

19、nbsp;   含义                   词根                  派生词-able/-ible 可的；能的       comfort （

20、舒服）     comfortable （舒适的）-al/-ial    属于的；有特点   practice （练习）    practical （实际的；可行的）-ed         有特性的           interest （兴趣）    interest

21、ed （感兴趣的）-ful        充满的             harm （伤害；损伤）  harmful （有害的；致伤的）-ish        有属性的           self （自己）  

22、;      selfish （自私的）-ive        有倾向的           create （创造）      creative （创造性的）名词后缀：后缀          含义   &nbs

23、p;            词根                    派生词-ance/-ence 指行为、状态     perform （表演）      performance （演出；表演）-dom&n

24、bsp;       指性质、状态     free （自由的）       freedom （自由）-er/or      指人的身份       work （工作）         worker （工人）-ess   

25、;     指人的身份       host （招待；主持）   hostess （女主人）-ese        表示国籍         China （中国）        Chinese （中国人）-ian    

26、    指人的身份       music （音乐）        musician （音乐家）词形变换解题指导出题方向出题量最大，也是最难把握的方向同词根不同词类之间的相互转换   常考的相互转换词类有四种：名词、动词、形容词、副词   名词 动词、形容词         动词、形容词 名词         动词 形容词  

27、            形容词 动词   形容词 副词               副词 形容词   做这样的转换需要平时大量的积累，建立词根词缀的概念，多掌握常用的词缀，灵活变通最基本题型，必考方向名词、代词、数词   名词考察方向：1. 复数     代词考察方向：1. 宾格 2. 形容词性、名词性物主代词转换 3. 反身代词可能出现   数词考察方向：1. 基数词、序数词的拼写与互换   &

28、nbsp; 2. 分数可能出现简单题型，多练即可把握比较级最高级   需要掌握：1. 比较级和最高级的变化方式   2. 比较级和最高级的辨识关键词较难题型，多次转换，反义理解   有时候词类之间需要越级变换，要仔细斟酌词类间的修饰关系，确保答案的正确性   较难题目不仅会越级变换，还需要添加反义，这需要更耐心细致地解题，分析题意解题技巧形容词修饰名词、代词性成分；部分名词也可以修饰名词动词、形容词、副词需要副词修饰，副词也可以修饰整句话系动词后一般使用形容词，系动词后尤其需注意添加形容词，这点易和实义动词用副词修饰混淆扎实掌握名词、代词、数词的基本知识

29、注意做完需要通读一下，检查反义及动词的时态语态问题考点解析一、可数名词单数变复数类1规则变化:（1）一般情况加-s, 如: girls, books, pens, bags, boys, days等。（2）以s, x, ch, sh结尾加-es, 如: buses, boxes, watches, brushes等。（3）以o结尾的名词，无生命的名词多加-s，有生命的名词多加-es。（4）以辅音字母加y结尾的名词, 变y为i加-es, 如: city cities, storystories（5）以f或fe结尾的名词变f或fe为v加-es。如:leafleaves, knifeknives,

30、    shelfshelves等。（roofroofs）2不规则变化的名词要熟记：   manmen, womanwomen, childchildren,         deerdeer footfeet,     toothteeth,          mousemice,             JapaneseJapanesepeoplepeople,  sheepshee

31、p,         ChineseChinese          二、名词变形容词类1在动词或名词后加后缀-ful, 如：carecareful; useuseful; thankthankful;            forgetforgetfulhelphelpful; beautybeautiful; wonderwonderful   2在名词后加-y, 如：lucklucky, cloudcloudy; windwind

32、y;             noisenoisyrainrainy; sunsunny, snowsnowy;            healthhealthy3在名词后加-y, 如：friendfriendlylovelovelydaydaily4方位名词加-ern，如：easteastern     westwesternsouthsouthern            northnorth

