1、Grammar The Past Participle1.1.在句中可以作在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语表语、定语、状语和补足语。Explanation2.v-ed表示动作已经表示动作已经完成完成或或被动被动意义意义eg:fallen leaves落叶落叶(已落下的叶子已落下的叶子)eg:I heard the door closed.我听见门被关上了。我听见门被关上了。3.否定式:否定式:not+v-edeg:He escaped,not seen by anyone.过去分词所充当的成分:过去分词所充当的成分:一、一、作表语作表语(predicative)1.过去分词作表语,表示主语
2、的心理感觉或过去分词作表语,表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态,其用法相当于所处的状态,其用法相当于adj.,放在系动放在系动词后面。词后面。eg:The door remained locked till 7 oclock.eg:I am pleased with the result of the experiment.(许多许多v-ed形式已经被当作形式已经被当作adj.使用使用,如如:excited,disappointed,moved,puzzled,lost等等)注意区别:注意区别:2.v-ed作表语时,与系动词一起构成的系表作表语时,与系动词一起构成的系表结构与普通的被动语态在形式上
3、相似。结构与普通的被动语态在形式上相似。系表结构中的系表结构中的v-ed表示:表示:被动语态中的被动语态中的v-ed表示:表示:主语所处的状态主语所处的状态一个被动的动作一个被动的动作eg:The cup is broken.The cup was broken by Tom.系表结构表状态系表结构表状态被动语态表动作被动语态表动作注意比较:注意比较:3.过去分词过去分词v-ed和和v-ing作表语的区别:作表语的区别:过去分词过去分词v-ed:现在分词现在分词v-ing:表主语表主语(人人)所处的心理状态,所处的心理状态,个人的感受个人的感受.“(人人)感到感到.”表主语表主语(物或人物或人
4、)所具有的特征所具有的特征.“(物或人物或人)令人令人.”eg:surprised/surprising;encouraged/encouraging;moved/moving.二、二、作定语作定语(attribute)1.前置定语前置定语:单个的:单个的v-ed作定语,一般放在作定语,一般放在被修饰的被修饰的n.之前;之前;后置定语后置定语:v-ed短语作定语时短语作定语时,常被放在被,常被放在被修饰的修饰的n.之后之后,相当于一个定语从句。,相当于一个定语从句。eg:an invited guest 一位受到邀请的客人一位受到邀请的客人eg:The injured bird lay on
5、the ground.eg:The boy named Tom is my brother.eg:a letter written in blue ink注意注意:如果被修饰的词是如果被修饰的词是复合不定代词或指示代词复合不定代词或指示代词those等时,即使是一个等时,即使是一个单一的分词单一的分词作定语也作定语也要放在被修饰的词之要放在被修饰的词之后后。eg:There was nobody invited here.I want to find somebody interested in the case.2.v-ed作定语与定语从句的互换作定语与定语从句的互换:(1)若是若是vt.的
6、过去分词作定语表示已经完成的的过去分词作定语表示已经完成的动作,且含有被动意义,可改成动作,且含有被动意义,可改成v.用用被动被动形形式的定语从句。式的定语从句。eg:The letter posted today will reach you in a week.=The letter which was posted today will.(2)若是若是vi.的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成,不表被动,可改成成,不表被动,可改成v.用用完成完成时态的定语时态的定语从句。从句。eg:a retired teacher=a teacher who has reti
7、redeg:the fallen leaves=the leaves which have fallen注意:注意:分词的完成式一般不作定语,若要分词的完成式一般不作定语,若要表达完成意义常用定语从句。表达完成意义常用定语从句。我们一般不说我们一般不说 The girl having won the race is my friend.而常说:而常说:The girl who has won the race is my friend.3.v-ed形式与其他非谓语动词作定语时区别:形式与其他非谓语动词作定语时区别:(1)doing作定语作定语-主动,动作正在进行主动,动作正在进行(3)done
8、作定语作定语-被动,动作已完成被动,动作已完成(2)being done作定语作定语-被动,动作正在进行被动,动作正在进行(4)to do作定语作定语-将来要发生的动作将来要发生的动作(5)having done-不能作定语,用定语从句代替不能作定语,用定语从句代替注意比较:注意比较:eg:a broken cup;some singing birds分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是:分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是:现在分词表示主动、进行之意;过去分词表现在分词表示主动、进行之意;过去分词表示被动与完成;而不定式表示在谓语动词表示被动与完成;而不定式表示在谓语动词表示的动作之后即将发
9、生的动作。例如:示的动作之后即将发生的动作。例如:The question _(discuss)at the meeting yesterday is of quite importance.The question _(discuss)at the meeting now is of quite importance.The question _(discuss)at the meeting tomorrow is of quite importance.discussedbeing discussedto be discussed注:注:ing分词作定语有时意义不同:分词作定语有时意义不同
10、:flying fish 飞鱼飞鱼 a running dog 走狗走狗 a falling tide 落潮落潮 a crying boy 哭着的孩子哭着的孩子 a running machine a swimming pool a waiting room a walking stick a fishing pole a reading roomExercise:1.Prices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than store prices.A.are bought B.bought C.been bought D.bu
