专题二介词和动词短语课件.pptx

1、2022-8-10专题二介词和动词短语专题二介词和动词短语清单一清单一 介词介词一、方位介词一、方位介词1.图解方位介词知识清单如:The little mouse is under the table,so it is not easy to find it.那只小老鼠在桌子底下,因此不容易找到它。The Great Wall winds its way from west to east,across deserts,over moun-tains,through valleys,till at last it reaches the sea.长城从西向东穿过沙漠,跨过高山,穿过深谷,蜿蜒

2、而行,直到最后直抵大海。题组训练用介词完成句子The sunlight came inthrough (穿过)the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room.The bicycle is beyond (不能)repair.2.among,betweenThey hid themselves among the trees.他们躲在树林中。She is the youngest among the three sisters.她是三个姐妹中最年轻的。There was a fight between the two boys.这两个男孩子打过

3、一次架。Im usually free between Tuesday and Thursday.我通常在星期二与星期四之间有空。among用于三者或三者以上的“在中间”,常指数目不确定的事物between其宾语往往是表示两者的名词或代词,或者是由and连接的两个人或物题组训练用介词between,among填空Some students often listen to musicbetween classes to refresh them-selves.He found it among a pile of old books.3.in,on二者均可表示“在上”,描述两个物体的接触情况。o

4、n侧重于表面接触,而in侧重于接触的深度。英语中的某些习惯表达常用in或on。若打击某人的脸、眼、嘴、胸、腹等部位时,用in,而打击头、额、鼻、耳、颈、肩、腿等部位时,用on。表示树本身生长出来的枝、叶、花、果等,用on the tree,但表示树本身以外的人或动物“在树上”,用in the tree,意指被枝叶遮掩其中。如:We found a square hole in the wall.我们发现墙上有个方洞。The teacher patted the boy on the head and comforted him.老师轻轻拍着那个男孩儿的头安慰他。There are lots o

5、f apples on the tree.树上有很多苹果。题组训练用介词in,on填空There is a map of the worldon the wall.Birds are singingin the tree.【比较】He walkedacrossthe fields.()He walkedthroughthe forest.()他从田野上走过。在田野上他从森林中穿过。在森林中He ranacrossthe bridge.()He ranthroughthe town.()他跑过桥去。从桥上他跑着穿过这座小城。贯穿across与on有关,意为“from one side to th

6、e other side of(sth.)”,强调从物体的表面进行,从一边到另一边through与in有关,表示动作从物体的内部穿过4.across,through此外,across与静态动词连用时表示“在(街、河等)对面”或“在(身体某部位)上”的意思。如:The school is across the river.学校在河的对岸。He has a giant scar across his chest.他胸前有块巨大的伤疤。题组训练用介词across,through填空My house is justacross the street.Water will be pumpedthroug

7、h a pipe.Do you think this shirt is too tightacross the shoulders?5.over,above;under,below(1)over和above都有“在之上”的意思,但over往往表示“在的正上方”,其反义词为under,而above往往表示“在的斜上方”,其反义词为below。over还可表示“(部分或全部覆盖)在上面”的意思。如:You cant wear a blue jacket over that shirt.Itll look terrible.你不能把一件蓝夹克穿在那件衬衫外面。那将会很难看。(2)over和above

8、都可以表示在数量上“多于”的意思,但above 一般用于表示与“最低限度”或“标准”有关的事物,而over则表示“多于”,相当于more than,其反义词是under(=less than)。如:1,000 meters above sea level 海拔1000米two degrees above zero 零上2度Hes over fifty.他已年过半百。Its under a mile from here to the post office.此处距邮局不足一英里。(3)above表示“级别、地位、重要性等高于”,over则强调“控制、掌握、权威、优越”等。如:He always

9、puts his students above everything.他总是把自己的学生置于一切事情之上。He has little control over his emotions.他控制不住自己的感情。题组训练用介词over,above填空Shes been here forover two hours.她在这里已超过两小时了。A great person is always putting others interests above his own.伟人总是置他人利益高于自己的利益之上。He isabove average intelligence.他的智力在一般水平以上。in表示在

10、某范围之内on强调“毗邻”“接壤”to表示在某范围之外off强调两地之间有一小段距离6.in,on,to,off表示位置关系Shandong Province is/lies in the east of China.(在某范围之内)山东省在/位于中国东部。Shandong Province is/lies to the northeast of Hubei Province.(在某范围之外)山东省在/位于湖北省东北边。Russia is/lies on the north of China.(接壤)俄罗斯在/位于中国北边。Lily lives in a flat just off Bridg

