破解英语长难句课件.ppt

1、如何读懂长难句？如何读懂长难句？The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表乘法口诀表)are an exception to a general rules that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school,because they are one of the things we overlearn in the childhood.英语和汉语英语和汉语 像？不像？像？不像？请翻译：请翻译：1.我爱你。我爱你。I love you.2.我在心中爱你。我在心中爱你。I love you in m

2、y heart.英语和汉语英语和汉语 像？不像？像？不像？请翻译：请翻译：1.我是个学生。我是个学生。I am a student.2.我是个高二的学生。我是个高二的学生。I am a student in Senior two.英语语法入门级规律英语语法入门级规律主干部分：主干部分：汉语和英语基本一致汉语和英语基本一致英语中有若干英语中有若干（如强调句（如强调句/it 做形式主语等句型）做形式主语等句型）修饰成分：修饰成分：汉语多汉语多“前修前修”，而英语，而英语较短修饰成分较短修饰成分放在被修饰词放在被修饰词前面前面较长修饰成分较长修饰成分放在被修饰词放在被修饰词后面后面把握英语句子，关键

3、在于把握把握英语句子，关键在于把握“较长修饰成分较长修饰成分”1.介词短语介词短语2.从句从句3.非谓语动词非谓语动词英语中的三种较英语中的三种较长修饰成分长修饰成分介词短语介词短语定义：定义：，表达，表达一个独立的完整的含义的结构一个独立的完整的含义的结构结构：结构：at home;in the schoolbeyond my wildest imaginationduring my happy childhoodover the last few years介词短语介词短语例句：例句：After chatting with Laura on this matter for two hour

4、s from 2:00 to 4:00 in the afternoon,I returned to my office.介词短语介词短语例句：例句：(After chatting)(with Laura)(on this matter)(for two hours)(from 2:00)(to 4:00)(in the afternoon),I returned(to my office).从句从句定义：由引导词引导的主谓结构定义：由引导词引导的主谓结构结构：结构：引导词引导词+主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语，宾语，引导词：引导词：that/who/whom/why/when/where/whic

5、h/how/if/although 从句从句【起始标识起始标识】从句从句一定从引导词开始一定从引导词开始（有（有时可省略），但有以下四种终止标识：时可省略），但有以下四种终止标识：1.到句尾终止：到句尾终止：Li Hui is a teacher (who teaches English).2.到逗号终止：到逗号终止：(When I was young),I listened to the radio.从句从句【起始标识起始标识】从句从句一定从引导词开始一定从引导词开始（有（有时可省略），但有以下四种终止标识：时可省略），但有以下四种终止标识：3.到下一修饰成分终止：到下一修饰成分终止：I w

6、ill invite Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player)to Beijing.4.到下一个谓语动词终止：到下一个谓语动词终止：Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player)is studying in Shanghai.非谓语动词非谓语动词定义：非谓语动词是指定义：非谓语动词是指动词动词在句子中在句子中“不不是谓语是谓语”时的几种时的几种变化形式变化形式，即动词的，即动词的非谓语形式，主要包括动词非谓语形式，主要包括动词，和和（现在分词现在分词/过去分词过去分词）由非谓语开头的、表达一个独立的完由非谓语开头

7、的、表达一个独立的完整的含义的结构叫做非谓语动词短整的含义的结构叫做非谓语动词短结构：结构：+名词名词+副词副词非谓语动词非谓语动词【起始标识起始标识】非谓语动词一定从动词非谓语动词一定从动词不定式不定式(to do)；动名词；动名词(doing)；分词；分词(现在分词现在分词doing/过去分词过去分词done)开始，同样有四种终开始，同样有四种终止标识：止标识：1.到句尾终止：到句尾终止：Li Hui is a teacher (teaching English).2.到句中的逗号终止：到句中的逗号终止：(To improve my English),I often chat with f

8、oreigners.非谓语动词非谓语动词【起始标识起始标识】非谓语动词一定从动词非谓语动词一定从动词不定式不定式(to do)；动名词；动名词(doing)；分词；分词(现在分词现在分词doing/过去分词过去分词done)开始，同样有四种终止标识：开始，同样有四种终止标识：3.到下一修饰成分终止：到下一修饰成分终止：Jack walked in,(waving confidently)(to the audience).4.到下一谓语动词终止：到下一谓语动词终止：The house(made of wood)was built(to shelter the refugees).(完型完型)H

