2021年宁波大学硕士考研真题244二外英语.doc

1、宁波大学2021年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题(B卷) (答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码： 244总分值： 100科目名称：英语（二外）Part I Cloze Test (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part, you are required to read the given passages carefully, and then fill in each blank with an appropriate word given in the table. Each word is allowed to be used

2、 only once. You should not change the form of the word but you can capitalize the initial letter if the word is used at the beginning of the sentence. Write your choices on Answer Sheet. Passage OnewhatifwhowhywhenthisthatalsowhichwhileWhy does cream go bad faster than butter? Some researchers think

3、 they have the answer, and it comes down to the structure of the food, not its chemical composition-a finding 1 could help rid some processed foods of chemical preservatives.Cream and butter contain pretty much the same substances, so 2 cream should sour much faster has been a mystery. Both are emul

4、sions-tiny globules (小球体) of one liquid evenly distributed throughout another. The difference lies in 3 is in the globules and whats in the surrounding liquid, says Brocklehurst, 4 led the investigation.In cream, fatty globules drift about in a sea of water. In butter, globules of a watery solution

5、are locked away in a sea of fat. The bacteria 5 make the food go bad prefer to live in the watery regions of the mixture. “ 6 means that in cream, the bacteria are free to grow throughout the mixture,” he says. 7 the situation is reversed, the bacteria are locked away in compartments (隔仓室) buried de

6、ep in the sea of fat. Trapped in this way, individual colonies cannot spread and rapidly run out of nutrients(养料). They 8 slowly poison themselves with their waste products. “In butter, you get a self-limiting system which stops the bacteria growing,” says Brocklehurst.The researchers are already wo

7、rking with food companies keen to see 9 their products can be made resistant to bacterial attack through alterations to the foods structure. Brocklehurst believes it will be possible to make the emulsions used in salad cream, for instance, more like that in butter. The key will be to do this 10 keep

8、ing the salad cream liquid and not turning it into a solid lump.Passage TwoconfidenceinvolvedinsightincreasinglyassetdomesticvarietyaccompanyqualificationsbenefitNew technology links the world as never before. Our planet has shrunk. Its now a “global village” where countries are only seconds away by

9、 fax or phone or satellite link. And, of course, our ability to 11 from this high-tech communications equipment is greatly enhanced by foreign language skills.Deeply 12 in this new technology is a breed of modern businesspeople who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abro

10、ad. In modern markets, success overseas often helps support 13 business efforts.Overseas assignments are becoming 14 important to advancement within executive ranks. The executive stationed in another country no longer need fear being “out of sight and out of mind”. He or she can be sure that the ov

11、erseas effort is central to the companys plan for success, and that promotions often follow or 15 an assignment abroad. If an employee can succeed in a difficult assignment overseas, superiors will have greater 16 in his or her ability to cope back in the United States where cross-cultural considera

12、tions and foreign languages issues are becoming more and more prevalent（普遍的）.Thanks to a 17 of relatively inexpensive communications devices with business applications, even small businesses in the United States are able to get into international markets.English is still the international language o

13、f business. But there is an ever-growing need for people who can speak another language. A second language isnt generally required to get a job in business, but having language skills gives a candidate the edge when other 18 appear to be equal.The employee posted abroad who speaks the countrys princ

14、ipal language has an opportunity to fast-forward certain negotiations, and can have the cultural 19 to know when it is better to move more slowly. The employee at the home office who can communicate well with foreign clients over the telephone or by fax machine is an obvious 20 to the firm.Part II R

15、eading Comprehension (30 points)Section A (10 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You ma

16、y choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Mark your choice by writing the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet.The Obesity Epidemic in Community CollegesA) Life expectancy in the United States steadily increased throughout the 20th century. However, for the first t

17、ime in over a century, the rise in the epidemic of obesity with its associated effect on health has seen the first decrease in life expectancy. The associated effects - primarily the increase in diabetes, heart disease, stroke and cancer - have meant that obesity is now second only to smoking as the

18、 major causes of premature death. This amounts to an estimated 325,000 deaths directly caused by obesity each year.B) In addition to being responsible, or at least partially responsible for reducing life expectancy, obesity is also responsible for the lowering of the quality of life for those who ar

19、e overweight. Health-wise, this can come in the form of psychiatric conditions-like depression and anxiety disorders-that often stem from the humiliation and discrimination shown towards obese individuals in social situations or when they apply for employment. Studies also show a definite link betwe

20、en obesity and poor academic outcomes in children and adolescence.C) Obesity can have a profound impact on the financial situation of not only the overweight individual, but on employers and health care providers. This financial effect ultimately flows through to the whole of society. A person who i

21、s of average weight can expect to earn an income that is significantly more than an overweight counterpart. In addition, the obese will pay an average of $1, 400 per year more for obesity-linked health care and treatments. The combination of reduced income and increased expenses pushes the obese fur

22、ther down the net-income ladder and further into the trap of poverty. Employers of obese people will pay in the form of reduced productivity, increased absenteeism (旷工) and higher priced disability insurance. Employers who have experienced these extra expenses will often be unwilling to employ addit

23、ional obese employees, therefore, making the obese even less likely to gain employment.D) In less than a generation, obesity rates of adults in the United States have more than doubled from 15% to 34%. However, during the same period, it has more than tripled（增值三倍）from 5% to 17% among children and a

24、dolescence. In 2008, a survey conducted in three New York City universities found that 23% of students were overweight, with 14% classified as obese. There was a noticeably higher proportion of obesity among African-American men and among students in their final year of study.E) These figures somewh

