1、PPT模板下载: 第1章 风险 第2章 风险管理 第3章 保险 第4章 影响保险合同的基本因素 第5章 保险合同的内容及其分析3第一章第一章 风险风险41.1 风险的本质风险的本质 Risk:variability in future outcomes,which means outcomes may differ from expectations.风险是一种客观存在的、损失的发生具有不确定性的状态。5风险定义的三个要点(1)risk is a state.风险是一种状态。不论人们是否意识到,风险都是客观存在的。(2)risk has something to do with loss.风险
2、是与损失相关的状态。(3)uncertainty.损失的发生具有不确定性。6两个概念 speculative risk 投机风险:既存在损失的可能性又存在获利的可能性。三种可能:损失、无变化或获利。pure risk 纯粹风险:只有损失机会而无获利机会。两种可能:损失、无损失。71.2 对待风险的态度对待风险的态度风险厌恶Risk Averse风险中性Risk Neutral风险追求Risk Seeker态度Attitudes Toward Risk81.3 风险的度量风险的度量?损 失 发 生 的 频 率frequency,风险 损失发生的严重程度severity,风险 损失的不确定性和损失
3、的严重性,构成了人们对风险的重视程度。9损失概率观测次数损失值损失类型 观测总数概率1$100$10033/8=0.3752 100 50022/8=0.2503 1001,00033/8=0.3754 50088/8=1.0005 50061,00071,00081,000$4,30010(1)均值 根据概率分布,可计算样本平均数1/niiiiiXnXinEXp X样 本 平 均 数式 中,第个 观 察 的 值观 测 总 数11(2)变化性222222rangen2variance(Xi-X)/ni1n2standard deviation(Xi-X)/ni1coefficient of v
4、ariance/iE XpxE XE X 差额可能结果的最大和最小值之差方差标准差离散系数标准差 均值12 相同的均值,标准差,则风险。不 同 的 均 值,则 看coefficient of variance离散系数。离散系数,则风险。13大数定律 LAW OF LARGE NUMBERS A s a s a m p l e o f o b s e r v a t i o n s i s increased in size,the relative variation a b o u t t h e m e a n declines.14The Law of Large Numbers For
5、 any e 0,Pr L e 0 as N .15Risk Pooling ExampleConsider 1 individual,facing the following loss distribution:Loss Prob$0 0.8$2,500 0.2E(Loss)=$500Std(Loss)=1,000161 Individual$0$500$1,000$1,500$2,000$2,500$3,000 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.10.0 17Suppose that 2 individuals,facing the same loss d
6、istribution.Pooled Losses Avg Losses Prob$0$0 0.64$2,500$1,250 0.16$2,500$1,250 0.16$5,000$2,500 0.04 E(Loss)=$500 Std(Loss)=707.10 182 Individuals$0$500$1,000$1,500$2,000$2,500$3,000 19Suppose that 3 individuals,facing the same loss distribution.Pooled Losses Avg Losses Prob 0 0 0.5122,500 833.33 0
7、.128 2,500 833.33 0.128 2,500 833.33 0.128 5,000 1,666.67 0.032 5,000 1,666.67 0.032 5,000 1,666.67 0.032 7,500 2,500.00 0.008 E(Loss)=$500 Std(Loss)=577.352021222324The Covariance协方差协方差measures the relationship between two random variables.It is computed as Cov(X,Y)=S pi(xi-x)(yi-y)=x,y=E(x-x)(y-y)
8、E(x-x)(y-y)=E(XY)-xy Cov(X,X)=Var(X)The correlation coefficient between X and Y is computed as r=x,y/xy 25Properties of Variances:2222,2,2,2,2,Var aXaVar XVar X YVar XVar YCov X YVar aX bYaVar XbVar YabCov X YVar X Y ZVar XVar YVar ZCov X YCov X ZCov Y ZCov aX bYabCov X Y 26Cov(X,X)=Var(X)Cov(X,Y)Co
9、v(Y,X)Cov(Y,Y)=Var(Y)Cov(X,X)Cov(X,Y)Cov(X,Z)Cov(Y,X)Cov(Y,Y)Cov(Y,Z)Cov(Z,X)Cov(Z,X)Cov(Z,Z)272829 An Example:Suppose that an insurance company insures the following group of 20 policies:20 satellites,each with i=$10m(for all i)and i=100m.Let Xi denote the random loss for satellite i.30Suppose that
