Unit 3 Getting along with others定语从句 （ppt课件）-2022新牛津译林版（2020）《高中英语》必修第一册.pptx

1、定语从句关系代词引导定语从句who,whom,that,which,whose,as引导的定语从句关系副词引导定语从句when,where,why引导的定语从句“介词+关系代词”结构介词+which,whom,whose限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句的特殊情况限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别定语从句的其他用法先行词是the way时的定语从句先行词是time时的定语从句定语从句中的主谓一致定语从句的插入语现象that,which,who引导定语从句的区别只用that不用which的情况只用which不用that的情况as和which引导非限

2、制性定语从句的区别定语从句基本框架：抄关系代词先行词关系代词在从句中充当的成分that人或物主语、宾语、表语which物主语、宾语、表语、定语who人主语（宾语）whom宾语whose人或物定语as物主语、宾语、表语总结抄关系副词先行词关系副词在从句中所作的成分when(=at/on/in/during/which)表时间时间状语where(=at/in/which)表地点地点状语why(=for which)表原因原因状语抄(1)“介词which”在定语从句中作时间、地点、原因状语，相当于关系副词when，where，why。她仍记得自己得奖的那天。She still remembers t

3、he day on which(when)she won the prize.(2)“介词(短语)which/whom”在定语从句中作目的、方式状语。我房间里有个大窗户，我能通过窗户看到火车站。There is a big window in my room through which I can see the railway station.(3)“不定代词或数词或名词of which/whom”在定语从句中作主语 我读过一些封面日久泛黄的书I read some books，the cover of which are yellow with years.介词+关系代词总结抄一.定义及主

4、要术语1.定语从句修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词后面。定语从句按照结构和功能可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。引导定语从句的词。I know the man who lives next door.先行词关系词定语从句被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句2.先行词：3.关系词：关系词按照词性可分为关系代词、关系副词和介词+which/whom三种。I love the meal that we had last night.先行词先行词关系词关系词从句从句I love the songs that _(be)gentle.1.引导定语从

5、句引导定语从句2.代替先行词代替先行词3.充当定语从句的成分充当定语从句的成分are关系词作用二.关系代词引导定语从句常用的关系代词：that、which、who、whom、whose、as1.who:指人（先行词是人），在从句中作主语，口语中可以用作宾语代替whom。1.我喜欢努力学习的学生。I like the students who work hard.2.昨天我帮助了一个迷路的老人。Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2.whom:指人，在从句中作宾语，常可省略。关系词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。1.他是我们应该学习的人。H

6、es a man(whom)we should learn from.2.你刚才遇到的那个人叫吉姆The man(whom)you met just now is called Jim.3.whose:可指人也可指物，在从句中作定语。whose=the+n+of+whom/whichwhose=of+whom/which+the+n1.父母双亡的儿童叫做孤儿。A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.（指人）whose parents=the parents of whom2.我想要一间窗户朝南的房间。Id like a room w

7、hose window faces south.（指物）4.which:指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。1.桌上的灯是我爸爸买的。The lamp which was on the desk was bought by my father.（主语）2.我昨天买的书很有意思。The book(which)I bought yesterday is very interesting.（宾语）3.他很骄傲，但他的哥哥从不这样。He was proud,which his brother never was.（表语）4.汤姆上了四年大学，期间他学了法语。Tom spent four yea

8、rs in college,during which time he learned French.（定语）5.that:可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。(指人时，相当于who或 whom；指物时，相当于which)1.用钢笔写的信难读。A letter that/which is written in pencil is difficult to read.(主语)2.你能买你喜欢的任何东西。You can take anything(that)you like.（宾语）3.她不再是过去的那个女孩了。Shes no longer the girl(that)she used to

9、 be before.（表语）Attributive clause关系代词that,which用法为什么关系代词作宾语时可以省略？1 The cat that is eating an apple has a cute head.2 The cat that I bought has a cute head.自己想一下，这两个定语从句中的 that 能不能省略？Attributive clause关系代词that,which用法为什么关系代词作宾语时可以省略？1.定语从句的拆分定语从句本质上是一个形容词，修饰名词。从句子的树形结构出发，任何定语从句可以被拆分成两个句子。Attributive

