1、第一篇 水产食品原料学第一章 常见水产食品原料 v生物学分类:界、门、纲、目、科、属、种v界:动物界、植物界。原生生物界、真菌界第一节第一节 水产经济动物水产经济动物 一、多孔动物门 代表物:海绵,其活体可监测水质。有活性,活性物质内行针剂。活体监测水质,体内有活性可提取,提取具抗肿瘤活性的物质。v(1)1981年Sheuer等从日本产软海绵纲的冈田 中、软 海 绵 及 佛 罗 里 达 产 的 近 缘 种Hmelamodocia中发现了具有特殊构造的聚醚(polyether)化合物奥卡达酸。v(2)上村等从冈田软海绵还分离出具有抗肿瘤活性的正软海绵素A及软海绵素B,前者是由53个碳原子连成的多
2、聚醚大环内酯,对黑色瘤B10黑色瘤cellm50%抑制浓度ICSO为50ng/ml,呈极强的抗肿瘤活性;后者也赤示了强的活性,是很有希望的抗瘤剂。v(4)花萼海绵素A(calyculinA),有含磷酸其的物异构造,对白血病CellC1210的IC50为1ng/ml显示了极强制cell毒性。v(5)沙倔海绵酮(arenarone),从持拉克岛产的一种沙倔海绵提取出的沙倔海绵酮,对白血病cellP388显示3ZC50为1.7ug/ml的cell毒性。v(6)去 乙 酰 基 阶 梯 海 绵 醇(desacetylscalaradiol),从纪伊半岛产的阶梯硬丝海绵分离出的去乙酰阶梯海绵醇;对L121
3、0显示3ED50为0.58ug/ml的cell毒性。v(7)支海绵胺A(manzamineA),从冲绳产的峰海绵属的海绵提取的曼支海绵胺A(盐酸盐),对小白鼠P388白血病cell显示3ZC50为0.07ug/ml的增殖抑制效果。利氏美丽海绵甘桔荔枝海绵寄居蟹海绵二、环节动物门v代表动物:沙蚕、海蚯蚓。v沙蚕个体肥大,是优良钓饵及海水鱼、虾、蟹类饵料,经济价值高,出口量大,是我国出口创汇的重要产品之一。v此外,沙蚕是海洋药物原料,已被用于提取沙蚕毒素(麻痹作用,进入神经细胞的结合部位,这段神经细胞分泌胆碱的传递,是神经细胞几部发生正常兴奋,又不传递刺激)使20世纪60年代开发的一种新型有机合成
4、的仿杀虫剂。v在我国南方及国外一些地区也因沙蚕味道鲜美而作为一种海产美味食品。北方的虾酱,有的是用小虾与沙蚕一起磨制,味道鲜美。v沙蚕既可药用又可食用,还可作饲料,其经济价值、营养价值和生态价值十分显著。v沙蚕的营养成分优于国产鱼粉:蛋白质49.4852.10%,脂肪5.6410.48%,灰分19.5229.19%,盐分3.824.85%,水分82.4985.71%,而国产鱼粉蛋白质48.32%,脂肪8.94%,灰分12.23%。沙蚕总氨基酸含量46.248.5%,比国产鱼粉42.9%高。三、腔肠动物门最原始的多cell动物,体型多为辐射对称或不对称状,种类:约9000多种。v分类:水螅纲,珊
5、瑚纲、钵水母纲和 水母纲,其中经济价值较高的是钵水母纲中的海蜇。v代表物:1、海蜇(水母)云南桃花水母云南桃花水母v形态特征:形态特征:伞体半球形,伞径30-45cm,大者可达1m。外伞平滑,伞缘有130-180个缘瓣。体色变化很大,多为青蓝色,也有呈暗红色or黄褐色。暖水性,喜生活于河口附近,自泳能力很小,常随潮汐、风向、海流而漂浮,对光线和海水盐度的反应较为灵敏,一般于风平浪静or早晨和傍晚升到海面,遇风暴和大雨or太阳光过强则下沉 v产地、产期:我国沿海均有,品种多,但捕捞多以绵蜇和沙蛰为主,渔期广东4-6月,福建、浙江、江苏6-8月,山东、河北、辽宁为8-9月。v经济价值:水分含量多,
6、含Pr、Vit等,可鲜食or盐、矾加工成蜇皮和蛰头,中胶层很厚,含有大量水分和胶质多糖、无机盐等。其毒素有药理作用(多肽类物质);其活体可预测风暴。对心脏有收缩作用,有可能将会发展为治疗心血管系统疾病的药物。2、珊瑚v珊瑚(Caco3)用于中药:(1)鹅蛋石,治疗肺结核、咳嗽等,(2)从柳珊瑚和鹿角珊瑚中分离出抗菌、抗酵母及抗原生动物的药物。(3)可作工艺品。(实际是栎珊瑚和核珊瑚)3、海葵 v普通海葵中还可提取抗凝血剂,延长凝血时间,可药用,毒性很大。v将海葵撒冰片少许,化水涂肛门,可治痔疮、脱肛。v从集沙群海葵(polythoa spp)的雌性珊瑚虫(ptpolyp)分离出的沙海葵毒素对小
7、白鼠的毒性为LD50 0.5ug/kg,相当于河鲀毒的约20倍,是除细菌以外来源于生物的最强毒素。在极低浓度下,即可显示出冠状动脉收缩作用(用狗作试验为25ng/kg),同时能引起末梢神经收缩,使cell组织坏死。被认为具有很强的抗癌性的同时,似乎还具有癌的诱发作用。其末端-NH2被乙酰化后,毒性可减少至1/100,故有希望作为医药品作用。I7F3C0z)v&s!pXmUiRfOcK9H6E2B+x(u%rZoWlThQeMbJ8G4D1A-w*t!qYnVjSgPdLaI6F3C0y)v&s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2A+x(u$rZoWkThQeMbJ7G4D1z-w*t!qYmVjS
