CET4写作高分策略06课件.ppt

1、CET-4写作高分策略目录 一、评分标准 二、祛除病句 三、穿针引线三、穿针引线 四、四、谋篇布局谋篇布局 五、锦上添花五、锦上添花 六、作文类型六、作文类型大学英语四级写作评分原则与标准评分原则 1。采用总体印象评分，给出奖励分，而不是按语言点的错误数扣分。2。从内容和语言两个方面综合评判。评分标准 大学英语教学大纲关于四级写作的要求是培养学生初步的写作能力。具体体现在四个方面：切题与否，内容表达清楚与否，文字通顺连贯与否，语言错误多与否。写作部分占总分的15%，分值为107分（总分710分）。按卷面15分计算，阅卷标准分5个等级：14分，11分、8分、5分、2分。14分标准切题；表达思想清

2、楚；文字通顺；连贯性较好；基本上无语言错误，仅个别拼写错误。11分标准切题；表示思想清楚；文字连贯，但有少量语法错误。大学英语四级写作评分标准 8分标准基本切题；有些地方表达思想不够清楚；文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误 5分标准基本切题；表达思想不清楚；连贯性较差；有较多的语言错误。2分标准条理不清；思路紊乱；语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，并且多数为严重错误（白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分。注：1。如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得记入所写字数；2。只写一段者：0-4分；只写两段者：0-9分（指规定三段的作文）对照标准看作文

3、Traffic in Big Cities 1.Traffic has become a social problem in big cities.2.One way to solve this problem is.3.Another way is.Traffic has become a social problem in big cities.Of course，have a car is a good thing,but if every person own a car,the streets will became too crowded.so,traffic jams occur

4、red during the rush hours and accidents happened more often.One way to solve this problem is develop public transportation system.For example,we should buy more buses and we should built more roads,especially round-the-city roads And underground trains is also a good solution.Another way is to reduc

5、e the big citys population.Our country population control is a wise and necessary policy.If big city people reduce，traffic will less crowded.【点评】第一句抄起始句，无问题。第二句，想说“有车是件好事”但英文就大错特错了。须知，英文的主语一般只能是四部分组成:名词（含代词）、动名词v-ing、动词不定式to及句子。动词have是不能当主语的，至少应改为“having”。接下来，every person那动词own自然应该加“s”了。streets will

6、后面动词用原形become，第三行so大写“s”，Traffic Jams occurred and accidents happened.动词完全不需要用过去式，那样，就给人以一种“事情已过去，现在已经不堵车，也没有交通事故”的印象。所以，议论文中使用过去式一定要合理，不要滥用。第二段“One way to solve this problem is to develop.”才行。一般来说，每句话只应有一个谓语动词（并列时当成一个看），所以，有了“is”，“develop”必须消掉（消动词有三招，to v，v-ing，v-ed过去分词）。We should build.，And应小写。und

7、erground trains is.主谓语不协调或改为trains are，或改为train is，后者更好些，因为此处是在讲“地铁”这种形式是一个好办法。评分标准对我们的启示评分标准对我们的启示1、作文主要考查、作文主要考查“思路思路”与与“英文水平英文水平”针对训练针对训练2、2分段：笔下病句横行，表述不知所云分段：笔下病句横行，表述不知所云祛除病句祛除病句3、5分段：遍地残金断玉，捡拾无处下手分段：遍地残金断玉，捡拾无处下手穿针引线穿针引线4、8分段：克敌有心无力，临阵功亏一篑分段：克敌有心无力，临阵功亏一篑运筹帷幄运筹帷幄5、11分段：发挥四平八稳，结果差强人意分段：发挥四平八稳，结

8、果差强人意锦上添花锦上添花 自我定位自我定位 努力方向努力方向1114锦上添花锦上添花：句库与闪光点句库与闪光点 811运筹帷幄运筹帷幄：谋篇布局与逻辑性谋篇布局与逻辑性 5 8穿针引线穿针引线：过渡词与连贯性过渡词与连贯性 2 5祛除病句祛除病句：词汇、：词汇、句型、连词与从句句型、连词与从句训训练练自自下下而而上上考考试试从从此此入入手手有水平，没思路？有水平，没思路？有思路，欠水平？有思路，欠水平？没思路，欠水平？没思路，欠水平？训练谋篇布局训练谋篇布局强化词汇句型强化词汇句型埋头苦干重新做人埋头苦干重新做人6、脚踏实地，逐级努力。、脚踏实地，逐级努力。7、没有把握时最好安全运作。、没有

