Unit-14-What-Is-the-WTO-财经专业英语教程(第四版)课件.pptx

1、Unit 14 What Is the WTO 财经专业英语教程（第四版）课件IntroductionPara 1 The World Trade Organization(WTO)is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations.At its heart are the WTO agreements,negotiated and signed by the bulk of the worlds trading nations and ratified in

2、 their parliaments.The goal is to help producers of goods and services,exporters,and importers conduct their business.The multilateral trading systempast,present and futurePara 2 The World Trade Organization came into being in 1995.One of the youngest of the international organizations,the WTO is th

3、e successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT)established in the wake of the Second World War.Para 3 So while the WTO is still young,the multilateral trading system that was originally set up under GATT is well over 50 years old.Para 4 The past 50 years have seen an exceptional grow

4、th in world trade.Merchandise exports grew on average by 6%annually.Total trade in 2000 was 22-times the level of 1950.GATT and the WTO have helped to create a strong and prosperous trading system contributing to unprecedented growth.Para 5 The system was developed through a series of trade negotiat

5、ions,or rounds,held under GATT.The first rounds dealt mainly with tariff reductions but later negotiations included other areas such as anti-dumping and non-tariff measures.The last round the 1986-94 Uruguay Round led to the WTOs creation.Para 6 The negotiations did not end there.Some continued afte

6、r the end of the Uruguay Round.In February 1997 agreement was reached on telecommunications services,with 69 governments agreeing to wide-ranging liberalization measures that went beyond those agreed in the Uruguay Round.Para 7 In the same year 40 governments successfully concluded negotiations for

7、tariff-free trade in information technology products,and 70 members concluded a financial services deal covering more than 95%of trade in banking,insurance,securities and financial information.Para 8 In 2000,new talks started on agriculture and services.These have now been incorporated into a broade

8、r agenda launched at the fourth WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha,Qatar,in November 2001.Para 9 The work programme,the Doha Development Agenda(DDA),adds negotiations and other work on non-agricultural tariffs,trade and environment,WTO rules such as anti-dumping and subsidies,investment,competition

9、policy,trade facilitation,transparency in government procurement,intellectual property,and a range of issues raised by developing countries as difficulties they face in implementing the present WTO agreements.Para 10 The deadline for the negotiations is 1 January 2005.It does this by:Administering t

10、rade agreements Acting as a forum for trade negotiations Settling trade disputes Reviewing national trade policies Assisting developing countries in trade policy issues,through technical assistance and training programmes Cooperating with other international organizations StructurePara 11 The WTO ha

11、s 159 members on 2 March 2013,accounting for over 97%of world trade.Around 30 others are negotiating membership.Para 12 Decisions are made by the entire membership.This is typically by consensus.A majority vote is also possible but it has never been used in the WTO,and was extremely rare under the W

12、TOs predecessor pri:dises,GATT.The WTOs agreements have been ratified in all members parliaments.Para 13 The WTOs top level decision-making body is the Ministerial Conference which meets at least once every two years.Para 14 Below this is the General Council(normally ambassadors and heads of delegat

13、ion in Geneva,but sometimes officials sent from members capitals which meets several times a year in the Geneva headquarters)The General Council also meets as the Trade Policy Review Body and the Dispute Settlement Body.Para 15 At the next level,the Goods Council,Services Council and Intellectual Pr

14、operty(TRIPS)Council report to the General Council.Para 16 Numerous specialized committees,working groups and working parties deal with the individual agreements and other areas such as the environment,development,membership applications and regional trade agreements.The WTO AgreementsPara 17 How ca

15、n you ensure that trade is as fair as possible,and as free as is practical?By negotiating rules and abiding by them.Para 18 The WTOs rules the agreements are the result of negotiations between the members.The current set were the outcome of the 198694 Uruguay Round negotiations which included a majo

16、r revision of the original General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT).Para 19 GATT is now the WTOs principal rule-book for trade in goods.The Uruguay Round also created new rules for dealing with trade in services,relevant aspects of intellectual property,dispute settlement,and trade policy review

17、s.The complete set runs to some 30,000 pages consisting of about 30 agreements and separate commitments(called schedules)made by individual members in specific areas such as lower customs duty rates and services market-opening.Para 20 Through these agreements,WTO members operate a non-discriminatory