10、clause注意1：在限制性定语从句中，关系词作宾语时可省略句子 1：The cat that is eating an apple has a cute head.Attributive clause关系代词that,which用法可以拆分成两个独立的句子：上面从句的主语 the cat 在原句中变成关系代词 that，用以标记其后面的部分为从句。这里特别注意，图一中的 that 在拆分后的图二中，扮演的是从句的主语。切记！Attributive clause关系代词that,which用法为什么关系代词作宾语时可以省略？句子 2：The cat that I bought has a cu

11、te head.Attributive clause关系代词that,which用法句子 2：The cat that I bought has a cute head.同样拆分成两个句子：图四从句的宾语 the cat 在图一中变成关系代词 that。注意，图三中的 that 在拆分后的图四中，扮演的是从句的宾语。注意2：as 的用法用于the same as;the same as；such/so as 结构中。1.我有一本和你的一样的书。I have the same book as you(have).2.不要做你不确定的事。Do not do such things as you a

12、re not sure about.【比较1】I live in the same house that he used to live in.（同一间房子）Im wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday.（相像的，不是同一件T恤）【比较2】Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.（定语从句）Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（结果状语从句）单独引导一个定语从句，译为正如。非限制性定语从句众所周知，吸烟有害健康。As we all know,s

13、moking is harmful to ones health.(as 作宾语)=As is known to all,smoking is harmful to ones health.（as 作主语）=Its known to all that smoking is harmful to ones health.注意3：that or which?A.只能用只能用that，不能用，不能用which1、先行词由、先行词由all,much,little,few,something,anything,everything,none,nothing等不定代词修饰或先行词是不定代等不定代词修饰或先

14、行词是不定代词本身。词本身。所有能做的都做了。所有能做的都做了。All that can be done has been done.2、先行词有、先行词有the only,the same,the very修饰时。修饰时。我们唯一能做的就是给你一些建议。我们唯一能做的就是给你一些建议。The only thing we can do is to give you some advice.3、先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时。这是我看过的最好看的电影。This is the best film that I have ever seen.4、先行词既指人又指物。我们谈论我们记得的人和事。We

15、 talked about the person and things that we remembered.5、句中已经有who或which时，避免重复。正在演讲的那个人是谁？Who is the man that is making a speech?B.只能用只能用which，不能用，不能用that1、在非限定性定语从句中，无论如何也不能用、在非限定性定语从句中，无论如何也不能用that这束康乃馨是送给妈妈的第一份礼物，它被丝带所缠绕这束康乃馨是送给妈妈的第一份礼物，它被丝带所缠绕This brunch of carnation,which is wound by silk ribbon

16、,is the first gift to my mom.2、关系代词前面出现介词时、关系代词前面出现介词时那些你不用带护照可以旅行的日子一去不复返了。那些你不用带护照可以旅行的日子一去不复返了。Those days in which you could travel without a passport has gone.3、当先行词本身为、当先行词本身为that/those（指代）时（指代）时那个怎么样，在最近的活动中出现过那个怎么样，在最近的活动中出现过.(结合具体语境看结合具体语境看that所指代的是什么所指代的是什么)What about that which had appeare

17、d in recent activities?4、先行词后有插入语时、先行词后有插入语时这就是那张我说过对你很有帮助的光盘。这就是那张我说过对你很有帮助的光盘。How is the CD which,as I have told you,is a great help to you.只能用只能用who,不能用不能用that1.先行词是先行词是one，ones或或anyone时；先行词为时；先行词为those或被或被those修饰，指人修饰，指人时时：那些不仅从书本上而且从实践中学习的人将会成功。那些不仅从书本上而且从实践中学习的人将会成功。Those who learn not only fr

18、om books but also through practice will succeed.不努力工作的人永远不会成功。不努力工作的人永远不会成功。One who does not work hard will never succeed.任何触犯法律的人都应该受到惩罚。任何触犯法律的人都应该受到惩罚。Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.2.当定语从句中又有定语从句，且先行项都为人时：当定语从句中又有定语从句，且先行项都为人时：获得一等奖的学生是学习努力的班长。获得一等奖的学生是学习努力的班长。The student that won