9、把握时最好安全运作。8、字数合理控制。、字数合理控制。9、三段式写作缺一不可。、三段式写作缺一不可。10、整洁。、整洁。目录 一、评分标准 二、祛除病句 三、穿针引线三、穿针引线 四、四、谋篇布局谋篇布局 五、锦上添花五、锦上添花 六、作文类型六、作文类型祛除病句祛除病句：词汇、：词汇、句型、连词与从句句型、连词与从句治标：常见写作错误治本：词汇、句型连词与从句治标：纠正常见写作错误治标：纠正常见写作错误 一、主语错误 1.主语缺失主语缺失 1)In our country feels very free.People feel free in our country.2)In my home

10、town arent very busy.People in my hometown arent very busy.2.非名词非名词/代词主语代词主语 1)Rich doesnt ensure a happy life.Being rich doesnt mean a happy life./Wealth doesnt ensure a happy life.2)Keep two full-time jobs is simply impossible.Keeping two full-time jobs is simply impossible.3.主谓错位主谓错位 1)Reading bo

11、oks can acquire knowledge.People can acquire knowledge from books.2)Now peoples lives cant leave TV.Now people cant do without TV.二、谓语错误 1.多重谓语 1)In our modern society,there are many examples around us show that many people are cheated.In our modern society,many examples around us show that many peo

12、ple are cheated./A large number of people have fallen victim to various tricks.2)Poverty makes many people cant study abroad.Poverty makes many people unable to study abroad./Poverty makes it impossible for many people to study abroad./Poverty prevents many people from studying abroad./Many people c

13、ant study abroad because of poverty.2.非动词谓语 1)Some people firmly agree,but others against it.Some people firmly agree,but others are against it.2)It is said that the place worths touring.It is said that the place is worth touring.3.时态/数/指代不一致Disagreements 1)I have to visit the teacher who teach me C

14、ollege English.I have to visit the teacher who teaches me College English.2)I use a disk because it hold plenty of data.I use a disk because it holds plenty of data.3)When one have money,he can do what he want to.Once one has money,he can do what he wants(to do)4.误用词组 1)They insist on post-graduate

15、study is very important for them.They insist that post-graduate study is very important for them.2)I am afraid of that its going to rain.I am afraid that its going to rain.三 句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生 例 There are

16、 many ways to know the society.For example by TV,radio,newspaper and so on.剖析：本句后半部分for example by TV,radio,newspaper and so on.”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句 改为：There are many ways to know society,for example,by TV,radio and newspaper.四 词性误用“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等 例 None can negative the im

17、portance of money.剖析：negative 系形容词，误作动词。改为：None can deny the importance of money.五 不连贯(Incoherence)不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。例 The fresh water,it is the most important things of the earth.剖析：The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。改为：Fresh water is the most important thing in the wo

18、rld.目录 一、评分标准 二、祛除病句 三、穿针引线三、穿针引线 四、四、谋篇布局谋篇布局 五、锦上添花五、锦上添花 六、作文类型六、作文类型穿针引线：穿针引线：过渡词与连贯性过渡词与连贯性要做到作文表达清楚、语义连贯，考生必须学会过渡词(Transitional Words)的使用。过渡词是一种关系指引词，它是连接句与句、段与段之间的纽带。过渡词一般为副词或起副词作用的短语，另外代词、连词也可以起到过渡的作用。有意识地使用下列连接词，这对提高作文分数是很有帮助的，同时大家在使用这些词的时候，必须弄清楚哪些连接词是副词，哪些是连词。常见过渡词的类别常见过渡词的类别（1）表示并列、增加、递进：

19、also,and,and then,too,in addition,again,furthermore,moreover,as well,as well as,or,besides,whats more,whats worse,not only.but also,both.and,either.or,neither.nor（2）表示时间顺序：first,firstly,second,secondly,third,thirdly,above all,first of all,now,then,soon,next,gradually,finally,when,while,until,lately,

20、presently,recently,since,eventually,as soon as,from then on,in the meantime,at the same time,early this morning after a while,in a few days,at last,in the end等。（3）表示空间顺序：near(to),far(from),in front of,behind,beside,beyond,above,below,to the right/left,around,outside等。（4）更换表达方式:in other words,that is

21、 to say,to put it another way等。（4）表示比较和对照：in the same way,like,just like,just as,similarly,similar to；unlike,but,still,yet,however,on the other hand,on the contrary,even though,instead,although,despite,in spite of,whereas,unlike,nevertheless,on one hand.on the other hand,some.others等。To my surprise,

