1、血液中的肺癌诊断方案洪群英 复旦大学附属中山医院 第2页 2016 Roche肺癌筛查与初次评估诊断与鉴别诊断 H&E根据形态学分类 IHC亚型(30%的病例需要)非小细胞肺癌小细胞肺癌腺癌鳞癌I/II期III/IV期I/II期III/IV期 EGFR+ALK+所有分期TKI治疗根据耐药机制选择后续治疗策略手术疗效监控&耐药机制分析影像TM组合(CEA,CYFRA21-1,NSE,ProGRP)根据最初主要升高的标志物用血清学项目进行疗效监测进展监测(影像、TM)若EGFR/ALK阴性监测肺癌的动态检测,将为全面理解疾病发展动态和异质性提供窗口LDCTCTTM组合(CEA,CYFRA21-1,
2、NSE,SCC,ProGRP)临床TNM分期BIOPSY头颅MRI、骨扫描、腹部CT等?癌治疗化学治疗放疗有效的个体化肿瘤诊断依赖于组织学诊断和血清/血浆诊断的互补第3页 2016 Roche原发肿瘤(早期)晚期肿瘤早期复发检测诊断预后预测治疗监测预后预测手术辅助治疗内科治疗2内科治疗1组织学诊断02004006008001000血清/血浆诊断诊断预后预测预后预测动态时间+肺癌全程管理面临的挑战&罗氏诊断肺癌血清标记物解决方案第4页 2016 Roche是否存在高危风险?是肺癌吗?肿瘤类型是什么?能检测复发吗?治疗有效吗?80%的发现是良性的LDCTs数目增加 医保花费负担增加活检并非适用于所
3、有人混合组织类型复发的检测可能延迟暴露于辐射随访费用高可能无法发现病理类型转换早期筛查结节管理诊断鉴别诊断I/II期手术化疗和/或靶向治疗生物标志物界面*ProGRPCobas EGFR监测平台标志物组合SCLCNSCLCProGRP标志物组合血液中的肺癌诊断方案血清肿瘤标记物:血液中的肺癌“足迹”footprint NSCLCNSCLC最敏感的TMTM 主要在鳞癌和腺癌中表达,但没有明确相关的组织学类型CYFRA21-1 细胞角蛋白片段19(维持上皮细胞稳定的结构蛋白)用于SCLCSCLC的辅助诊断,但敏感性较低溶血样本中存在假阳性NSE 神经元特异性烯醇化酶(葡萄糖代谢酶)在NSCLCNS
4、CLC中占主导地位 主要在鳞状细胞癌中表达SCC 鱗狀細胞癌抗原(糖蛋白,蛋白酶抑制剂)SCLCSCLC的首选TMTM,ProGRPProGRP与NSENSE互补肾功能衰竭中存在假阳性ProGRP 胃泌素释放肽前体(神经内分泌激素)大多在腺癌中升高,在NSCLCNSCLC中也升高 在鳞癌中的浓度最低CEA 癌胚抗原1)Molina R.ProGRP:A new biomarker for small cell lung cancer.EJCMO 2009;1:25-32.2)R.Molina et al.Assessment of a combined panel of six serum t
5、umor markers for lung cancer.AJRCCM 2016NSCLCSCLC可用于肺癌的主要血清肿瘤标志物血清肿瘤标志物增高的鉴别诊断什么时候能采用血清肿瘤标志物?时间手术原发肿瘤CTx2CTx1复发/转移个体化基线值是解读肿瘤标志物动态改变的基础治疗对照在首程治疗前开始肿瘤标志物下降-到达半衰期后-有效手术或治疗后每位患者应确立个体基线值Adj CTx浓度个体化基线值02004006008001000“正常”值复发使肿瘤标志物浓度上升,标志物的上升速度预示肿瘤进展和复发如果数值在参考范围内,每名患者的肿瘤标志物无需“正常”。第7页 2016 RocheElecsysEl
6、ecsys ProGRPProGRP(胃泌素释放肽前体)在肺癌鉴别诊断中的应用组织学类型鉴别诊断明确鉴别SCLC和NSCLC第8页 2016 RocheSCLC vs.NSCLC 以及 vs.良性肺部疾病80pg/mlNSCLC队列中特异度稳定在95%临界值SCLC vs.NSCLCSCLC vs.NSCLC鉴别诊断ProGRP可以作为独立鉴别SCLC和NSCLC的诊断指标背景:在欧洲和中国进行多中心研究评估Elecsys 免疫分析检测ProGRP方法:在3个欧洲国家和2个中国中心中评估肺癌检测的方法结果:SCLC和NSCLC中ProGRP水平差异显著,与种族、年龄、性别、吸烟状态无显著相关,
7、中位ProGRP浓度在良性疾病(38pg/mL)、其它恶性疾病(40pg/mL)、或NSCLC(39pg/mL)中较低,除外慢性肾疾病3级(100pg/mL)。Clinica Chimica Acta 438(2015)388395鉴别诊断ProGRP在84 pg/mL,可以独立作为NSCLC 和SCLC的鉴别诊断指标,其敏感度为78%,特异度为95%EGFR-TKI治疗前无病理诊断及基因状态分析61岁女性患者言语不利伴多发骨痛3月胸部CT示右肺上叶肿块4.5cmX3.0cm头颅增强MRI示多发结节影,骨扫描示多发骨转移外院拟诊“肺癌脑骨转移”予EGFR-TKI治疗三月余,仍诉骨痛CEA 2.