19、the first prize is the monitor who studies hard.注意4：that or who?3.在以在以there be的句子中，先行词为人时：的句子中，先行词为人时：外面有个人要见你。外面有个人要见你。There is a man outside who wants to see you.4.当指人的先行词被一些指物的名词修饰时：当指人的先行词被一些指物的名词修饰时：学校里我只想见一个学生。学校里我只想见一个学生。Theres only one student in the school who I want to see.你认识那个穿蓝衣服、背着一个孩子

20、在地里干活的女人吗？你认识那个穿蓝衣服、背着一个孩子在地里干活的女人吗？Do you know the woman in blue with a baby on her back who is working in the fields?5.在非限制性定语从句中指人在非限制性定语从句中指人我在街上遇见了一个朋友，他刚从美国回来。我在街上遇见了一个朋友，他刚从美国回来。I met a friend in the street,who had just come back from America.6.定语从句中有插入语时，且先行词为人定语从句中有插入语时，且先行词为人我相信杰克逊是一个诚实的人。

21、我相信杰克逊是一个诚实的人。Jackson is a man who I believe is honest./The man who I believe is honest is Jackson.二.关系副词引导定语从句1.when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词，如：time,day,week,year,month,etc.昨晚我不在家的时候他来了。He came last night when I was out.我们将把野餐推迟到下周，那时天气会好一点。We will put off the picnic until next week,when the wea

22、ther would be better.常用的关系副词：when、why、where【比较】I still remember the day my brother joined the army.（作状语）I still remember the days we spent together.（作宾语）定语从句关系词的选择，先根据定语从句的句子结构判断关系代词还是关系副词，然后再根据先行词确定关系词。when/on which which/that 2.where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词，如：place,school,factory,room,etc.这是我

23、出生的地方。This is the place where I was born.我住在他曾住过的房间里。I live in the room where/in which he used to live.【比较】This is the factory he worked last year.（作状语）This is the park they visited last year.（作宾语）where/in whichwhich/that 先行词case,point,situation 可以看作表抽象地点的先行词，当从句缺状语成分时，定语从句的引导词用关系副词where引导。他让自己陷入了危险

24、的境地，飞机很可能失去控制。Hes got himself into a dangerous situation where hes likely to lose control of the plane.我们将讨论一些初学者不能很好地使用英语的情况。We will discuss some cases where beginners of English fail to use the language preperly.3.why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason 时，可用for which指代。他没有参加会议的原因是他病了。The reason why/for whi

25、ch he didnt attend the meeting was that he was ill.【补充】当先行词为the way且在从句中作状语时，定语从句常用that,in which，that常可以省略。这是我做这种事的方式。This is the way(that)/in which I do such things.This is the place _ we visited last month.This is the place _ we will go next week.whichwhich or where?whereThis is the place to _ we

26、will go next week.whichThis is the place _ we will go to next week.which三.“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句This is the book(that/which)you asked for.=This is the book for which you asked.Do you know the person(whom/who/that)I shook hands with?=Do you know the person with whom I shook hands?1.若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom

27、，不可用who,that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。正：The woman with whom you talked just now is my teacher.误：The woman with who/that you talked just now is my teacher.正：The woman who/that you talked with just now is my teacher.Here comes the girl of whose singing performances we speak highly.Dr.Sm

28、ith,in whose hospital my son was born last year,is a world famous scientist.正：This is the room in which he used to live.误：This is the room in that he used to live.如何判断介词（1）看定语从句中，动词和介词的搭配。Gun control is a subject Americans have argued for a long time.A.of whichB.with which C.about whichD.into whicha

29、rgue about sth with sb答案：C（2）看定语从句中，形容词和介词的搭配Copper is one of the metals we are most familiar.A.to whichB.with which C.where D.which sb be familiar with sth=sth be familiar to sb答案:B（3）根据先行词判断，所用的介词和先行词搭配。This is our classroom,in front of which there is a teachers desk.This is the way(that)/in which