22、my father did not criticize me.He praised me instead.Usually,my father doesnt need an assistant on his business tour.However,he offered to take me with him this time.I guess,my father gave me this opportunity as a treat for my courageous conduct.（5）表示结果和原因：because,since,so,therefore,then,thus,otherw

23、ise,thereby,hence,as,for,because of,now that,thanks to,due to,as a result,so that,so.that,such.that等。The people of the two countries were once on friendly terms with each other at a period of time.But for some historical reasons,the relations between the two nations were broken off.As a result,the p

24、eople had been out of touch for a very long time.As time went by,the two countries decided to restore their diplomatic relationship.Accordingly,both parties agreed to negotiations.（6）表示目的：for this reason,for this purpose,so that,in order to,so as to（7）表示条件：if,unless,on condition that,as/so long as（8

25、）表示强调：in fact,actually,as a matter of fact,indeed,surely,necessarily,truly,obviously,certainly,to tell the truth,most important,no doubt,without any doubt,to repeat,above all,most important 等。We were tired if living in the noisy crowded city,so we moved to the countryside.We rent a small house.In ad

26、dition,we bought some old furniture.We felt quiet at home in the country.What is more,we could enjoy fresh air and long walks every day.（9）表示举例：for example,in fact,in this case,actually,for instance,like,such as,especially等。Xiao Wang is a very versatile student.Besides his excellent performance in h

27、is studies,he is good at ball games,and basketball in particular.He is a good swimmer,too,and he can do in different styles,such as backstroke style and free style.He can also play two kinds of musical instruments,namely,violin and piano.（10）表示总结：finally,at last,in conclusion,as I have shown,in a wo

28、rd,in brief,in short,in general,on the whole,as has been stated,above all,after all,generally speaking,to sum up,in summary等。White-haired folks read the paper on their farmhouse porches at sunset.Worn-out wind mills stood alone in pasture.All in all,we did not see much evidence that small-town Ameri

29、ca was vanishing.过渡词的功能过渡词的功能 文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头,“承”是承接，“转”是转折，“合”是综合或总结。（1）用于）用于“启启”的过渡词语的过渡词语(常用在段落或文章常用在段落或文章的开头的开头)first,first of all,at first,in the first place,firstly,to start with,recently,now,at present,in recent years,in general,generally speaking,at present,lately,

30、currently,It is often said that.As the proverb says.It goes without saying that.It is clear/obvious that.Many people often ask.（2）用于）用于“承承”的过渡词语的过渡词语(通常用在段落中的第一个扩展句中通常用在段落中的第一个扩展句中)second,similarly,in addition,besides,then,furthermore,moreover,what is more,what is worse,for example,for instance,cert

31、ainly,surely,obviously,in other words,especially,particularly,in particular,indeed,still,third,truly,in fact,at the same time,no doubt，It is true that.Everybody knows that.It can be easily proved that.No one can deny that.The reason why.is that.There is no doubt that.To take.for an example(instance)

32、.We know that.What is more serious is that.（3）用于）用于“转转”的过渡词语的过渡词语(通常用在段落中的第二个扩展句中通常用在段落中的第二个扩展句中)but,however,on the other hand,on the contrary,in contrast,in any case,at any rate,nevertheless,otherwise,or,or else,while,whereas,but,despite,in spite of.,yet,instead,I do not believe that.Perhaps youll

33、ask why.This may be true,but we still have a problem with regard to.Though we are in basic agreement with.,yet differences will be found,Thats why I feel that.（4）用于）用于“合合”的过渡词语的过渡词语(通常用在段落的结论句或文章的结论通常用在段落的结论句或文章的结论段中段中)in a word,in general,in short,above all,after all,generally speaking，to sum up,fi

34、nally,in conclusion,at last,in summary,therefore,as a result,above all,thus，after all,eventually,hence,in short,in conclusion,in a word,in sum,on the whole,to sum upFrom this point of view.On account of this we can find that.The result is dependent on.Thus,this is the reason why we must.目录 一、评分标准 二、

35、祛除病句 三、穿针引线三、穿针引线 四、四、谋篇布局谋篇布局 五、锦上添花五、锦上添花 六、作文类型六、作文类型运筹帷幄：运筹帷幄：谋篇布局与逻辑性谋篇布局与逻辑性 到了考场上，作文最重要的是理清思路。有些人，到了考场上，作文最重要的是理清思路。有些人，没有思路，随心所欲，信手写去，写着写着，自己没有思路，随心所欲，信手写去，写着写着，自己也不知道写到哪里了。这种作文，怎么会条理清楚也不知道写到哪里了。这种作文，怎么会条理清楚?难道会中心突出难道会中心突出?如何能干净整洁，不乱涂乱画如何能干净整洁，不乱涂乱画?因此，拿到作文后的第一件事就是要审题，确保因此，拿到作文后的第一件事就是要审题，确保