18、 trading system that spells out their rights and their obligations.Each country receives guarantees that its exports will be treated fairly and consistently in other countries markets.Each promises to do the same for imports into its own market.The system also gives developing countries some flexibi

19、lity in implementing their commitments.GoodsPara 21 It all began with trade in goods.From 1947 to 1994,GATT was the forum for negotiating lower customs duty rates and other trade barriers;the text of the General Agreement spelt out important rules,particularly non-discrimination.Para 22 Since 1995,t

20、he updated GATT has become the WTOs umbrella agreement for trade in goods.It has annexes dealing with specific sectors such as agriculture and textiles,and with specific issues such as state trading,product standards,subsidies and actions taken against dumping.ServicesPara 23 Banks,insurance firms,t

21、elecom-munications companies,tour operators,hotel chains and transport companies looking to do business abroad can now enjoy the same principles of freer and fairer trade that originally only applied to trade in goods.Para 24 These principles appear in the new General Agreement on Trade in Services(

22、GATS).WTO members have also made individual commitments under GATS stating which of their services sectors they are willing to open to foreign competition,and how open those markets are.Intellectual propertyPara 25 The WTOs intellectual property agreement amounts to rules for trade and investment in

23、 ideas and creativity.The rules state how copyrights,patents,trademarks,geographical names used to identify products,industrial designs,integrated circuit layout-designs and undisclosed information such as trade secrets “intellectual property”should be protected when trade is involved.Dispute Settle

24、mentPara 26 The WTOs procedure for resolving trade quarrels under the Dispute Settlement Understanding is vital for enforcing the rules and therefore for ensuring that trade flows smoothly.Countries bring disputes to the WTO if they think their rights under the agreements are being infringed.Judgeme

25、nts by specially-appointed independent experts are based on interpretations of the agreements and individual countries commitments.Para 27 The system encourages countries to settle their differences through consultation.Failing that,they can follow a carefully mapped out,stage-by-stage procedure tha

26、t includes the possibility of a ruling by a panel of experts,and the chance to appeal the ruling on legal grounds.Confidence in the system is borne out by the number of cases brought to the WTO around 300 cases in eight years compared to the 300 disputes dealt with during the entire life of GATT(194

27、794).Policy ReviewPara 28 The Trade Policy Review Mechanisms purpose is to improve transparency,to create a greater understanding of the policies that countries are adopting,and to assess their impact.Many members also see the reviews as constructive feedback on their policies.Para 29 All WTO member

28、s must undergo periodic scrutiny,each review containing reports by the country concerned and the WTO Secretariat.Development and TradePara 30 Over three quarters of WTO members are developing or least-developed countries.All WTO agreements contain special provision for them,including longer time per

29、iods to implement agreements and commitments,measures to increase their trading opportunities and support to help them build the infrastructure for WTO work,handle disputes,and implement technical standards.Para 31 The 2001 Ministerial Conference in Doha set out tasks,including negotiations,for a wi

30、de range of issues concerning developing countries.Some people call the new negotiations the Doha Development Round.Para 31 The 2001 Ministerial Conference in Doha set out tasks,including negotiations,for a wide range of issues concerning developing countries.Some people call the new negotiations th

31、e Doha Development Round.Para 32 Before that,in 1997,a high-level meeting on trade initiatives and technical assistance for least-developed countries resulted in an“integrated framework”involving six intergovernmental agencies,to help least-developed countries increase their ability to trade,and som

32、e additional preferential market access agreements.Para 33 A WTO committee on trade and development,assisted by a sub-committee on least-developed countries,looks at developing countries special needs.Its responsibility includes implementation of the agreements,technical cooperation,and the increase

33、d participation of developing countries in the global trading systemTechnical Assistance and TrainingPara 34 The WTO organizes around 100 technical cooperation missions to developing countries annually.It holds on average three trade policy courses each year in Geneva for government officials.Region

34、al seminars are held regularly in all regions of the world with a special emphasis on African countries.Training courses are also organized in Geneva for officials from countries in transition from central planning to market economies.Para 35 The WTO set up reference centres in over 100 trade minist

35、ries and regional organizations in capitals of developing and least-developed countries,providing computers and internet access to enable ministry officials to keep abreast of events in the WTO in Geneva through online access to the WTOs immense database of official documents and other material.Effo

