大肠结肠癌专题知识主题讲座课件.pptx

1、What is it?第1页，共24页。It is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and women and the second highest cause of cancer deaths in the U.S.Yet,when found early,it is highly curable.This type of cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow in the lining of the large intestine(colon)or rectum.Learn more

2、 about who gets colorectal cancer,how it is detected,and what the latest treatments can accomplish.第2页，共24页。How it starts?第3页，共24页。It often begin as polyps benign growths on the surface of the colon.The two most common types of intestinal polyps are adenomas and hyperplasic polyps.They develop when

3、there are errors in the way cells grow and repair the lining of the colon.Most polyps remain benign,but some have the potential to turn cancerous.Removing them early prevents colorectal cancer.第4页，共24页。Risk Factors You Cant Control第5页，共24页。genetics&lifestyle.Age most patients are older than 50 Polyp

4、s or inflammatory bowel disease Family history of colorectal cancer History of ovarian or breast cancer第6页，共24页。Risk Factors You Can Control第7页，共24页。Diet high in red,processed,or heavily cooked meats Being overweight(excess fat around the waist)Exercising too little Smoking or drinking alcohol第8页，共2

5、4页。Its warning Signs第9页，共24页。There are usually no early warning signs for colorectal cancer.For this reason its important to get screened.Detecting cancer early means its more curable.As the disease progresses,patients may notice blood in the stool,abdominal pain,a change in bowel habits(such as con

6、stipation or diarrhea),unexplained weight loss,or fatigue.By the time these symptoms appear,tumors tend to be larger and more difficult to treat.第10页，共24页。Screening 第11页，共24页。Because colorectal cancer is stealthy,screenings are the key to early detection.Beginning at age 50,most people should have a

7、 colonoscopy every 10 years.This procedure uses a tiny camera to examine the entire colon and rectum.These tests not only find tumors early,but can actually prevent colorectal cancer by removing polyps(shown here).第12页，共24页。Virtual Colonoscopy第13页，共24页。There is now an alternative to colonoscopy that

8、 uses CT scan images to construct a 3-D model of your colon.Called virtual colonoscopy,the procedure can reveal polyps or other abnormalities without actually inserting a camera inside your body.The main disadvantage is that if polyps are found,a real colonoscopy will still be needed to remove and e

9、valuate them.第14页，共24页。X-Rays of the Colon(Lower GI)X-Rays of the colon-using a chalky liquid known as barium as a contrast agent-allow your doctor a glimpse at the interior of the colon and rectum,offering another way to detect polyps,tumors,and changes in the intestinal tissue.Shown here is an app

10、le core tumor constricting the colon.Like the virtual colonoscopy,any abnormalities that appear on the X-rays will need to be followed up with a conventional colonoscopy.第15页，共24页。Diagnosing Colorectal Cancer If testing reveals a possible tumor,the next step is a biopsy.During a colonoscopy,your doc

11、tor will remove polyps and take tissue samples from any parts of the colon that look unusual.This tissue is examined under a microscope to determine whether or not it is cancerous.Shown here is a color-enhanced,magnified view of colon cancer cells.第16页，共24页。Staging Colorectal Cancer If cancer is det

12、ected,it will be staged,a process of finding out how far the cancer has spread.Tumor size may not correlate with the stage of cancer.Staging also enables your doctor to determine what type of treatment you will receive.第17页，共24页。I Cancer has not spread beyond the inside of the colon or rectum II Can

13、cer has spread into the muscle layer of the colon or rectum III-Cancer has spread to one or more lymph nodes in the area IV Cancer has spread to other parts of the body,such as the liver,lung,or bones.This stage does NOT depend on how deep the tumor has penetrated or if the disease has spread to the

14、 lymph nodes near the tumor.第18页，共24页。Colorectal Cancer Survival Rates The outlook for your recovery depends on the stage of your cancer,with higher stages meaning more serious cancer.The five-year survival rate refers to the percentage of patients who live at least five years after being diagnosed.

15、Stage I has a 93%five-year survival rate while stage IV has a five-year survival rate of only 8%.第19页，共24页。Colorectal Cancer Surgery In all but the last stage of colorectal cancer,the usual treatment is surgery to remove the tumor and surrounding tissue.In the case of larger tumors,it may be necessa

16、ry to take out an entire section of the colon and/or rectum.The good news is that surgery has a very high cure rate in the early stages.If the cancer has spread to the liver,lungs,or other organs,surgery is not likely to offer a cure-but removing the additional tumors,when possible,may reduce sympto

17、ms.第20页，共24页。Treating Advanced Colorectal Cancer When colorectal cancer has spread to one or more lymph nodes(stage III),it can still be cured.Treatment typically involves a combination of surgery,radiation(being administered here),and chemotherapy.If the cancer comes back after initial treatment or

18、 spreads to other organs,it becomes much more difficult to cure.But radiation and chemotherapy can still relieve symptoms and help patients live longer.第21页，共24页。Coping With Chemotherapy Chemotherapy has come a long way from the days of turning peoples stomachs.Newer drugs are less likely to cause t

19、his problem,and there are also medications to control nausea if it does occur.Clinical trials continue to search for chemotherapy drugs that are more effective and tolerable.第22页，共24页。Radiofrequency Ablation Radiofrequency ablation(RFA)uses intense heat to burn away tumors.Guided by a CT scan,a doct

20、or inserts a needle-like device that delivers heat directly to a tumor and the surrounding area.This offers an alternative for destroying tumors that cannot be surgically removed.In patients with a limited number of liver metastases that cannot be removed by surgery,chemotherapy is sometimes combined with RFA for tumor destruction.第23页，共24页。Preventing Colorectal Cancer第24页，共24页。