36、不跑题。其次是根据具体要求列出提纲，确保思路不跑题。其次是根据具体要求列出提纲，确保思路清晰。再次就是用比较标准的英文将你想要说的意清晰。再次就是用比较标准的英文将你想要说的意思表达出来，这就需要有较好的英文基本功底思表达出来，这就需要有较好的英文基本功底:包括包括单词、句子结构、语法、词组等等。单词、句子结构、语法、词组等等。1.切题切题 作文不跑题，这是老生常谈，但要完全做到，并非轻而易举。例如:Benefits of Sports自然应该写运动的好处，但有些考生在列举了一系列运动的优点之后，又写道:运动固然好处很多，但也应避免运动的过量。过量的运动还是有害的。它可以使人过度疲劳，损害心脏

37、，拉伤大腿，等等。殊不知，这样写着写着，不知不觉中已跑题了。本文要求你写运动的“好处”。至于其“副作用”或“坏处”，根本不应在文章的讨论范围之内。又如:有的考生写“How University Graduates Find Work”一文，竟写成了自己喜欢什么样的工作。这样一来，你词汇量再大，语法知识再好，也只能是“南辕北辙”了。假如把文章的重点放在“如何”一词上，就算抓住了要害。比如如何去面试，如何写自我简介，如何进行自我包装和推销，等等。比如”Good Health”这篇作文。Importance of good health Ways to keep fit.My own practic

38、es.至于第三段，“我的实践”，有的考生会想，第二段可写“吃”与“锻炼”是保持健康的最佳途径，那么，第三段还写“吃”与“锻练”我自己准备怎么做。“From today on，I will.;I will.;”或者“I plan to do it as follows.”那叫“我的实践”吗?顶多算是“我的希望”或“我的计划”。这样写就跑题了。可见，切题不仅是指全文，三段中的每一段也存在是否切题这样一个问题。有的考生这样写第三段，就基本上可以说是达到要求了:As a university student，I pay much attention to my physical exerciser.I

39、 do some swimming in Summer and some skating in Winter，I often play badminton and tennis.I m also careful with my diet.In a word，keeping healthy is not very hard if you just take it seriously.由此看来，切题一事，绝不可掉以轻心。由此看来，切题一事，绝不可掉以轻心。2。列提纲定局（5分钟）不同的作文题型中，对列提纲的要求也有所不同。在四六级作文考试中，常见的是给出题目和提纲题型，因此只需作者自己能正确有效地

40、去利用已经给出的中文提纲。对提纲材料进行加工、补充、扩展。各段落的展开要根据提纲的来龙去脉进行。尤其要注意确定重点，选准扩充点，将较抽象的内容具体化，阐述透彻。一般说来，英语写作要求一段一个中心。写好主题句（一）引言段：提出中心论点（二）主题段：提出理论和事实依据，或者进行正反两方面的论证（三）结尾段：提出自己的观点或做出结论 例：Smoking Is Harmful to health 提示：1）吸烟的危害；2）戒烟难的原因；3）如何解决 首段（描述问题段）：提出问题，指出具体表现。主题句：Smoking is harmful to peoples health.扩展句：leads to d

41、iseases;causes deaths 中间段（说明原因段）：主题导入，展开论述，收尾结论。主题句：difficult to stop smoking,the following reasons 扩展句：for one thing,the effect of nicotine;for another,no determination 结论句：more attention to stopping smoking 结尾段（说明方法段）：扩展句：firstly,smoking is forbiden in public places and advertisements In addition,

42、No Tobacco Day 结论句：If we follow the measures mentioned above,the impact from smoking could be minimized greatly 下面以下面以Global Shortage of Fresh Water(全球淡水紧缺全球淡水紧缺)这篇提纲式作文为例，这篇提纲式作文为例，具体分析该提纲内容是怎样发展、深化的。具体分析该提纲内容是怎样发展、深化的。1.人们以为淡水是取之不尽的人们以为淡水是取之不尽的(提示：提示：雨水、河水、井水雨水、河水、井水);2.实际上淡水是非常紧缺的实际上淡水是非常紧缺的(提示：人