11、yingB 能作状语的有不定式、现在分词和过能作状语的有不定式、现在分词和过去分词。作什么样的状语往往取决去分词。作什么样的状语往往取决于它们的位置和在句中的意义。于它们的位置和在句中的意义。Practise1).When _(heat),water will be changed into vapour.While _(heat)water,we can change it into vapour.2)_(see)from the hill,the city looks beautiful._(see)from the hill,you will find the city beautifu
12、l.3)Generally speaking,when _(take)according to the directions,the drug has no side effect.If _(take)the drug according to the directions,you will be better soon.heatedheatingSeenSeeing takentaking分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题 分词作状语时,其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语分词作状语时,其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致;如果不一致,需在分词前加一个逻辑主语一致;如果不一致,需在分词前加
13、一个逻辑主语,分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构或用状,分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构或用状语从句。语从句。1)Being an orphan,the nurse treated him kindly.2)He being an orphan,the nurse treated him kindly.3)As he was an orphan,the nurse treated him kindly.FTT(True or false)现在分词与不定式作结果状语时的区别现在分词与不定式作结果状语时的区别 1).European football is played in 80 countr
14、ies,_ it the most popular sport in the world.A.making B.makes C.make D.to make 2).He hurried to the station only _ that the train had left.A.to find B.finding C.found D.to have found 现在分词作结果状语往往表示现在分词作结果状语往往表示“正常出现的、正常出现的、自自然而然的或意料之中然而然的或意料之中”的结果。不定式作结果状的结果。不定式作结果状语语时通常表示时通常表示“偶然的、出乎意料的偶然的、出乎意料的”一种结
15、果一种结果 AA 表示心理状态的动词如表示心理状态的动词如excite,interest等都是及物等都是及物动词,汉语注解不是动词,汉语注解不是“激动激动”、“高兴高兴”,而是,而是“使得使得激激动动”、“使高兴使高兴”,因而现在分词应该是,因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的令人激动的”、“令人高兴的令人高兴的”,过去分词则是,过去分词则是“感到激动的感到激动的”和和“感感到高到高兴的兴的”。所以,凡表示。所以,凡表示“令人令人的的”都是都是-ing形式,形式,凡凡是表示是表示“感到感到 ”都用都用-ed形式。换句话说,若人形式。换句话说,若人对对感兴趣,就是感兴趣,就是somebody is i
16、nterested in.,若人若人/物本身有趣时,就是物本身有趣时,就是sb./sth.is interesting。现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别delighting令人高兴的令人高兴的delighted感到高兴的感到高兴的disappointing 令人失望的令人失望的disappointed 感到感到 失望的失望的encouraging 令人鼓舞的令人鼓舞的encouraged 感到鼓感到鼓 舞的舞的pleasing 令人愉快的令人愉快的pleased 感到愉快的感到愉快的puzzling 令人费解的令人费解的puzzled 感到费解的感到费解的satis
17、fying 令人满意的令人满意的satisfied 感到满意的感到满意的surprising 令人惊异的令人惊异的surprised 感到惊异的感到惊异的worrying 令人担心的令人担心的worried 感到担心的感到担心的2.With a lot of different problems _,the newly-elected president is having a hard time.A.settled B.settling C.to settle D.being settledC3.When I got back,I saw a message _ to the door_“S
18、orry to miss you;will call later.”A.pin,read B.pinning,reading C.pinned,reading D.pinned,read C.pinned,reading三、三、作宾补作宾补(Object Complement)v-ed作宾补,表示作宾补,表示被动意义被动意义或或已完成意义已完成意义,或两者兼而有之。作宾语补足语的过去分词或两者兼而有之。作宾语补足语的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的与宾语有逻辑上的被动关系被动关系。v-ed作宾补的几大类型的作宾补的几大类型的v.:1.在在make,get,have,keep,leave等使役动词等使役
19、动词后面作宾补:后面作宾补:eg:Please keep us informed of the latest news.请随时把最新消息告诉我们。请随时把最新消息告诉我们。eg:When you speak,you have to make yourself understood.说话时要让人听得懂。说话时要让人听得懂。注意:注意:在在have+n./pron.+过去分词,即过去分词,即have sth.done这一结构中,这一结构中,have通常有三种通常有三种意义。意义。eg:I usually have my clothes washed on Sundays,but I dont wa
20、sh my clothes myself.(1)表示表示“让某人做某事让某人做某事”,v-ed动作的执行动作的执行者通常不是句子的主语。者通常不是句子的主语。eg:The museum had everything robbed of in the war.eg:I have had my bike repaired.(2)表示表示“遭遇到某种不幸,受到打击遭遇到某种不幸,受到打击”,v-ed动作的执行者不是句子的主语,动作的执行者不是句子的主语,而是主语受到这种动作的影响。而是主语受到这种动作的影响。eg:The old man had his leg broken in the accid