8、gOdLaI6F3B0y)v%s#pXlUiQfNcK8H5E2A+x*u$rZnWkThPeMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!pYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y(v%s#oXlUiQfNbK8H5D2A+x*u$qZnWkShPeMaJ7F4C1z)w&t!pYmUjRgOcL9I6E3B+y(v%r#oXlTiQeNbK8G5D2A-x*u$qZnVkShPdMaJ7F4C0z)w&s!pYmUjRfOcL9H6E3B+y(u%r#oWlTiQeNbJ8G5D1A-x*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F3C0z)v&s!pXmUiRfOcK9H6E2B+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G4D1
9、A-w*t$qYnVjSgPdLaI7F3C0y)v&s#pXmUiRfNcK9H5E2B+x(u$rZoWkThQeMbJ7G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaI6F3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK8H5E2A+x(u$rZnWkThPeMbJ7G4C1z-w&t!qYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y(v%s#oXlUiQfNbK8H5D2A+x*u$rZnWkShPeMaJ7G4C1z)w&t!pYmVjRgOcL9I6E3B0y(v%r#oXlTiQfNbK8G5D2A-x*u$qZnVkShPdMaJ7F4C0z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9H6E3B+y(v%r#oWl
10、TiQeNbK8G5D1A-x*t$qZnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)v&s!pXmUjRfOcK9H6E2B+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G5D1A-w*t$qYnVkSgPdLaI7F3C0z)v&s#pXmUiRfOcK9H5E2B+x(u%rZoWkThQeMbJ8G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaI6F3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2A+x(u$rZoWkThPeMbJ7G4D1z-w&t!qYmVjSgOdL9I6F3B0y)v%s#oXlUiQfNcK8H5D2A+x*u$rZnWkShPeMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!pYmVjRgOdL9I6E
11、3B0y(v%s#oXlTiQfNbK8H5D2A-x*u$qZnWkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9H6E3B+y(v%r#oXlTiQeNbK8G5D2A-x!pYmVjRgOdL9I6E3B0y(v%s#oXlTiQfNbK8H5D2A-x*u$qZnWkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9I6E3B+y(v%r#oXlTiQeNbK8G5D2A-x*t$qZnVkShPdMaI7F4C0z)w&s!pXmUjRfOcL9H6E2B+y(u%r#oWlThQeNbJ8G5D1A-x*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F3C0z)v&s!pXmU
12、iRfOcK9H6E2B+x(u%rZoWlThQeMbJ8G4D1A-w*t!qYnVjSgPdLaI6F3C0y)v&s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2B+x(u$rZoWkThQeMbJ7G4D1z-w*t!qYmVjSgOdLaI6F3B0y)v%s#pXlUiQfNcK8H5E2A+x*u$rZnWkThPeMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!qYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y(v%s#oXlUiQfNbK8H5D2A+x*u$qZnWkShPeMaJ7F4C1z)w&t!pYmUjRgOcL9I6E3B+y(v%r#oXlTiQeNbK8G5D2A-x*u$qZnVkShPdMaJ7F4