33、ern6在名词后加-less, 变成否定含义的形容词。如：useuselesshopehopelesscarecareless三、形容词加后缀变成名词1形容词加-ness变成名词，如：happyhappinessillillness weakweaknesskindkindnessgoodgoodnesscarelesscarelessness2形容词加-ty变成名词，如：safesafetydifficultdifficulty3形容词加-th变成名词，如：truetruthwarmwarmth youngyouth 4形容词加-ence / ance变成名词，如：importantimpo

34、rtancedependentdependence differentdifference四、形容词变副词类    形容词修饰名词、代词等作定语或表语；副词修饰动词、形容词或副词作状语。1一般形容词词尾加-ly变成副词，如：   slowslowlyclearclearlyquickquickly;            realreallyquietquietlycarefulcarefullysuddensuddenly2以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，要变y为i加-ly，如：easyeasilyhappy

35、happilyheavyheavilyluckyluckilybusybusilyangryangrily; 3以元音字母加辅音字母e结尾的重读开音节，直接加-ly，如：politepolitelysafesafelywidewidely4以元音字母e结尾，去e加-ly，如：truetruly5以辅音字母加-le结尾，去e加-y，如：terribleterriblypossiblepossibly6形容词与副词同形，如：fastfastearlyearlyhighhigh;hardhard7形容词与副词异形，如：goodwell8注意：hard作形容词时意思是“困难的；硬的；生硬的”等；作副词

36、时意思是“努力地”。hardly是否定副词，意思是“几乎不”。既是形容词又是副词hard      a hard question/a hard stone       work hard / study hard/ rain hard    early      an early train                  get up early    late &nbs

37、p;     be late for class                come late for school    deep      a hole deep large               dive deep into the sea    high      a high mountain  

38、             jump high      long      It takes a long time.             It takes too long.      far       My home is far from school.      jump far    

39、;straight   a straight line                  go straight along五、动词变名词类1动词加-er变成名词，如：  workworkerfarmfarmerteachteachersingsingerspeakspeakerplayplayerreadreaderdrivedriverwritewriter rideriderdancedancer runrunner;   winwinnercookcookerwash

40、washer2动词加-or 变成名词，如：visitvisitorinventinventoroperateoperatorconductconductor3动词加-tion 变成名词，如：   operateoperationinventinventionliberateliberation六、基数词变序数词类    主要掌握好1-12和20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90及21、22、23这几个序数词的形式：  onefirst                

41、     twentytwentieth   twosecond                 thirtythirtieth threethird                    forthfortieth   fourfourth                  f

42、iftyfiftieth  sixsixth                 sixtysixtieth   sevenseventh               eightyeightietheighteighth                    ninetyninetiethnineninth    

43、;                twenty-onetwenty-firsttententh                      twenty-twotwenty-secondeleveneleventh                twenty-threetwenty-thirdtwelvetwelfth七、形容词与

44、副词的原级、比较级和最高级类1形容词和副词的比较级、最高级构成（1）单音节词与部分双音节词规则变变化： 一般词尾加er, est； 如：fast faster fastest 以辅音字母加y结尾变y为i加-er, -est；如：easy  easier  easiest 以一个元音加一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，双写这个辅音字母再加-er,    -est；如： hot  hotter  hottest 以e结尾加-r，-st；如：finefiner, nicenicer（2） 部分双音节词或以形容词加-ly变成的副词和多音节词，在其

45、前加more, most 变成比较级和最高级。如：interestingmore interesting，most interestingbeautifulmore beautiful，most beautiful   slowlymore slowly，most slowlyquicklymore quickly，most quickly（3）不规则变化：goodbetterbest wellbetterbestmanymoremost      muchmoremost   littlelessleast farfarther/furthe

46、rfarthest/furthest.  illworseworst       bad/badlyworseworst  oldolder/olderoldest/eldest2原级： as形容词或副词的原形as   “和一样”，not as / so形容词或副词的原形as “和不一样”。 八、人称代词变化类要熟练掌握和运用主格、宾格、形容词性物主代词及名词性物主代词。九、常见的反义词1动词buy selltake bringremember forgetdie livelove hate rise fallask answer &