11、e Avenue.(两地隔着一小段距离)莉莉住在离大桥街不远的一处公寓里。题组训练用介词in,to,off填空Japan is/liesto the east of China.Beijing liesin the north of China.The Well Hotel stands in a quiet placeoff the main road at the far end of the lake.二、时间介词二、时间介词1.at,in,on(1)at的用法1)表示时间的一点,时刻等,如:at 12:00,at noon(在中午),at night(在夜里),at midnight(

12、在半夜),at dawn/daybreak(在黎明,破晓),at sunrise/sunset(在日出/日落),at dusk(在黄昏)。2)表示较短暂的一段时间,可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子,如:at Christmas在圣诞节。(2)in的用法表示在某段较长的时间内(如:世纪、朝代、年代、月份及泛指上午、下午和傍晚等),如:in the 1980s/1980s,in the Qing dynasty,in October,in the morning/afternoon/evening。(3)on的用法1)用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间(如:某日、某节日、星期几等),如:

13、on October the first,on a rainy day,on National Day等。2)用于表示特定的上午、下午或晚上,如:on Christmas Eve(在圣诞节前夕),on the morning of January the third,on the afternoon of his arrival等。3)准时,按时:on time。题组训练翻译下列词组在星期天上午on Sunday morning(s)在三月初at the beginning of March 在儿童节on Childrens Day 在19世纪20年代in the 1820s/1820s 2.

14、in,afterin表示时间时,in表示“在之内”。有时in可以表“在之后”,但表示此意时,必须具备两个条件:1.所在句子是将来时;2.表示的是一段时间after意为“在之后”。通常“after+时间段=时间段+later”与过去时连用。“after+时间点”与将来时连用My father will be back in three days.我父亲将在3天以后回来。My father will be back after three oclock.我父亲将在3点后回来。My father came back after three days/three days later.我父亲是3天后回

15、来的。题组训练用in,after,later填空It will be finishedin an hour.He returnedafter a few days.They finished their lessons at four and a little whilelater they went out to take a walk.3.for,from,sincefor后接时间段,表示行为或状态持续了多久;from后接时间点,表示行为或状态的起始点,而不涉及其持续时间的长短;since后接时间点,不仅表示行为或状态的起始点,而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到说话的时刻,因而常与延

16、续性动词的完成时连用。如:Mr.Brown enjoyed the country life and lived there for almost fifteen years after his retirement.布朗先生喜欢乡村生活,退休后他在那里生活了差不多15年。My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five.我的妹妹从5岁开始学习舞蹈。Tom has been doing his homework since seven oclock.汤姆从7点开始就一直做他的家庭作业。题组训练用for,from,since填

17、空From then on she knew she would win.I lost my money and I have been worriedsince then.He stood there for a while,and then went away sadly.4.during,through,over(1)during的用法during指某个动作或状态在某个时间段里或整个过程中断断续续地发生过多次,或在整个时间段里的某一点发生过,起止时间比较明显。如:He often falls asleep during the class.课上他常常打瞌睡。He swims every

18、day during the summer.夏季他每天都游泳。(2)through的用法 through:在期间;从开头到结尾(所指时间包括在内,此时与throughout相同)。如:Tom bore up well under the strain of supporting his family through his fa-thers illness.在父亲生病期间,汤姆坚强地顶住了养家的压力。(3)over的用法over意为:while doing,having,eating,etc.(sth.)在(做)期间。如:We had a pleasant chat over a cup of

19、 tea.我们一边喝茶一边愉快地聊天。此外,over还有“throughout(a period)贯穿(一时间段)”的意思,等于dur-ing。如:He will stay in Wales over/during Christmas and the New Year.他将在威尔士度过圣诞和新年。题组训练用during,over填空Lets discuss itover lunch.They only met twice during the whole time they were neighbours.5.before,by,till,until(1)before的用法before:早于;

20、在之前。如:The new road will be completed before the end of the year.这条新道路将在年底以前建成。(2)by的用法1)表示“不迟于,在(某时)前”。如:All of you are to arrive at school by seven oclock.你们所有人必须在7点钟前到校。2)表示“在期间,在时间内”。如:He worked by night and slept by day.他晚上工作,白天睡觉。(3)until和till的用法1)until是比较正式的用法。在肯定句中和延续性动词连用,表示动作一直持续到until后面的时间