9、e worked harder and ran longer than any of the others perhaps he sensed that the abilities that seemed to come _ to so many others did not come naturally to him.A.strangely B.naturally C.surprisinglyD.excitely When,he explained that he had spent all his money he accidently got on a wrong bus and now

10、 was trying to go home.When,he explained that he had spent all his money _ he accidently got on a wrong bus and now was trying to go home.The man looking at his smart-phone while walking across the railway crossing in Nanjing _(have)a close knock on Oct.2.Possibilities you never knew are waiting for

11、 you._ is responsible for the rapid reduction of frogs is that farmers use insectcides(杀虫杀虫剂剂)to kill pests and frogs get killed as a result of drinking poisoned water._ cause responsible for the rapid reduction of frogs is that farmers use insectcides to kill pests and frogs get killed as a result

12、of drinking poison water.如何读懂英语长难句？如何读懂英语长难句？读懂英语长难句的关键在于：读懂英语长难句的关键在于：识破句子中的识破句子中的、This is a tiger(which is running fast)(to the forest).This is a tiger(which is chased)(by a hunter).Li Hui is a teacher(who teaches English).teaching例句例句1：Li Hui is a teacher teaching English in Beijing which is the

13、capital of China.例句例句2：（2012年北京卷长难句）They will be able to clear away the mystery of mathmatics and face their studies with more confidence than they ever imagined.注意：注意：“and”是造成阅读理解句子变难是造成阅读理解句子变难的重要因素。（平行并列结构）的重要因素。（平行并列结构）比较状语比较状语例句例句3：（2012年新课标长难句）The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表乘法口诀表)are an except

14、ion to a general rules that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school,because they are one of the things we overlearn in the childhood.that句子句子规律规律主干主干成分成分修饰修饰成分成分基本句型汉英基本句型汉英语序一致语序一致此外还有若干此外还有若干高级句型高级句型汉语中，修饰成分位于中心词之前汉语中，修饰成分位于中心词之前英语中，英语中，较短修饰成分位于较短修饰成分位于中心词之前，中心词之前，较长修饰成分位于较长修饰成

15、分位于中心词之后中心词之后主谓宾主谓宾主系表主系表注：汉语中系动词常省略，如“我（感觉）热”注：there be 句型；it+be+adj.+for sb to do sth；强调句；倒装句；祈使句；感叹句等哪些短哪些短哪些长哪些长形容词形容词副词副词介词短语介词短语从句从句非谓语动词非谓语动词关于关于“平行并列结构平行并列结构”定义：由定义：由“并列词并列词”and/or/but/as well as/not only but also/both and/either or/neither nor 等，等，“的并列项连接起来的并列项连接起来构成的结构。构成的结构。简记为简记为“A and B

16、”或或“A,B and C”原则上，只要原则上，只要“含义相似，结构相同含义相似，结构相同”的东西都能的东西都能并列。读句子时要注意意识到是谁和谁并列。并列。读句子时要注意意识到是谁和谁并列。形容词并列：形容词并列：Mr.Smith is a kind,patient and knowledgeable English teacher.动词并列：动词并列：With the Internet,people can not only play computer games but also do online shopping.副词并列：副词并列：You are supposed to answe

17、r the following questions quickly and accurately.介短并列：介短并列：And that government(of the people),(by the people)and (for the people)shall not perish(from the earth).从句并列：从句并列：Ive finished reading the book which was written by Mo Yan and which you lent me last month.非谓语动词并列：非谓语动词并列：Singing and laughing,

18、we headed to the park.整句并列：整句并列：The children can go with us or they can stay at home.句子句子规律规律主干主干成分成分修饰修饰成分成分基本句型汉英基本句型汉英语序一致语序一致此外还有若干此外还有若干高级句型高级句型汉语中，修饰成分位于中心词之前汉语中，修饰成分位于中心词之前英语中，英语中，较短修饰成分位于较短修饰成分位于中心词之前，中心词之前，较长修饰成分位于较长修饰成分位于中心词之后中心词之后主谓宾主谓宾主系表主系表注：汉语中系动词常省略，如“我（感觉）热”注：there be 句型；it+be+adj.+f