47、nbsp; start finish miss catchpull push go come lend borrow2形容词little much short tall / longright left / wrongfree busy   full empty   few manygood bad white blackcareful carelessdead living cheap expensiveclean dirtyeasy difficult wet dry same differentopen closed  strong weaklight he

48、avy   精选强化练习Would you mind making a little less _? They are having a meeting at the moment. (noisy)The Smiths live on the _ floor of the building. (nine)All the great _ are respected（尊敬）by the world. (invent)My pet is a _ cat. She is very lovely. (male) Ill do my homework more _ next time. (car

49、e)When you study a foreign language, its important to make a good _. (begin)Everyone knows such kind of books is _ to children. They shouldnt be sold at any bookstore. (harm)In the past punishment（惩罚）was decided by the university. The student had no _ but to accept it. (choose)Our teacher told us th

50、e _ story I had ever heard at yesterdays class meeting. (sad)The _ Lesson is very difficult but very important. You must learn it by heart.(twelve)They looked very _ in the idea.  (interest)After they got on the bus, they found two _. (sit)Help _ to the fish, everyone. (you)What we have had is

51、just part of the truth. We should try to get _ information about it. (far)A _ sight stopped them from going forward. (frighten)He seemed very _. He got a D in the English test. (happy)Before you start this work, you should try to realize its _. (important)March 8 is _ Day. (woman)This book belongs t

52、o you. Where is _? (me)The visitors are _ students.  (main)Do you know about the _ of the book? (write)Can you show me your _ of coins?  (collect)To my _, I got full marks for maths last week. (surprised)In this new housing estate there stand a lot of high and magnificent _. (build)In wint

53、er, most of the rivers and lakes are _. It becomes a world of ice. (freeze)Then he slowly walked _ the house. (pass)Do you know who is the _ of the English contest? (win)Peter is very _. Im sure he will come to take care of your baby when hes asked to. (help)The Yangtze River is the _ longest river

54、in the world. (three)_ to meet all of you here. (please)Now more and more gardens are being built in our _. (neighbour)Its very important for us to learn English _. (good)Both our teacher and my mother are satisfied with my _. (honest)Oliver Twist ate the cake _. (hungry)Of all the boys, Li Ming stu

55、dies _. (hard)We are all pleased to hear that the _ went on very well. ( operate)The children in this kindergarten have been trained to take care of _ though they are only six years old. (they)Could you tell me who will give us a _ on childrens education? (speak)These modern machines work   &nb

56、sp;         . (automatic)This cartoon film is _ than the one I saw last Saturday. (fun)Will you please tell me how much the _ is? (post)The twin sisters used to be _ in Hollywood. (act)Actions speak more _ than words. (loud)I am _ about my schoolwork because I haven't worked

57、hard this term. (worry)Your pet dog is so _ that all of us like to play with it. (love)It has been snowing _ for a whole day. (heavy)We have been told the _ of the case. (true)Have you made your _ yet?  (decide)People from Italy are called _. (Italy)I _ where he comes from. (wonderful)The weath

58、er in April is _, so youd better take more clothes with you. (change)Ferries come and go on the river as _ as boats. (quick)Listen, everybody, we will meet at the _ of the cinema at 4 pm. (enter)You cannot eat so much fast food, because it is _. (health)It is reported that three _ have been put into

59、 prison. (Canada)Time flies _ and never returns. (swift)We saw her running _ the street just now. (cross)Do English people shake hands as often as _? (Germany)We all know that theres no _ thing on the moon. (live)In order to make the trip _ for his children, Mr. Green kept the name of the destination (目的地) a secret. (excite)A _ team from China will arrive in America next week. (medicine)This morning I lost my handbag and this afternoon I fell off my bike and broke my leg. I think it is an _ day.  (luck)Many students are not able to pay their college _. (expensive)British peop