13、C0z)w&s!pYmUjRfOcL9H6E3B+y(u%r#oWlTiQeNbJ8G5D1A-x*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F3C0z)v&s!pXmUjRfOcK9H6E2B+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G4D1A-w*t$qYnVjSgPdLaI7F3C0y)v&s#pXmUiRfNcK9H5E2B+x(u$rZoWkThQeMbJ8G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaI6F3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK8H5E2A+x(u$rZnWkThPeMbJ7G4C1z-w&t!qYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y(v%s#oXlUiQfNcK8H5D2A+x*u$rZn
14、WkShPeMaJ7G4C1z)w&t!pYmVjRgOcL9I6E3B0y(v%r#oXlTiQfNbK8G5D2A-x*u$qZnVkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9H6E3B+y(v%rkShPeMaJ7G4C1z)w&t!pYmVjRgOcL9I6E3B0y(v%r#oXlTiQfNbK8G5D2A-x*u$qZnWkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9H6E3B+y(v%r#oWlTiQeNbK8G5D1A-x*t$qZnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)v&s!pXmUjRfOcL9H6E2B+y(u%r#oWlThQeNbJ8G5D1
15、A-w*t$qYnVkSgPdLaI7F3C0z)v&s#pXmUiRfOcK9H5E2B+x(u%rZoWkThQeMbJ8G4D1A-w*t!qYnVjSgPdLaI6F3C0y)v&s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2A+x(u$rZoWkThPeMbJ7G4D1z-w&t!qYmVjSgOdL9I6F3B0y)v%s#oXlUiQfNcK8H5E2A+x*u$rZnWkThPeMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!pYmVjRgOdL9I6E3B0y(v%s#oXlTiQfNbK8H5D2A-x*u$qZnWkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&t!pYmUjRgOcL9I6E3B+y(v%r#oXl
16、TiQeNbK8G5D2A-x*t$qZnVkShPdMaI7F4C0z)w&s!pXmUjRfOcL9H6E2B+y(u%r#oWlTiQeNbJ8G5D1A-x*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F3C0z)v&s!pXmUiRfOcK9H6E2B+x(u%rZoShPdMaI7F4C0z)w&s!pXmUjRfOcL9H6E3B+y(u%r#oWlTiQeNbJ8G5D1A-x*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F3C0z)v&s!pXmUiRfOcK9H6E2B+x(u%rZoWlThQeMbJ8G4D1A-w*t$qYnVjSgPdLaI7F3C0y)v&s#pXmUiRfNcK9H5E2B
17、+x(u$rZoWkThQeMbJ7G4D1z-w*t!qYmVjSgOdLaI6F3B0y)v%s#pXlUiQfNcK8H5E2A+x(u$rZnWkThPeMbJ7G4C1z-w&t!qYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y(v%s#oXlUiQfNbK8H5D2A+x*u$qZnWkShPeMaJ7F4C1z)w&t!pYmVjRgOcL9I6E3B0y(v%r#oXlTiQfNbK8G5D2A-x*u$qZnVkShPdMaJ7F4C0z)w&s!pYmUjRfOcL9H6E3B+y(u%r#oWlTiQeNbJ8G5D1A-x*t$qZnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)v&s!pXmU
18、jRfOcK9H6E2B+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G4D1A-w*t$qYnVjSgPdLaI7F3C0y)v&s#pXmUiRfOcK9H5E2B+x(u%rZoWkThQeMbJ8G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaI6F3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK8H5E2A+x(u$rZnWkThPeMbJ7G4D1z-w&t!qYmVjSgOdL9I6F3B0y)v%s#ThQeMbJ8G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaI6F3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK8H5E2A+x(u$rZoWkThPeMbJ7G4D1z-w&t!qYmVjSgOdL9I6F3B0y