19、or sb to do sth；强调句；倒装句；祈使句；感叹句等哪些短哪些短哪些长哪些长形容词形容词副词副词介词短语介词短语从句从句非谓语动词非谓语动词三个步骤读懂长难句三个步骤读懂长难句Step 1【预处理预处理】：给：给“三长三长”加括号，给加括号，给“并列词并列词”(and,or,but,as well as等等)加方框，加方框，给给“并列项并列项”(A and B)加三角加三角 注注1：先找：先找B，后找，后找A A与与B结构相同、含义相似结构相同、含义相似 I like the box you promised to give me and the flower(in your ha

20、nd).例句例句6：（2012年江苏卷难句）The Department of Agriculture has programs aimed at developing more farmers and at increasing interest in locally grown food.语法填空语法填空1：I got on the bus and found a seat near the back,and then I noticed a man _(sit)at the front.He _(pretend)that a tiger toy was real and giving i

21、t a voice.sittingwas pretending语法填空语法填空2：Our modern life is changing our eating habits.We _(spend)too much time in front of TV or computers and becoming“couch potatoes”or“mouse potatoes”.are spending三个步骤读懂长难句三个步骤读懂长难句Step 1【预处理预处理】：给：给“三长三长”加括号，给加括号，给“并列词并列词”(and,or,but,as well as等等)加方框，加方框，给给“并列项并列

22、项”(A and B)加三角加三角注注2：一旦出现：一旦出现下一修饰成分下一修饰成分，就果断将上一修饰成，就果断将上一修饰成分结束掉，不管上一修饰成分本身结束了没有分结束掉，不管上一修饰成分本身结束了没有。The number of calories we need _(vary)depending on what kind of body we have(are we short,tall,heavy etc.)and _ active we are.三个步骤读懂长难句三个步骤读懂长难句Step 2【做直译做直译】：一个括号一个括号地翻译：一个括号一个括号地翻译Li Hui is a tea

23、cher(teaching English)(in Beijing)(which is the capital)(of China).李辉是老师李辉是老师 教英语教英语 在北京在北京 它是首都它是首都 中国的中国的注注3：英语是一门：英语是一门“挂钩挂钩”的语言，每个括号里的语言，每个括号里的第一个单词，都称为挂钩单词，可以通过的第一个单词，都称为挂钩单词，可以通过利用每个挂钩利用每个挂钩，将一个个括，将一个个括号连接起来。号连接起来。例句例句2：（2012年北京卷长难句）They will be able to clear away the mystery of mathmatics and

24、 face their studies with more confidence than they ever imagined.of with to than 例句例句3：（2012年新课标长难句）The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表乘法口诀表)are an exception to a general rules that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school,because they are one of the things that we overlearn in the ch

25、ildhood.to that that in because of that in 三个步骤读懂长难句三个步骤读懂长难句Step 3【调语序调语序】：后修变前修，增删个别词：后修变前修，增删个别词 Li Hui is a teacher(teaching English)(in Beijing)(which is the capital)(of China).李辉是老师李辉是老师 教英语教英语 在北京在北京 它是首都它是首都 中中国的国的 李辉是一名老师，他在中国的首都北京教英李辉是一名老师，他在中国的首都北京教英语。语。例句例句5：（2009年山东卷难句）Hello.Its one of

26、the first words we learnt as babies;its one of the last words we think to use as adults.Thats unfortunately,because saying hello is more than just saying hello;its recognition of anothers worth.例句例句7：（2012年山东卷难句）If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out,you can go to y

27、our phone and restart your dryer for the time when come home,so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go.例句例句8：（2012新课标卷难句）Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as child but have never practiced ever since.背单词背单词/短语短语/句型是为了读懂句子句型是为了读懂句子读懂句子是为了读懂段落读懂句子是为了读懂段