10、 the insurance company required actuarially fair premiums in exchange for full insurance.What is the probability that the insurance company goes under insolvency?P(Liabilities Assets)Answer:.5 31Suppose that the load is 10%instead.P=11.P(Liabilities Assets)Answer:1-.672=.338 32 Example(Cont):Suppose
11、 that an insurance company insures the following group of policies:100 satellites,each with i=$10m(for all i)and i=100m.Let Xi denote the random loss for satellite i.33Suppose that the load is 10%instead.P=11.P(Liabilities Assets)=P(Z 1)=1-.841345=.1586 341.4 纯粹风险的要素纯粹风险的要素风险载体exposures风险事故perils风险因
12、素hazards纯粹风险pure risk35EXPOSURES 风险载体 the property or person facing a condition in which loss or losses are possible.按照exposure风险载体来分类,风险可以分为人身损失风险、财产损失风险与责任损失风险。36人身损失风险personal loss exposures 由于所有的损失最终都是要由人来承受的,因此,从某种意义上说,所有的风险损害对象都是个人。但是有一些损失更直接地影响到人身。37财产损失风险property loss exposures 因财产发生损毁、灭失和贬值
13、而使财产的所有权人遭受损失。这种损失既有direct loss直接损失,也有consequential loss引致损失。38责任损失风险liability loss exposures 人们的过失或侵权行为造成他人的财产损毁或人身伤亡,在法律上负有经济赔偿责任或对此进行申诉。39PERILS 风险事故 Perils are the immediate causes of loss.风险事故是损失的直接原因,如火灾、地震、洪水、龙卷风、雷电、盗窃、死亡、爆炸、疾病等等。可分为人为、自然风险事故和insurable可保、noninsurable不可保风险事故。40HAZARDS 风险因素 Haz
14、ards are the conditions that lie behind the occurrence of losses,increasing the probability of losses,their severity or both.促使和增加损失发生的频率或严重程度的任何条件。有两类风险因素:有形风险因素physical hazards和无形风险因素intangible hazards.41有形风险因素 Physical hazards are the tangible conditions of the environment that affect the frequen
15、cy and/or severity of loss.导致损失发生的物质方面的因素。如财产所在的地域、建筑结构和用途等。42无形风险因素 Attitudes and culture(nonphysical conditions)also affect the probability and severity of loss.文化、习俗和生活态度等非物质形态的因素也会影响损失发生的可能性和受损的程度。它包括道德风险因素moral hazard和行为风险因素morale hazard两种。43风险因素结构图有形风险因素道德风险因素行为风险因素社会风险因素无形风险因素风险因素HAZARDS44道德风
16、险 Moral hazards involve dishonesty on the part of insureds.In the context of insurance,moral hazards are conditions that encourage insureds to cause losses intentionally.人们以不诚实、不良企图或欺诈行为故意促使风险事故发生,或扩大已发生的风险事故所造成的损失。在保险的场合,道德风险主要表现在投保人利用保险谋取不正当利益。45行为风险 Morale hazards,in contrast,do not involve disho
17、nesty.Rather,morale hazards are attitudes of carelessness and lack of concern that increase the chance a loss will occur or increase the size of losses that do occur.由于人们行为上的粗心大意和漠不关心,易于引发风险事故发生的机会和扩大损失的程度。461.5 对付风险的方法对付风险的方法Methods of Handling Pure Risk回 避 损 失A voidance损 失 控 制Loss Control 损 失 融 资L
18、oss Financing对 付 风 险 的 方 法47Avoidance回避 Avoidance occurs when there is no possibility of the occurrence of some event.人们设法回避损失发生的可能性。48回避的弊端(1)回避风险有时是可能的,但是不可行。(2)回避某一类风险可能面临另一类风险。(3)回避风险可能造成利益受损。49Loss Control损失控制 Loss control represents those efforts designed to minimize the overall frequency and