43、口提示：人口增长、工业用水增加、污染增长、工业用水增加、污染);3.我们应该怎么办。我们应该怎么办。根据提纲要求，可以进行如下构思：第一段应解释为什么人们认为淡水是取之不尽的。根据提示，我们可以从降雨丰富、河水和井水等水资源充足方面进行解释。第二段应重点解释导致淡水紧缺的原因，这些原因主要有：人为的浪费、人口增加、工业用水增加、水资源被污染等等。第三段是本文的重点。阐述如何解决淡水紧缺问题时，切忌只简单地写出“We should take measures to solve the problem.”这样空洞的、表态性的句子，而不提出具体的解决方法。只有提出具体的解决方法，才能使文章显得充实，

44、有说服力。根据上面的构思，可以列出下列提纲：Topic:Global Shortage of Fresh WaterOutline:I.It is widely assumed that fresh water is inexhaustible.1.Plenty of rainfall2.Numerous wells3.Countless rivers,falls and springsII.There are three causes for a global shortage of fresh water.1.Population growth2.Development of indust

45、ry&agriculture3.Water pollutionIII.Measures should be taken to solve the problem.1.Protect water resources from being polluted2.Save water3.Recycle water&convert sea water into drinkable water.3.充实提纲，补充细节（20分钟）拟好了提纲之后，就进入写作阶段。这是一个遣词造句，连句成篇，将不同信息组合排列的过程。写作过程中就是将杂乱无序的字、词、句，通过一些过渡手段将其连接成完整的文章。对构思素材的取舍增

46、补，框架结构的调整，段落、语句顺序的排列，并兼顾各种语法现象。在初稿的写作过程中，一定要注意以所拟定的提纲为指导。1。关键句，衔接词和套句的使用；2。语言的丰富程度（充分秀出自己的”闪光点”，以打动评卷老师的“芳心”）1）适当使用高级词汇，如用“maintain”来代替“think”,“More and more”是一个很普通的词。可改为”an increasing number of“或“a growing number of来代替。作文中这些亮点越多，得分点就越多。句式的变化也是一个得分点。开头要有变化。考生经常以”I“You”开头。可以试试以动名词、分词开头。以状语开头，以形式主语“it

47、”开头。变化产生美。个别句子要复杂化。长句短句相结合。但前提是保证句子基本结构正确；2）适当使用高级语法结构，比如状语从句，定语从句（尤其非限制性定语从句），插入语，分词结构，介词结构等。4。修改润色修改润色（2分钟）其实考生应该在下笔写作的时候就谨慎，仔细，避免错误，但即便这样，错误也是会有的，尤其对于平时缺乏练习的同学来说。那么就需要留几分钟通读一下，检查和改正。注意，要改的是一些语法或拼写错误，而不是作内容上的大的改动。如：人称、时态和数的一致（注意名词，动词词尾标点，拼写，大小写及词组搭配是否正确。换言之，是改一些词或词组，而不是改整个句子或段落，因为那样会造成卷面混乱，导致低分。要想

48、避免内容上的错误，构思时就要想好，落笔时就要谨慎。还有改正错误要注意方式，尽量不要用涂改液或涂改带，以免有作弊嫌疑，也不要在一个词上涂画太多，影响卷面整洁。一般可以用一条斜线划掉错词，然后在其上方写出正确的。目录 一、评分标准 二、祛除病句 三、穿针引线三、穿针引线 四、四、谋篇布局谋篇布局 五、锦上添花五、锦上添花 六、作文类型六、作文类型锦上添花：锦上添花：句库与闪光点句库与闪光点 闪光点：1、长短句交叉；2、使用插入语；3、用词准确，多样，形象；4、关键词换用，避免重复；5、句型使用准确、地道。平时多积累有用的表达方式、句型，尤其是教材中的优美句子。谨记：水平不够者慎用，避免弄巧成拙。1

49、.适当用被动替换主动适当用被动替换主动，这样能更客观的反映事实,句子开头不要总是用we/I(比如写结尾时不用we should pay attention to而用Attention should be paid to.)2.善于使用插入语善于使用插入语，比如说把副词、连接词however/therefore/for example/I believe等，作插入语放在中间，一般放在主语、动词或者助动词后，两边分别加上逗号。3.一定要学会换词，换形象，具体的替换太宽泛的一定要学会换词，换形象，具体的替换太宽泛的。(考试中一般不要出现good,bad,many,thing,think,people

50、,opinion 等等)比如上面例子中，applicable替换proper,approaches替换ways,implement替换carry out,sharpen ones competitive edge替换enhance ones competitiveness(提高某物竞争力)闪光点：替换词闪光点：替换词 1.individuals,characters,folks替换(people,persons)2.positive,favorable,rosy(美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect,pleasurable,excellent,outstanding,sup