21、为止;在否定句中和非延续性动词连用,表示该动作直到until后面的时间才开始。如:I shall wait until ten oclock.我将等到10点钟。I didnt go to sleep until midnight.直到半夜我才睡觉。2)till意义与until相同。如:He works from morning till night,day after day.他日复一日从早工作到晚。题组训练用before,by,until填空Well have finished the workby ten oclock tomorrow.I usually take a bathbefor

22、e having my breakfast.Upuntil last year,they didnt even own a car.三、表工具、手段、方式的介词三、表工具、手段、方式的介词1.by,in,on三个词都可以表示旅行的方式。(1)不涉及交通工具的名词时用by,名词前不带冠词。如:by sea,by water,by land,by air等。(2)涉及交通工具的名词时用by,但名词需用单数,其前面不加冠词和任何修饰语。如:by bike,by taxi,by plane,by ship/boat,by train,by spaceship等。(3)当旅行方式涉及特指的交通工具时,用

23、on或in,名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。如:travel to New York on this plane,go to school on my bike等。注意:步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如:on foot,on horseback/on a horse,on a camel等。题组训练同义句转换He went to Beijing by car.He went to Beijingin his/a car .I prefer to travel by ship.I prefer to travelby water/sea .2.with,in(1)with用于有形的工具

24、或身体某些器官之前,其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。如:They are digging with a pick/spade.他们正在用一把镐/铲挖。We see with our eyes,hear with our ears,and walk with our legs.我们用眼睛看,用耳朵听,用腿走路。(2)in如:Please answer me in English.请用英语回答我。Please write in capital letters.请用大写字母写。The artist wrote in ink/pencil(=with a pen/a pencil).那个艺术家用钢

25、笔/铅笔写字。原料、颜料、语言、钢笔、铅笔等大、小写字母(3)注意以下固定短语:on/over the telephone/radio通过电话/广播用这/那种方式题组训练用by,over,in,on填空This form is writtenin ink.This toy is not machine-made.It is madeby hand.In the morning I usually listen to the newsover/on the radio.四、表原因的介词四、表原因的介词1.with多用于表示情绪的形容词或身体动作或状态的动词之后,表示某种心理或心理状态的原因。in

26、this/that waybythis/that meanswiththis/that method2.for多与表示感情的抽象名词或动名词及reason,famous等词连用。3.from常接抽象名词,表示自然或间接原因。4.of用于某些形容词后,后接与感情相关的人或事。5.over常用于带有感情色彩的动词,如:cry,quarrel,laugh,sigh等词之后,叙述所发生事情的原因。如:Her face went red with anger.她气得脸都红了。The West Lake is famous for its scenery.西湖以它的景色而闻名。五、表示支持、反对的介词五、

27、表示支持、反对的介词against表示反对,此外还有“紧靠,逆着,相反,在衬托下,与相比”之意for支持,赞成Are you for or against the new road scheme?你对修建新道路的计划是赞成还是反对?She was forced to marry against her will.她被迫违心地嫁了人。Thats against the law.那是违法的。The skiers red clothes stood out clearly against the snow.滑雪者的红衣服在雪的衬托下显得分外醒目。题组训练介词填空Most of the student

28、s are for the idea,although a few of them dont agree with it.Tired,Jim was fast asleep with his backagainst a big tree.六、其他常考介词六、其他常考介词1.besides,except,but,other than,except for的区别(1)用于否定句时,besides,except与but可相互替换。如:No other students passed the difficult maths exam except/besides/but Lin Tao and Wu

29、Dong.除林涛、吴东外没有别的学生通过那么难的数学考试。(2)用于肯定句时的区别1)except意为:not including除之外(不再有)。We all passed the exam except Tom.除汤姆没及格外,我们都及格了。(汤姆没及格)2)besides意为:in addition to 除之外(还有)。如:We have lots of things in common besides music.除了音乐,我们还有很多共同点。注意:besides在句中的位置较灵活,可放在句首,亦可放在句中;而except 多放在句中。此外,except前几乎总有all,any,ev

30、ery,no及其复合词。如:He answered all the questions except the last one.除最后一个问题没有回答外,其余所有问题他都回答了。I have a few friends besides you.除了你之外,我还有几个朋友。3)except for表示“除了”之意,它所叙述的事实或细节部分用来修正句子的主要意思。如:The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.这篇作文写得很好,只是有些拼写错误。Your coat is good except for its color.你