8、8 ng/mLCYFRA 6.1 ng/mLProGRP 155.7 pg/mLNSE 235.2ng/mLProGRP有助于明确EGFR-TKI耐药后转化SCLC52岁女性患者肺腺癌患者经EGFR-TKI治疗耐药后第二次活检标本显示为SCLC,经SCLC标准治疗后疗效好辅助诊断Watanabe S,et al.Lung Cancer.2013 Nov;82(2):370-2.顺铂+培美曲塞6 x cycle6 x cycle厄洛替尼卡铂依托泊苷2010.112010.11CEA 23.5 ng/mLCYFRA 3.3 ng/mL2011.082011.08CEA 11.9 ng/mLCYFR
9、A 4.7 ng/mLProGRP 82.8 pg/mLNSE 19.9 ng/mL2012.072012.07CEA 11.3 ng/mLCYFRA 2.2 ng/mLProGRP 142.8 pg/mLNSE 29.2 ng/mLProGRP有助于明确肿瘤异质性-158岁女性,体检发现CEA升高约15ng/mlPET-CT:1.右肺中叶MT伴纵隔淋巴结、肝脏、胰尾部和多处骨骼转移;左侧肾上腺糖代谢增高,请随访除外转移。2.右下腹和左侧臀部皮下良性结节可能,转移不除外,请结合临床。经支气管镜右肺中叶活检病理为:低分化癌,倾向低分化腺癌。免疫组化:P63(弱+),P40(-),C-MET(+)
10、,Ki-67(80%阳性)2016年11月12日起给予厄洛替尼治疗。治疗。辅助诊断2016.112016.112017.022017.022017.022017.022016.112016.11CEA 162.7 ng/mLCYFRA 10.8 ng/mLProGRP 5000 pg/mLNSE 242.6 ng/mL辅助诊断ProGRP有助于明确肿瘤异质性-2差分化恶性肿瘤Ki-67(80%+)Syn+TTF-1+全身多发皮下结节增多增大符合转移性小细胞癌:CK(+),Ki-67(80%+),NapsinA(-),TTF-1(+),CD56(+),CHG(+),Syn(+),CD117(+)
11、,NSE(+),P40(-)SynFemale patient,72 yearsUICC stage:IV,TNM stage:T4_N3_M1bproGRP ng/mldays31030100300100030001000030000100000119406189162236V01V02V03V04V01V02V03first line therapyFollow-upPRSDSDPDElecsysElecsys ProGRPProGRP用于SCLCSCLC治疗监测以研究中一名患者为例ProGRP的动力学能实现有效治疗监测研究设计研究ProGRPProGRP与CTCT的关系Korse et
12、al;Clin Chim Acta.2015;438:388-95疗效监测V=就诊,PR=部分缓解,SD=疾病稳定,PD=疾病进展采用标准化疗的SCLC患者采用Elecsys ProGRP试剂盒分别检测疗前(基线)和疗中的血清或血浆样本的ProGRP水平根据RECIST标准完成治疗反应评估原发性肺癌诊疗规范(2015版)1.辅助诊断NSE和ProGRP是诊断SCLC的理想指标CEA、SCC和CYFRA21-1水平升高有助于NSCLC的诊断一般推荐上述肿瘤标志物联合应用,可提高鉴别SCLC和NSCLC的准确率2.疗效监测治疗前(包括手术前、化疗前、放疗前和分子靶向治疗前)需要进行首次监测,选择对
13、患者敏感的23种肿瘤标志物作为治疗后疗效观察的指标。患者在接受首次治疗后,根据肿瘤标志物半衰期的不同可再次检测。3.随访观察治疗后头3年:每3个月检测1次;35年:每半年1次;5年以后:每年1次随访中若发现肿瘤标志物明显升高(高出首次随访值25%),应在1个月内复测1次,如果仍然升高,则提示可能复发或者存在转移。中华肿瘤杂志2015 年 1 月第 37 卷第 1 期血液中的肺癌诊断方案液态活检:Doing more with lessFigure 1 Various classes of tumour heterogeneity in adenocarcinoma of the lung肿瘤的
14、动态检测,将为全面理解异质性和肿瘤的发展动态提供窗口Mitsudomi,T.et al.(2013Nat.Rev.Clin.Oncol.doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2013.22基因分型指导的个体化治疗对指导用药至关重要肺腺癌人群肺腺癌人群经驱动基因筛经驱动基因筛选分类选分类检测结果指导检测结果指导用药用药TKITKI治疗过程治疗过程中动态监测中动态监测理解单个病人理解单个病人耐药机制变化耐药机制变化血液中的肿瘤标志物1.游离循环 DNA(cfDNA)2.循环肿瘤细胞(CTCs)3.外泌体Tissue is still the issue:我们需要非侵入性的,更简便的活检方法液
15、态活检应用场景:1.组织标本不足2.组织标本中缺少肿瘤细胞3.难以穿刺获取组织标本4.需要动态监测ctDNA应用于肿瘤早期诊断,复发,和耐药监测早期诊断复发耐药动态监测 Luis A.Diaz Jr and Alberto Bardelli J Clin Oncol 32:579-586.2014Crowley,E.et al.Nat.Rev.Clin.Oncol.10,472484(2013)来源:来源:在细胞凋亡过程中产生的DNA片段释放入血(CfDNA);cfDNA片段长度通常是160-180bp;来源于肿瘤细胞的DNA片段是ctDNA;原发灶,转移灶,和CTC都可能释放出游离DNAct
16、DNA检测技术与敏感性McLarty et al MOJ Cell Science&Report 2015ARMs and Cobas Methods:敏感性:敏感性:50 70;特异性:;特异性:95100AURA3 plasma ctDNA analysis :在50%组织检测T790m的患者血浆中,检测到T790m(cobas EGFR Mutation Test(RMS)*Percent agreement of the cobas plasma test with the cobas tissue test.Positive percent agreement and negativ