19、size of outcomes 损失控制可分为loss prevention 防损and loss reduction减损。50防 损 的 目 的 在 于 努 力 减 少发 生 损 失 的 可 能 性 即 概 率。减 损 则 是 为 了 尽 量 减 轻损 失 的 程 度 即 严 重 性。L o s s C o n t r o l损 失 控 制51Loss Financing 损失融资 损失融资可通过自留和转移来实现。52Retention 自留 Losses are paid from an individuals or organizations own funds.自留即由企业或个人自己
20、来承担风险。53人们自留某些风险的原因 a.没有意识到风险的存在,或对风险的严重性估计不足,认为自己不大会遭受这些风险所造成的损失。It wont happen to me.b.因为风险可能造成的损失在经济上是微不足道的,经过慎重考虑决定自己承担风险。c.全部或部分地由自己来承担某些风险比购买保险更经济和合算。54自保企业 self insurance 自留风险的可行程度取决于损失预测的准确性和补偿损失的适当安排。当一个企业采用一种科学、合理的方法来自己承担可保风险时,这种企业为自保企业self insured。自保的优点:可以节省开支;由于风险自担,收益自留,自保企业会积极主动地对企业的风险
21、进行控制,使风险降至最低水平。缺点:防险避险技术和分散风险的能力不如专业保险公司。55Transfer 转移 People still stay in the game but shift the financial aspects of risk to someone else.人们仍参与有风险的事情,但将风险转移给其他人来承担。56公 司 组 织Corporations合 同 安 排Contractual Arrangements转 移 的 方 式57独 资 企 业s o l e p r o p r i e t o r s h i p合 伙 企 业p a r t n e r s h i p
22、公 司c o r p o r a t i o n企 业 组 织 形 式58 在独资形式下,由于企业不是独立的法人,业主的个人财产不能与企业的财产相分离,业主对企业的债务负有无限责任。在合伙企业中,除了有限合伙人以外,如果没有特别的约定,全体合伙人对于合伙的债务都将承担无限连带责任。即各个合伙人在企业的财产与他们个人的财产也是没有分开的。59 在公司这种组织形式中,企业是一个独立的法人,股东的个人财产与企业的财产分离。企业如果经营失败,股东的损失仅限于他们在该企业中的投资部分。所以,公司是转移风险的一种形式,它不会阻止损失的发生,但它将风险从股东个人那里转移到了公司。60保 证 条 款 委 托
23、保 管 租 借 合 同担 保 合 同 购 买 保 险合 同 安 排61回 避A v o id a n c e 防 损lo s s p re v e n tio n减 损 lo s s re d u c tio n损 失 控 制L o s s C o n tro l自 留R e te n tio n转 移T ra n s fe r损 失 融 资L o s s F i n a n c i n g对 付 风 险 的 方 法62Discussion Questions 1、请针对驾驶汽车时存在的风险,举出exposures,perils and hazards,以及如何管理这些风险。2、Some pe
24、ople with complete health insurance coverage tend to visit doctors more often than required.Is this tendency a moral hazard,a morale hazard,or simple common sense?Explain.63Case One medical practice that has been widely discussed in recent years involves“defensive medicine”,in which a doctor orders
25、more medical tests and x-rays than she or he might have in the past-not because of the complexity of the case,but because the doctor fears being sued by the patient for medical malpractice.The extra tests may establish that the doctor did everything reasonable and prudent to diagnose and treat the patient.64 1.What does this tell you about the burden of risk?2.What impact does this burden place on you and your family in your everyday life?3.Is the doctor wrong to do this,or is it a necessary precaution?4.Is there some way to change this situation?*PPT模板下载:
侵权处理QQ:3464097650--上传资料QQ:3464097650
【声明】本站为“文档C2C交易模式”,即用户上传的文档直接卖给(下载)用户,本站只是网络空间服务平台,本站所有原创文档下载所得归上传人所有,如您发现上传作品侵犯了您的版权,请立刻联系我们并提供证据,我们将在3个工作日内予以改正。