31、的外套很好,就是颜色不太好。注意:当except用于句首时,后面往往要加上for。如:Except for this,everything is in good order.=Everything is in good order except this.除此之外,一切正常。(3)except和but/other than都可接名词、代词、动名词,可以互换;但ex-cept后接副词、介词短语、when从句等时,but/other than不可替换ex-cept。如:He has always been in high spirits except recently.除近来外,他总是精神饱满。(

32、副词)The window is never opened except in summer.除夏季外,这扇窗户从不打开。(介词短语)He has always been busy except when it is Sunday.除星期日外,他总是很忙。(when从句)(4)but,except后都可接that从句作宾语。如:I asked nothing from him but/except that he should write to me every other week.我对他并无其他要求,只要他每隔一周给我写一封信。(5)以上讲了besides作介词时的用法。另外,beside

33、s还可用作副词,意为“in addition;also;moreover;furthermore(而且,还有)”。如:I dont want to go;besides,I am too tired.我不想去。再说,我也太累了。This is my best suit;besides,I have two others.这是我最好的一套衣服,我另外还有两套。题组训练用except,except for,besides填空I know nothing about the young ladyexcept that she is from Bei-jing.I dont mind picking

34、up your things from the store.Besides ,the walk does me good.The car is niceexcept for the color.2.for与to接后置的间接宾语(1)buy/cook/fetch/find/get/make/order/save.+sth.+for+sb.(2)bring/give/lend/offer/pay/pass/promise/read/return/send/show/tell/throw/write.+sth.+to+sb.3.形容词后的for与to英语中经常遇见一些形容词与介词for或to搭配。这

35、种搭配非常灵活,现将几种常见的搭配情况简述如下:(1)当形容词被副词too或enough修饰时,其后只能用for。如:The shirt is too large for me.这件衬衫对我来说太大了。(2)当侧重于与别人比较,有“对而言”之意时,常用for。如:Chinese is very difficult for me.I cant learn it.中文对我来说太难了,我学不会。(3)当侧重于主观看法或感觉,有“在看来”之意时,常用to。如:Chinese is very difficult to me,but Ill try my best to learn it.在我看来中文很难

36、,但是我会尽全力学习的。(4)如果无特定的语境,则用for或to都可以。这时主要看说话者的态度,若说话者侧重第二条所述,则用for;若说话者侧重第三条所述,则用to。如:The text is very easy to/for me.在我看来这篇课文很容易/这篇课文对我来说很容易。题组训练介词填空These math problems are too difficultfor me.The house is big enoughfor us two.4.with 的用法with 在英语中用法繁多,在中学英语中也不例外,因此成为高考热点并不稀奇。其主要用法如下:(1)表示“和在一起,和,同,跟”

37、。如:Mr.and Mrs.Smith were there,with their three small children.史密斯夫妇带着他们三个年幼的孩子都在那儿。Would you like to go to the theatre with us?你愿意和我们一起去看戏吗?You cannot see Mr.Johnson at the moment,as he is with the manager.你此刻见不到约翰逊先生,因为他和经理在一起。(2)表示两种事物之间的相应关系或齐头并进。如:With time passing by,they have grown into big b

38、oys and big girls.随着时间的流逝,他们都长成大小伙子和大姑娘了。Temperatures vary with the time of the year.温度随着时节而变化。(3)表示“带有”,表伴随。如:The waiter arrived with a cup of coffee.服务员端着一杯咖啡来了。(4)引导一个表示方式的状语附加语。如:The stranger spoke with a foreign accent.那个陌生人说话带外国口音。He looked at me with a frown.他皱着眉头看我。(5)指原因或理由。如:It is very stu

39、ffy in the room,with all the windows closed.由于所有窗户都关着,屋子里非常闷。She was shivering with cold.她冷得直发抖。The small child trembled with fear.那个小孩吓得直哆嗦。His face was red with anger.他的脸气得通红。题组训练介词填空With the help of her family and friends,she stopped smoking.What do you want to dowith those old boxes?To put thing

40、s in when I move to the new flat.5.by的用法(1)表示“不迟于(某时间)”的意思。如:We have to be home by ten oclock.我们10点钟之前得到家。(2)表示“在期间(一段指明的时间)”的意思。如:They decided to travel by night.他们决定在夜里行进。(3)表示触及或抓住人体或物体的某一部分。如:He seized me by the arm.他抓住了我的胳膊。(4)表示“由于;凭借”的意思。如:He succeeded by hard work.他由于努力工作而成功了。(5)含有“以的幅度,差”的意