17、e percent agreement are used here as measures of test sensitivity and specificity,respectively,and calculated with invalid results excluded.CI,confidence interval;Ex19del,Exon 19 deletion.Plasma ctDNA test results,n Tissue T790M positive(n=399)Tissue Ex19del positive(n=427)Tissue L858R positive(n=25
18、3)Plasma positive184273139Plasma negative1756067No plasma test/invalid37/391/347/0Percent agreement using tissue test as reference,%(95%CI)*T790MEx19delL858RPositive percent agreement(sensitivity)51(46,57)82(77,86)68(61,74)Negative percent agreement(specificity)77(71,83)98(96,100)99(98,100)Overall c
19、oncordance61(57,65)89(86,91)88(85,90)51%sensitivity and 77%specificity for T790M detection using cobas tissue test as referenceHigh sensitivity and specificity is observed for Exon 19 deletion and L858RPatients with tissue sample available at screening(n=756)abstract MA08.03,presented by WU YL at WC
20、LC 2016AURA3:血浆检测T790m阳性患者接受osimertinib治疗的疗效与组织检测阳性者一致Tick marks indicate censored data.PFS is defined as time from randomisation until date of objective disease progression or death.Progression included deaths in the absence of RECIST progression.Osimertinib administered 80 mg orally once daily.Pla
21、tinum-pemetrexed group treatment consisted of:pemetrexed 500 mg/m2+carboplatin AUC5 or cisplatin 75 mg/m2 Q3W for up to 6 cycles+optional maintenance pemetrexed for patients whose disease had not progressed after 4 cycles of platinum-pemetrexed.RECIST v1.1 assessments performed every 6 weeks until o
22、bjective disease progression.*PFS adjusted for ethnicity.All patients were selected using a tumour tissue test for EGFR T790M(by cobas EGFR Mutation Test)from a biopsy after disease progression prior to study entry;Response did not require confirmation per RECIST v1.1;HR,hazard ratio;ORR,objective r
23、esponse rate;PFS,progression-free survival;Q3W,once every 3 weeks;RECIST,Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors.Tumour T790M-positive(intent-to-treat)*Plasma T790M-positive statusOsimertinibPlatinum-pemetrexedPFS HR(95%CI)0.42(0.29,0.61)Median PFS,months(95%CI)8.2(6.8,9.7)4.2(4.1,5.1)ORR,%(95%
24、CI)77(68,84)39(27,53)OsimertinibPlatinum-pemetrexedPFS HR(95%CI)0.30(0.23,0.41)*,p0.001Median PFS,months(95%CI)10.1(8.3,12.3)4.4(4.2,5.6)ORR,%(95%CI)71(65,76)31(24,40)No.at riskOsimertinib1.00.80.60.40.200369121518Months2791402409316244881750713100Osimertinib(n=279)Platinum-pemetrexed(n=140)No.at ri
25、skOsimertinibPlatinum-pemetrexedPlatinum-pemetrexed1.00.80.60.40.20036912151811656953963133552025100MonthsOsimertinib(n=116)Platinum-pemetrexed(n=56)Probability of progression-free survivalProbability of progression-free survivalProbability of progression-free survival血浆检测T790m阳性患者接受osimertinib治疗的OR