19、)v%s#oXlUiQfNcK8H5D2A+x*u$rZnWkShPeMaJ7G4C1z)w&t!pYmVjRgOdL9I6E3B0y(v%s#oXlTiQfNbK8H5D2A-x*u$qZnWkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9H6E3B+y(v%r#oWlTiQeNbK8G5D1A-x*t$qZnVkShPdMaI7F4C0z)w&s!pXmUjRfOcL9H6E2B+y(u%r#oWlThQeNbJ8G5D1A-w*t$qYnVkSgPdLaI7F3C0z)v&s#pXmUiRfOcK9H6E2B+x(u%rZoWlThQeMbJ8G4D1A-w*t!qYnVjS
20、gPdLaI6F3C0y)v&s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2A+x(u$rZoWkThPeMbJ7G4D1z-w*t!qYmVjSgOdLaI6F3B0y)v%s#pXlUiQfNcK8H5E2A+x*u$rZnWkThLaI6F3C0y)v&s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2A+x(u$rZoWkThQeMbJ7G4D1z-w*t!qYmVjSgOdLaI6F3B0y)v%s#pXlUiQfNcK8H5E2A+x*u$rZnWkThPeMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!pYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y(v%s#oXlUiQfNbK8H5D2A+x*u$qZnWkShPeMaJ7F4C1z)
21、w&t!pYmUjRgOcL9I6E3B+y(v%r#oXlTiQeNbK8G5D2A-x*t$qZnVkShPdMaJ7F4C0z)w&s!pYmUjRfOcL9H6E3B+y(u%r#oWlTiQeNbJ8G5D1A-x*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F3C0z)v&s!pXmUiRfOcK9H6E2B+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G4D1A-w*t$qYnVjSgPdLaI7F3C0y)v&s#pXmUiRfNcK9H5E2B+x(u$rZoWkThQeMbJ7G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaI6F3C0%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G4D1A-w*t$qYnVjSgPdL
22、aI7F3C0y)v&s#pXmUiRfNcK9H5E2B+x(u$rZoWkThQeMbJ8G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaI6F3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK8H5E2A+x(u$rZnWkThPeMbJ7G4C1z-w&t!qYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y)v%s#oXlUiQfNcK8H5D2A+x*u$rZnWkShPeMaJ7G4C1z)w&t!pYmVjRgOcL9I6E3B0y(v%r#oXlTiQfNbK8G5D2A-x*u$qZnVkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9H6E3B+y(v%r#oWlTiQeNbK8G5D1A-x*
23、t$qZnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)v&s!pXmUjRfOcK9H6E2B+y(u%r#oWlThQeNbJ8G5D1A-w*t$qYnVkSgPdLaI7F3C0z)v&s#pXmUiRfOcK9D1A-x*t$qZnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)v&s!pXmUjRfOcL9H6E2B+y(u%r#oWlThQeNbJ8G5D1A-w*t$qYnVkSgPdLaI7F3C0z)v&s#pXmUiRfOcK9H5E2B+x(u%rZoWkThQeMbJ8G4D1A-w*t!qYnVjSgPdLaI6F3C0y)v&s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2A+x(u$rZoWkThPeMbJ7G4D1z-w&t!qYmVjSgOdL9I6F3B0y)v%s#pXlUiQfNcK8H5E2A+x*u$rZnWkThPeMaJ7G4
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