41、思。如:This one is shorter than the other by three inches.这一个比另一个短三英寸。We lost the match by one goal.我们以一球之差输了那场比赛。(6)表示买卖东西所按以计算的数或量,或付酬所按以计算的时间。如:Milk is sold by the pint,butter by the pound,and eggs by the dozen.牛奶论品脱卖,黄油论磅卖,鸡蛋论打卖。(7)表示“按照”或“根据”的意思。如:By my watch,the time is half past eleven.按我的表,现在是十

42、一点半。By the expression on his face,he seemed to be displeased.从他的面部表情来看,他似乎不高兴。We shall get a storm before long by the look of the sky.看天色,暴风雨就要来了。(8)表示“乘车”等。如:They always travel by air.他们经常乘飞机旅行。题组训练翻译下列句子Can you finish the work by five oclock?你能在5点钟以前完成这项工作吗?He went to Hangzhou by train.他乘火车去杭州。We

43、sell ice creams by the thousand in summer.我们在夏天出售的冰激凌数以千计。6.beyond的用法(1)表示“(时间)过了,比晚,迟于”。如:They arrived beyond nine oclock.他们过了9点才到。He delayed the matter beyond the fixed time.他把那件事拖过了规定的时间。(2)表示“(位置)在的那边,在以外”。如:The small village is 20 miles beyond the town.那个小村庄在离城20英里以外的地方。The village is beyond th

44、e mountain.村庄在山的那边。These students came from beyond the seas.这些学生来自海外。(3)表示“(范围)超过,为所不及”。如:This book is beyond me.这本书我看不懂。He is living beyond his income.他的生活入不敷出。Her work is beyond praise.她的工作令人赞不绝口。Good health is beyond price.健康的身体是无价之宝。It was a case beyond the doctors skill.那位医生治不了这种病。题组训练介词填空Sorry

45、,Madam.Youd better come tomorrow because itsbeyond the visiting hours.7.名词与介词的固定搭配1)要求用to的名词:access,approach,attention,key,answer,apology,introduc-tion,attitude,monument,devotion,journey,entrance,note,visit等。2)要求用in的名词:interest,expert,pride,trouble等。3)要求用on的名词:congratulations,effect,influence等。4)要求用

46、其他介词的名词:prize(for),respect(for),victory(over),struggle(with),excuse(for),(for)fear(of),(on)condition that等。5)to与情感名词连用,表示“某种行动后产生的感觉”。to+ones+=to the of sb.delightsurprisehorrorsorrowjoyregretdelightsurprisehorrorsorrowjoyregret这种表达法表示结果,用作状语,位于句前、句中、句后皆可,意为“使某人的是”。为了强调,可在to前面加much。题组训练用适当的介词填空In or

47、der to change attitudesto employing women,the government is bringing in new laws.I sent them my sincere congratulationson their marriage.To my anger,all of them went to the cinema without me.8.about,on,of about 指泛泛地或非正式地谈论某事,其谈论的内容也较为普通;而 on 则指比较有系统地或理论性较强地论述某事,其论述的内容较正式或较严肃。在与tell,read,know,think等动

48、词连用时,of侧重于粗略涉及,而about涉及的情况则详细得多。如:He wrote on mathematics.他撰写数学著作。He wrote about the school.他编写有关这所学校的情况。It is a book on birds.那是一本论及鸟类的书。(可能是一本学术著作)It is a book about birds.那是一本关于鸟的书。(可能是一本供小孩看的关于鸟类的故事书)I know of him.我对他有所了解。(只是大致了解)9.记忆以下句子The shirts are different in color.这些衬衫颜色不同。The shirt looks

49、 beautiful on you.=You look beautiful in the shirt.这件衬衫穿在你身上很漂亮/你穿上这件衬衫很漂亮。Your account is far from(being)true/is far from(nowhere near/not any-where near)the truth.你所说的远非事实。Papering the ceiling proved next to(=almost)impossible without a ladder.要裱糊天花板没有梯子可以说是办不到。Birmingham is the largest city in Br

50、itain next to London.在英国,伯明翰是仅次于伦敦的最大城市。七、常考介词短语七、常考介词短语1.介词与名词的常用搭配(1)at+n.表示状态at a loss不知所措at breakfast早餐时at peace处于和平中at rest静止,不动at sea在海上,在航海at war在战争中at work在工作(2)at+n.表示时间at Christmas在圣诞节at dusk在黄昏at dawn在黎明at daybreak在拂晓at midnight在午夜at night在夜里at noon在正午at present目前at sunrise日出时(3)以at开头的介词短