26、R与组织检测阳性者一致(77%VS 71%)Best percentage change in target lesion size is the maximum reduction from baseline or the minimum increase.*Represents imputed values:if it is known that the patient has died,has new lesions or progression of assessments,best change will be imputed as 20%;All patients were sel
27、ected using a tumour tissue test for EGFR T790M(by cobas EGFR Mutation Test)from a biopsy after disease progression prior to study entry.150-251251007550250-50-75Best change from baseline in target lesion size(%)*-100Tumour T790M positive(intent-to-treat)Osimertinib(n=279)ORR 71%(95%CI 65,76)Plasma
28、T790M positiveOsimertinib(n=116)ORR 77%(95%CI 68,84)150-251251007550250-50-75Best change from baseline in target lesion size(%)-100*abstract MA08.03,presented by WU YL at WCLC 2016 在50%组织检测T790m的患者血浆中,检测到T790m 血浆检测T790m阳性患者接受osimertinib治疗的疗效与组织检测阳性者一致组织与血浆检测T790m检测率的差异,提示有必要在血浆检测阴性的患者中考虑再次组织活检AURA3
29、plasma ctDNA analysisabstract MA08.03,presented by WU YL at WCLC 2016cobas EGFR Mutation Test(RMS)Primary endpointProgression-free survival(PFS)Secondary endpointsObjective response rateOverall survival(OS)Location of progressionSafetyEGFR mutation analysis in serumQuality of lifeECOG=Eastern Cooper
30、ative Oncology Group;PS=performance status;PD=progressive disease*Cisplatin 75mg/m2 d1/docetaxel 75mg/m2 d1;cisplatin 75mg/m2 d1/gemcitabine 1250mg/m2 d1,8;carboplatin AUC6 d1/docetaxel 75mg/m2 d1;carboplatin AUC5 d1/gemcitabine 1000mg/m2 d1,8lStage IIIB/IV NSCLClEGFR exon 19 deletion or exon 21 L85
31、8R mutation(DNA sequencing/Genescan and Taqman)lChemonaivelECOG PS 02lMeasurable or evaluable diseaseRPDErlotinib 150 mg/dayPDStratificationMutation typeECOG PS(0 vs 1 vs 2)Platinum-based doublet chemotherapy q3wks x 4 cycles*评估应用cfDNA作为EGFR状态的诊断替代样本,以及经cfDNA检测的EGFR状态与临床转归的关系Association of EGFR L858
32、R Mutation in Circulating Free DNA With Survival in the EURTAC Trial cfDNA检测的EGFR L858R突变状态与OS的关系:EURTAC 分析JAMA Oncol.2015;1(2):149-157.97例血液样本可供进行突变状态分析(组织/血液):19del(56/47),L858R(41/29)JAMA Oncol.2015;1(2):149-157.组织和血浆同时检出19Del接受厄洛替尼治疗OS达到34.4月,显著优于化疗组 19.9月(p0.001)组织和血浆同时检出L858R接受厄洛替尼治疗OS达到13.7月,
33、显著优于化疗组 12.6月(p0.001)中位随访时间49.4m(截止到2013年9月)Overall Survival According to Epidermal Growth Factor(EGFR)Mutation Status in Tissue and in Circulating Free DNA(cfDNA):A,In all 97 patients according to type of mutation in tissue.B,In all 97 patients according to type of mutation in cfDNA 在全组97例中,组织检测19D
34、el患者OS显著优于L858R(24.9m vs 17.7m,P=0.006),cfDNA检测出19del患者OS同样显著优于L858R(30.3m vs 13.7m,P0.001)OS=24.9mOS=17.7mOS=30.3mOS=13.7mOverall Survival According to Epidermal Growth Factor(EGFR)Mutation Status in Tissue and in Circulating Free DNA(cfDNA):C,In the 40 patients with mutations detected in cfDNA who