25、at confirm the traditional view of the so-called freshman fifteen. The freshman 15 is the perceived 15 pounds of weight gain experienced by students in their first year of university. However, a 2003 study found that it is actually closer to a five-pound weight gain. This increase in weight is usual

26、ly caused by an increase of stress, alcohol, and junk food. Students often overindulge（溺爱，放纵）when they first experience the perceived freedom of university and the dorm. This level of weight gain continues throughout university if the students lifestyle remains the same, often resulting in obesity b

27、y the end of a four-year course.F) When comparing 4-year colleges (universities) with 2-year colleges (community colleges), a higher proportion of African-American and Hispanic women were found to be obese in community colleges. When those surveyed were questioned about their lifestyle choices, it b

28、ecame apparent that female students at community colleges were more likely to have lower levels of physical activity combined with greater consumption of unhealthy foods. However, the figures for obese and overweight men were almost identical in both universities and community college. G) There are

29、approximately 4, 500 colleges in the USA. About 2, 800 of these are four-year colleges and 1,700 are two-year colleges. Over 40% of college undergraduates attend community colleges -amounting to about seven million students. Generally, these students tend to work full-time while attending college pa

30、rt-time. They are also far more likely to be African-American or Hispanic as well as older, poorer and female-all segments（部分）of society that are prone to obesity.H) When combined with the rising epidemic in childhood and adolescent obesity, community colleges seem to be facing a serious problem. Re

31、searchers believe that the problem will only get worse without both short-term and long-term action. Moreover, many experts and government officials have pointed out that by focusing on reducing obesity in community colleges, the results have the potential to have a significant impact on the whole o

32、f society. However, in order to implement an effective obesity prevention programme, the first thing that community colleges need to do is to accept that there is a problem, and acknowledge the complexity of the problem. The administrators at community colleges must also realize that there is no qui

33、ck fix or simple solution. I) A wide range of behavioral and environmental factors influence dietary intake（摄入）and physical exercise. Habits, emotions, attitudes and beliefs differ across all cultures. The reality of a students economic circumstances will often impose significant barriers that stop

34、them from accessing nutritious food or undertaking any form of physical exercise. In addition, a student also lives and functions in a variety of environmental locations. Their family, fellow students, friends, school, teachers and neighbours all influence their behaviour to varying degrees. There i

35、s also the issue of implementing programmes sensitively. It is essential that a programme shouldnt further add to the stigma（污名；烙印）and discrimination associated with obesity. J) Community colleges already provide courses that teach nurses, dieticians and mental health professionals. They usually pro

36、vide well-equipped college health centres for students and staff. They are therefore in a prime position to establish education programmes that can have far-reaching consequences in health care facilities throughout the nation. This would require relatively small changes to the current curriculums o

37、f these subjects. The college heath centres also offer a method of providing educational resources that enable students who may be at risk to prevent obesity. They can also provide assistance and treatment for patients that are already obese and overweight College health centres have played a major

38、role in educating the community about HIV/AIDS, and reducing tobacco, alcohol and illegal drug use in recent years. So, there is no reason why the same facilities cant be just as successful in reducing the obesity epidemic in the United States.1. Obesity causes psychiatric conditions like depression

39、 and anxiety disorders.2. Obesity affects the financial situation of the overweight individual, employers and health care providers.3. Experts suggest that reducing obesity in community colleges will have a significant impact on the whole.4. About seven million students attend community colleges.5.

40、People lived longer and longer in the 20th century.6. Obesity rates doubled in adults and tripled in children and adolescents.7. First year students often gain about 15 pounds of weight.8. A students economic circumstances can stop them from eating nutritious food or doing physical exercise.9. Commu

41、nity colleges provide health centres for students and staff.10. There is no quick and simple way to reduce obesity.Section B (20 points, 2 points each)Directions: There are two passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are f

42、our choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and write down the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet. Passage OneQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. Todays children are exhausted, and not just because one in three kids is not getting sufficient sleep.

43、 Sleep deprivation(缺乏，不足) in kids has been found to significantly decrease academic achievement, lower intelligence test scores, slower physical growth, heighten moodiness and so on. While the argument for protecting our childrens sleep time is compelling, there is another kind of rest that is equal

44、ly beneficial to our childrens academic, emotional, and creative lives: daydreaming. Daydreaming, which looks lazy from the outside, may just be the hidden wellspring(源泉) of creativity and learning.Not all mental downtime (停工休息期) is alike, of course. Downtime spent playing a videogame or watching a

45、television show may have its charms, but the kind of downtime I am talking about is different. Im talking about the kind of mind-wandering that happens when the brain is free of interruption and allowed to get rid of the worries of the day. Television, videogames, and other distractions prevent this

46、 kind of mental wandering because they interrupt the flow of thoughts and memories that strengthen the foundation of positive, productive daydreaming.In “Ode to Positive Constructive Daydreaming” - an article Scott Barry Kaufman co-wrote with Rebecca McMillan- reads:For the individual, mind wanderin

47、g offers the possibility of real, personal reward, some immediate, some more distant. These rewards include self-awareness, goal-driven thought, future planning, simulating the perspective of another person, evaluating the implications of self and others emotional reactions, moral reasoning, etc.In

48、other words, daydreaming only appears lazy from the outside, but viewed from the inside or from the perspective of a psychologist, such as Kaufman - a complicated and extremely productive neurological process is taking place. Viewed from the inside, our children are exploring the only space where th

49、ey truly have autonomy（自治权）: their own minds. 11. Kids _ will be reduced if they do not have enough sleep.A) interaction with othersB) academic performanceC) attention spanD) childrens daydreaming12. What can we know about mental downtime according to the passage?A) All things done in downtime are somewhat