28、落读懂段落是为了读懂文章结构和主题读懂段落是为了读懂文章结构和主题段落的秘密段落的秘密看懂文章看懂文章做对题做对题 句子句子段落段落=+逻辑逻辑E:Explanation解释句解释句E:Example 举例子举例子C:Conclusion总结句总结句逻辑连词；逻辑副逻辑连词；逻辑副词词代词代词【2012新课标全国卷 D】Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.A man who ha

29、s not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water.He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away.He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son.A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the

30、 poem that begins Twinkle,twinkle,little star or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.A manA motherHeHeGrown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.One explanation is the law of overlearni

31、ng,which can be stated as follows:Once we have learned something,additional learning trials increase the length of time we will remember it.In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming,bicycle riding,and playing baseball long after we have learned them.We continue to listen t

32、o and remind ourselves of words such as Twinkle,twinkle,little star and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks.We not only learn but overlearn.weOne explanation is the law of overlearning,which can be stated as followsweweweWeWeWe not only learn but overlearn.The multiplication tables(乘法口

33、诀表乘法口诀表)are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school,because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突突击学习击学习)for an examination,though it may result in a passing grade,is not a sa

34、tisfactory way to learn a college course.By cramming,a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination,but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned.A little overlearning,on the other hand,is really necessary for ones future development.The multiplication tables

35、The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突突击学习击学习)for an examination,though it may result in a passing grade,is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course.A little overlearning,on the other hand,is really necessary for ones future development.阅读理解考察什么？阅读理解考察什么？阅读理解不是考你看完文章后答出五道题；阅读理解不是考你看

36、完文章后答出五道题；而是通过五道题看你能否而是通过五道题看你能否！【读懂什么？读懂什么？】主题：文章主题；段落主题主题：文章主题；段落主题1.重点：关键信息句重点：关键信息句阅读理解有三种信息：阅读理解有三种信息：有效信息：有效信息：干扰信息：干扰信息：1.无效信息：无效信息：和错误选项对应和错误选项对应非重点非重点主题主题一、何为主题一、何为主题主题：文章描述的对象主题：文章描述的对象主旨：文章关于该对象的观点、态度主旨：文章关于该对象的观点、态度二、抓主题有什么用二、抓主题有什么用Whats the main idea of the passage?Whats the best title

37、 for the passage?Whats the passage mainly about?抓主题可以：抓主题可以：看懂这篇文章在看懂这篇文章在“讲什么讲什么”，帮你解决，帮你解决“主旨题主旨题”1.帮你排除帮你排除“细节题细节题”中，不符合主旨的选项中，不符合主旨的选项三、如何抓主题？三、如何抓主题？寻找重复词寻找重复词（限时训练（限时训练P72）读懂主题句读懂主题句段落首尾句段落首尾句问答处（问题给主题，答语给主旨问答处（问题给主题，答语给主旨）（限时训练）（限时训练P78）首句之中或之后出现首句之中或之后出现but或或because，则，则but/because 之后是主题之后是主题

38、冒号、破折号揭示文章主题冒号、破折号揭示文章主题重点重点一、何为重点一、何为重点答：题目考的就是重点！答：题目考的就是重点！56.If a child is interested in the universe,he probably will visit _?57.What can kids do at a Youtheater?58.What does“hands-on science”mean in the last para?二、如何找重点二、如何找重点“一眼秒杀一眼秒杀”型关键词型关键词1.“同义替换同义替换”型关键词型关键词阅读理解七宗罪阅读理解七宗罪以偏概全：以偏概全：主旨题主旨题偷换概念：偷换概念：原文中的原文中的A事物和选项中的事物和选项中的A事物含义不同事物含义不同移花接木：移花接木：跨段落设置干扰选项跨段落设置干扰选项答非所谓答非所谓+照抄全文：照抄全文：以原文某句话直接作答，但以原文某句话直接作答，但该句话无法回答所问的问题该句话无法回答所问的问题语法变异：语法变异：修饰词程度修饰词程度/比较关系比较关系/时态时态 变异变异逻辑变异：逻辑变异：因果倒置因果倒置/过度推断过度推断/绝对化绝对化与主题不符：与主题不符：选项本身讲得很对，但并不是本文主选项本身讲得很对，但并不是本文主要讨论的内容要讨论的内容