30、 I do such things.2.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面，如：look at，look for，look after，take care of 等。This is the girl whom they are looking after.This is the watch which/that I am looking for.3.“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。There are forty students in our class in all

31、,most of whom are from big cities.The old man has two sons,both of whom are famous doctors.In the basket there are quite many apples,some of which have gone bad.三、“介词+关系代词”结构I have many friends,some of whom are businessmen.I have many friends,of whom some are businessmen.I have many friends,some of

32、them are businessmen.I have many friends,and some of them are businessmen.I have many friends,some of them businessmen.我有很多朋友，其中一些是商人。拓展（定语从句）（定语从句）（并列句）（并列句）（独立主格结构）四、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句区别名词名词限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句作用起限定作用，限制或约束先行词。不可省略，否则主句意思不完整。对阵个句子的意义并不重要，即使省略，原句仍然成立。结构不用逗号与主句隔开。用逗号与主句隔开。功能

33、是先行词不可缺少的定语。对先行词或主句作附加的说明。引导词 A.作宾语时可省略。B.可用that C.可用who代替whom A.作宾语时不可省略。B.不用that。C.不用who代替whom。翻译通常意为先行词的定语“的”。通常译为并列句。抄（1）作用不同 限制性定语从句用来修饰和说明先行词，具有限制作用；而非限制性定语从句一般跟先行词的关系并不十分密切，只是对先行词的附和、补充说明，不起限制作用，可以省略，省略后主句的意思仍很完整。His brother who lives in London will go to America next week.他住在伦敦的哥哥下周将去美国。(限制性

34、定语从句，意思是他可能还有别的哥哥。)His brother，who lives in London，will go to America next week.他的哥哥住在伦敦，下周将去美国。(非限制性定语从句，对先行词his brother起到补充说明的作用，言外之意是他只有一个哥哥。)（2）形式不同 限制性定语从句主句和从句之间没有逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句常用逗号隔开从句和主句。The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.The project,which lasted three years,cost 1 bil

35、lion.（3）先行词不同 限制性定语从句的先行词通常是一个名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的关系词可以指代主句的部分或全部内容。This is the best film that I have ever seen.The film is very interesting,which makes me very glad.（4）关系词的使用情况有所不同 that不用于引导非限制性定语从句关系代词替代情况不同 关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who代替，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who来代替。This is the boy I met at the theatre.A

36、young man had a new girlfriend,he wanted to impress.关系代词省略情况不同关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可省略，而非限制性定语从句的关系代词不可省略。who/whomwhomThis is a good film I saw a few days ago.The summer holiday,were looking forward to,is drawing near.(which/that)which（5）翻译不同 含限制性定语从句的句子先译从句，后译先行词，将从句放在先行词前。含非限制性定语从句的句子一般先译先行词，后译从句，形成两个

37、分句。She has a brother who works in a hospital.她有一个在医院工作的哥哥。She has a brother，who works in a hospital.她有一个哥哥，在医院工作。aswhich从句位置主句之前、中、后主句之后、中先行词整个句子词、短语、句子肯定句肯定句、否定句抄as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别（1）which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句后 as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句之前、之中和之后。路太滑了，以至于引起了很多事故。The road was so slippery,

38、which caused lots of accidents.任何人都明白，计算机几乎能做到人能做的一切事。As anybody can see,a computer can do almost everything people can.（2）当非限制性定语从句为否定句或谓语带的是一个复合宾语结构时，常用which引导。他公开批评玛丽，对此她一点儿都不愿意。He criticizes Mary in public,which she doesnt like at all.（3）在从句中作主语时，as后常跟动词的被动语态；若从句中的动词是主动语态，多用which作主语。他见到了那个女孩，这使他

39、很高兴。He saw the girl,which delighted him.注意：as和which引导非限制性定语从句并作主语时，从句的谓语动词用单数形式。（4）as引导的从句主要起连接上下文的作用，翻译成“正如，正像”which引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句，可用and this代替，翻译成“这一点，这件事。”众所周知，中国是世界上人口最多的国家。As is known to all,China is a country with the largest population in the world.他把自行车卖了，这使我感到奇怪。He sold his bicycle,which