35、 received erlotinib,according to type of mutation in cfDNA.D,In the 41 patients with the L858R mutation in tissue according to the EGFR L858R mutation in cfDNA(detected vs not detected).接受厄洛替尼治疗的患者中(N=40),cfDNA检测出19del患者OS显著优于L858R(34.4m vs 13.7m,P=0.01);在41例L858R组织检测阳性患者中,cfDNA检测阳性患者OS最短(13.7m)OS=1
36、3.7mOS=34.4m血清cfDNA检测L858R和19DEL能够作为疗效预测因子组织/血清cfDNA检测19del患者,能够从厄洛替尼治疗中获得长达34.4个月的长期生存组织/血清cfDNA检测L858R患者,生存时间较短,这一结果提示有必要对这部分亚组人群探索联合治疗的必要性Association of EGFR L858R Mutation in Circulating Free DNA With Survival in the EURTAC Trial cfDNA检测的EGFR L858R突变状态与OS的关系:EURTAC 分析该研究中使用的检测为TaqManThe ASSESS s
37、tudy 大型的,欧洲和日本多中心,非干预性研究,评估ctDNA在EGFR检测中的真实世界应用Patients Patients were enrolled from Japan(n=300),France(n=145),Germany(n=346),Italy(n=259),Netherlands(n=27),Spain(n=158),Sweden(n=17),UK(n=59)Inclusion criteria Patients with newly diagnosed,locally advanced(stage IIIA/B)/metastatic chemotherapy-nave
38、NSCLC not suitable for curative treatmenta or Recurrent disease after surgical resection with/without adjuvant chemotherapy Samples Provision of tumor and plasma samples for EGFR mutation testing Clinical guidelines recommend2:Mutation test turnaround time within 2 weeks Sensitive testing methods(10
39、%tumor cell content)Immunohistochemistry to establish histological lineage No specific recommendations for blood testing Concordance between EGFR mutation status obtained via tissue/cytology and blood(plasma)-based testing Secondary(included)EGFR mutation testing practices(tumor samples tested accor
40、ding to local practices)aIncluding surgery and chemoradiotherapy ctDNA,circulating free tumor-derived DNA;WHO,World Health Organization 1.Reck et al.2015;2.Lindeman 2013 WCLC大样本真实世界驱动基因检测实践将ctDNA应用于真实世界EGFR检测Martin Reck,et al.Journal of Thoracic Oncology,Volume 11,Issue 10,2016,16821689ASSESS,大型的,欧洲
41、和日本多中心,非干预性研究,评估ctDNA在EGFR检测中的真实世界应用结果:组织与血浆检测方法CharacteristicConcordance RateSensitivitySpecificityPPVNPVn/n(%)95%CIn/n(%)95%CIn/n(%)95%CIn/n(%)95%CIn/n(%)95%CIOverall(n=1162)1035 of 1162(89)87.190.887 of 189(46)38.853.4948 of 973(97)96.298.387 of 112(78)68.885.0948 of 1050(90)88.392.0Japan(n=281)2
42、27 of 281(81)75.785.234 of 86(40)29.250.7193 of 195(99)96.399.934 of 36(94)81.399.3193 of 245(79)73.183.7Europe(n=881)808 of 881(92)89.793.453 of 103(51)41.461.4755 of 778(97)95.698.153 of 76(70)58.179.8755 of 805(94)91.995.4Qiagen therascreen EGFR RGQ PCR Kit(n=138)131 of 138(95)89.897.916 of 22(73
43、)49.889.3115 of 116(99)95.310016 of 17(94)71.399.9115 of 121(95)89.598.2Roche cobas EGFR Mutation Test(n=23)22 of 23(96)78.199.93 of 4(75)19.499.419 of 19(100)82.41003 of 3(100)29.210019 of 20(95)75.1100Cycleave(n=190)161 of 190(85)78.889.529 of 57(51)37.364.4132 of 133(99)95.910029 of 30(97)82.899.