36、rts are also being made to help countries that do not have permanent representatives in Geneva.Para 2 the WTO is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT)established in the wake of the Second World War.WTO的前身是关贸总协定（GATT）；in the wake of:if something happens in the wake of an e

37、vent,it happens afterwards and usually as a result（随着而来），这里说“关贸总协定是二战后的产物”。Para 3 So while the WTO is still young,the multilateral trading system that was originally set up under GATT is well over 50 years old.连词while表示让步，全句可以译成：尽管WTO成立不久，但由关贸总协定建立起来的多边贸易体系已经有了50多年的历史。Para 7 and 70 members concluded

38、 a financial services deal covering more than 95%of trade in banking,insurance,securities and financial information.本句的难点是动词conclude。conclude an agreement(treaty,contract,deal,sale)即：finish arranging an agreement(treaty,contract,deal,sale)successfully.全句可以译成：70个成员完成了一个覆盖95%以上的银行、保险、证券和财务信息交易的金融服务项目。

39、Para 9 The work programme,the Doha Development Agenda(DDA),adds negotiations and other work on non-agricultural tariffs,trade and environment,关于多哈发展议程多哈回合的详情见本课的Ex.5 5.Para 9 WTO rules such as anti-dumping and subsidies,investment,competition policy,trade facilitation,transparency in government proc

40、urement,intellectual property,and a range of issues raised by developing countriesanti-dumping and subsidies 应该是“反倾销和反补贴”其后的WTO规则分别是投资、竞争政策、贸易便利化、政府采购、知识产权以及发展中国家提出的一系列的问题。Para 12 This is typically by consensus.A majority vote is also possible but it has never been used in the WTO,and was extremely

41、rare under the WTOs predecessor,GATT.Consensus:an opinion that everyone in a group will agree with or accept 一致同意；majority:most of the people or things in a particular group 简单多数。世贸组织的重大决议从未采用过简单多数通过，而是协商一致的原则通过。Para 14 The General Council also meets as the Trade Policy Review Body and the Dispute S

42、ettlement Body.A committee,group or council meets 意思是：to be together in the same place,usually in order to discuss something.这里说的是WTO总理事会身兼三职，它也同时可以作为贸易政策核查机构以及争端解决机构讨论相关问题。切不可把meet as看作短语动词。Para 15 At the next level,the Goods Council,Services Council and Intellectual Property(TRIPS)Council report t

43、o the General Council.TRIPS:Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights（与贸易相关的知识产权)下属货物贸易、非货物贸易（服务贸易）、知识产权三个理事会 Para 17 By negotiating rules and abiding by them.abide by 是短语动词，意思是：accept and obey a decision,rule,agreement etc.even though you may not agree with it.前面提出疑问：如何才能确保交易尽可能的公平，并使自由

44、贸易成为现实？那就得依靠谈判制定规则并无条件地遵守这些规则。Para 18 The current set were the outcome of the 198694 Uruguay Round 本句中的the current set 指的是前一句说到的the WTOs rules，所以用了复数动词were。Para 19 The complete set runs to some 30,000 pages consisting of run to是短语动词，意思是：to reach a particular amount.Para 20 Through these agreements,W

45、TO members operate a non-discriminatory trading system that spells out their rights and their obligations.spell out是短语动词，意思是：to explain something clearly and in detail.即：非歧视贸易体系阐明了他们的权利和义务Para 25 The WTOs intellectual property agreement amounts to rules for trade and investment in ideas and creativi

46、ty.amount to是短语动词，意思是：have the same effect.即：WTO的知识产权条约就是知识和创新方面的交易和投资规则。Para 27 Failing that,they can follow a carefully mapped out,stage-by-stage procedure that includes the possibility of a ruling by a panel of experts,and the chance to appeal the ruling on legal grounds.map out是短语动词，意思是：to plan

47、something carefully 即：按照仔细斟酌的，分阶段的程序进行。本句中的ruling为“裁决”。定语从句讲了两种可能性，一是专家组裁定，二是要求按照法律裁决。Para 27 Confidence in the system is borne out by the number of cases brought to the WTO bear out是短语动词，意思是：prove 即：对the Dispute Settlement Understanding系统的信心得到了证明。Para 35 providing computers and internet access to enable ministry officials to keep abreast of events in the WTO in Geneva through online access to the WTOs immense database of keep abreast of:to make sure that you know all the most recent facts or information about a particular subject or situation.即：确保了解最新情况