40、 surprised me.=He sold his bicycle,and this surprised me.五、定语从句的插入语现象在定语从句中有时会出现插入语现象，但却不影响定语从句的语序或主谓一致。我建议你选择一位你认为善良而友好的人。I suggest you choose someone who you think is kind and friendly.你应该先给汤姆打个电话，我怕他不来。You should give a ring to Tom first,who Im afraid will not come.定语从句巩固练习选择填空1.People spoke high

41、ly of the driver _,in spite of the terrible weather,had saved his passengers from danger.A.which B.who C.whom D.as2.The island _ he lived in his childhood is far from the town.A.which B.in which C.on which D.that3.I hope to get _ a tool _ he repaired this machine with.A.such;that B.so;that C.such;as

42、 D.as;as4.The soldiers stopped at the edge of a wood,_ was the right place for an ambush(埋伏).A.they thought where B.they thought whichC.where they thought D.which they thoughtBCCD选择填空5.Nathan Hale,_ the British guard had found the maps of the British armys defense works,faced his enemy bravely.A.in

43、whose boot B.in which boot C.whose boot D.which boot6.The factory has 500 workers,40 percent _ are women.A.of which B.of whom C.of them D.of that7.He often talked about the artists and paintings _ impressed him greatly.A.which B.who C.that D.不填8.Students are sure to benefit from every minute _ the b

44、est(use)of to study their lessons.A.which makes B.what they make C.that is made D.when is madeABCC选择填空9.This cook is _ we dropped in the other day.A.whom B.on whom C.the one D.the one on whom10.I will never forget the days _ we spent together and _ we made friends with some farmers.A.when;that B.tha

45、t;when C.when;when D.which;which11._is known to all,the Xisha Islands are the territories(领土)of China.A.As B.It C.Which D.That12.His family,_ all music lovers,dont want to miss MTV programmers.A.who is B.which is C.who are D.which areDCAB选择填空13.Who is the person _ asked for me just now?A.who B.that

46、C.whose D.whom14.He asked more than one elder for advice,_ he hoped to make a wiser decision.A.which B.by which C.by which means D.by that means15.His technique has developed to the point _ he can repair many of the electrically powered farm machines.A.when B.that C.where D.which16.Those_have not go

47、t bikes may go by bus.A.that B.who C.不填 D.whichBBCC选择填空17.This is the first time I _ here.A.have been B.have gone C.am D.come18.I,_,will try my best to help you out of the difficulty.A.who is B.that is C.who are D.who am19.The comrade I share the room _ is a young teacher fresh from college.A.with h

48、im B.with whom C.with D.in20.What do you think of the material _ the coat is made?A.which B.of which C.from which D.in whichABDC定语从句巩固练习翻译句子1.若如梦想灭亡，人生就是断了翅膀不能飞翔的小鸟。2.不要拒绝帮助你不熟悉的人。3.戴维是我们班里最乐于助人的学生之一。4.成功试一次旅行，第一步是由内心的热情铺就的。1.若如梦想灭亡，人生就是断了翅膀不能飞翔的小鸟。If dreams die,life is a broken-winged bird that can

49、not fly.2.不要拒绝帮助你不熟悉的人。Do not refuse to help those with whom you are not familiar.3.戴维是我们班里最乐于助人的学生之一。David was one of the most helpful students that we ever had.4.成功试一次旅行，第一步是由内心的热情铺就的。Success is a journey whose initial step is paved with an inner stirring.5.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。6.古代中国是各诸侯国之间经常发生战争的

50、地方。7.他说假定我们真的到了使用救生衣的地步，他早就吓死了。8.但这也是一个出现了许多伟大思想家的时期。5.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。We have found such materials as are used in their factory.6.古代中国是各诸侯国之间经常发生战争的地方。Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.7.他说假定我们真的到了使用救生衣的地步，他早就吓死了。He said if we ever got to the point where w