44、9132 of 160(83)75.588.0PNA-LNA PCR Clampa(n=91)76 of 91(84)74.390.515 of 29(52)32.570.661 of 62(98)91.310015 of 16(94)69.899.861 of 75(81)70.789.4EGFR突变状态在组织/细胞学标本与血浆标本之间的一致性(有配对组织/细胞学标本)PPV,positive predictive value;NPV,negative predictive value;CI,confidence interval;RGQ,Rotor-Gene Q;PCR,polymeras
45、e chain reaction;PNA-LNA,peptide nucleic acid-locked nucleic acid;ctDNA,circulating free tumor-derived DNA.aPNA-LNA PCR Clamp concordance data using optimized ctDNA extraction procedure血浆ctDNA能够作为分子病理检测的可靠标本(与组织/细胞学突变状态匹配度89%),血浆ctDNA阳性可以作为TKI治疗指征78%PPV(positive predict value)可能是由于组织学标本的假阴性而非血浆标本的假阳
46、性引起;肿瘤异质性(小活检标本),检测方法的敏感性,都可能导致假阴性的出现在真实世界中,检测的敏感性还可能受到分期/疾病分化状态的影响WCLC大样本真实世界驱动基因检测实践将ctDNA应用于真实世界EGFR检测The ASSESS study CTONG1405(BENEFIT Study)A Single-arm,Open,Multicenter Study Evaluating Efficacy and Safety of First-line Gefitinib Treatment in Metastatic Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients with Sensi
47、tizing EGFR Mutation Determined by ddPCR in Plasma cell-free DNA1.Stage IV adenocarnoma;2.age18-75;3.PS 0-2;4.cf-DNA EGFRmutation by ddPCR;5.Tumor sampleavailable;gefitinib 250mg/dPDPI:Jie Wang and Yi-long Wu.14 sites The primary endpoint:objective response rate(ORR;RECIST1.1).Secondary endpoints:di
48、sease control rate,progression-free survival,overallsurvival,safety evaluationcfDNA应用于EGFR检测前瞻性研究2016年6月1日,FDA 批准Cobas EGFR血液检测突变作为厄洛替尼伴随诊断 EGFR血液检测已经进入临床应用非小细胞肺癌血液EGFR基因突变检测中国专家共识 中华医学杂志2015年12月18日1.血液EGFR基因突变检测的标本采集及处理2.血液EGFR基因突变检测的外周血游离DNA提取3.血液EGFR基因突变检测的方法4.EGFR突变基因检测报告及周期p ctDNA中EGFR基因突变检测具有高
49、度特异性(IPASS、IFUM和IGNITE研究中的特异度分别为100%、99.8%和97.2%),但敏感度相对较低(分别为43.1%、65.7%和49.6%);p 血液是EGFR基因突变检测合适的替代生物材料,也是对可疑组织检测结果的补充;p 但是当肿瘤组织可以获取时,肿瘤组织仍应是优先选择的生物样本用于基因状态分析;Circulating Tumor CellCirculating Tumor Cell:循环肿瘤细胞:循环肿瘤细胞治疗策略事件肺癌待查辅助诊断早期肺癌晚期肺癌癌症耐药复发监测治疗方案选择疗效评估耐药机理新药研发来源:原发肿瘤或转移灶,释放到血循环两个关键机制:对血管的内渗作用
50、(上皮向间叶细胞转化EMT);肿瘤相关脉管系统软化使细胞被动脱落含量:1ml血液中CTC:10个WBC:100万RBC:10亿Daniel A.Haber,et al CANCER DISCOVERY JUNE 2014ISET和FA-FISH检测ALK阳性CTCs结果:在18个组织ALK阳性的NSCLC中,所有ALK阳性均找到CTC(中位值 11个/ml血);所有ALK阳性NSCLC CTC均大于4个/ml;所有ALK阴性的血液样本中,CTC均少于4个/ml,CTC数量中位值0.64个/ml;J Clin Oncol 31:2273-2281ISET和FA-FISH检测ALK阳性CTCsAL
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