21、ent.(3)表示通常意义的表示通常意义的“有有”。eg:We had a lot of books left in the classroom.2.在在see,hear,watch,notice,feel,find,think等感官动词或表示心理状态的动词后面作宾等感官动词或表示心理状态的动词后面作宾补:补:eg:I saw the thief caught by the policeman.eg:We can hear the windows beaten by the heavy rain drops.3.在在would like,want,like,wish,order,expect,
22、request等表示等表示“希望,想要、要求希望,想要、要求”的的v.后后面作宾补:面作宾补:eg:The boss wouldnt like the problem discussed at the moment.eg:We wished the problem settled at once.4.在介词在介词with/without+n./pron.+v-ed结构结构中。中。宾语宾语宾补宾补(宾语和宾补之间有被动关系宾语和宾补之间有被动关系)eg:The thief was brought in with his hands tied behind his back.eg:They lef
23、t without a plate untouched.他们走了,没有一盘菜没动过。他们走了,没有一盘菜没动过。注意:注意:with/without+n./pron.+v-ed这一这一结构在整句话中是作结构在整句话中是作状语状语的,表原因,结果,的,表原因,结果,方式或伴随情况。方式或伴随情况。注意比较:注意比较:v-ed,v-ing和和to do作宾补的不同:作宾补的不同:v.+宾宾+v-ed:v.+宾宾+v-ing:v.+宾宾+(to)do:表动作已完成,与宾语之间表动作已完成,与宾语之间是被动关系。是被动关系。表动作正在进行或持续动作,表动作正在进行或持续动作,与宾语之间是主动关系。与宾
24、语之间是主动关系。表动作将要发生或表动作全表动作将要发生或表动作全过程,与宾语之间是主动关过程,与宾语之间是主动关系。系。1.We found the trees _(plant)already.We found many people _ trees there.plantedplantingExercise:2.Mrs.White found her husband _ by letters and papers and _ very worried.A.surrounding;looking B.surrounded;looked C.surrounding;looked D.surro
25、unded;looking四、四、作状语作状语(Adverbial)v-ed作状语,它与作状语,它与主句的主语主句的主语构成被动关系,构成被动关系,表示被动的或已完成的动作。此时可以表示表示被动的或已完成的动作。此时可以表示原因、时间、条件、让步、伴随情况等,相原因、时间、条件、让步、伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句。当于一个状语从句。v-ed作状语的几大类型作状语的几大类型:(1)作作原因状语原因状语,相当于,相当于as,since,because引引导的原因状语从句导的原因状语从句.eg:Deeply moved by the film,we all cried.=As we were de
26、eply moved by the film,we all cried.(2)作作时间状语时间状语,相当于,相当于when,while,before,after引导的时间状语从句引导的时间状语从句.Asked how he broke into the room,he made no answer.=When he was asked how he broke into the room,he made no answer.(3)作作条件状语条件状语,相当于,相当于if,unless,once引导的条件状语从句引导的条件状语从句.eg:Given more time,we would do t
27、he work better.=eg:If we were given more time,we would do the work better(4)作作方式或伴随状语方式或伴随状语,可位于句首或句末,可位于句首或句末,可扩充为并列句。可扩充为并列句。eg:The actress came in,followed by her fans.=The actress came in,and was followed by her fans.(5)作作让步状语让步状语,有时可以与,有时可以与although,though,even if,even though等连用等连用eg:Much tired
28、,my parents still kept on working.=Although they were much tired,my parents still kept on working.eg:Though beaten by them,we were not discouraged.=eg:Though we were beaten by them,we were not discouraged.注意:注意:过去分词作状语,有时无被动意味,过去分词作状语,有时无被动意味,只表示状态只表示状态,或是固定搭配。或是固定搭配。1._ in a white uniform,he looks
29、more like a cook than a doctor.A.Dressed B.To dress C.Dressing D.Having dressed解析:解析:be dressed in sth.穿着穿着.,表状态,表状态2._ with a bill for$10,000,he has taken an extra job.A.Facing B.Having faced C.To face D.Faced解析:解析:be faced with sth.面对面对.,是固定搭配,是固定搭配比较:比较:v-ed,v-ing,to do作状语的用法作状语的用法(1)v-ed作状语表示作状语
30、表示:被动的或已完成的动作被动的或已完成的动作(2)v-ing作状语表示作状语表示:主动的和正在进行的动作,主动的和正在进行的动作,即动作由句子的即动作由句子的主语发出,并和谓主语发出,并和谓v.的动作同时发生的动作同时发生(3)to do作状语表示作状语表示:主动的动作,常作主动的动作,常作“目的,原因,结果目的,原因,结果”状状语语非谓语动非谓语动词词主语主语 宾语宾语 宾补宾补 主补主补 定语定语 状语状语 表语表语不定式不定式-ing分词分词过去分词过去分词Exercises:Exercises:1._ with other architecture,this building is
31、special.2._ to other women,she was very lucky.3._ different cultures,we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.A.Compared B.Being comparedC.Comparing D.Having comparedACA 1【误误】We dont allow to smoke in the lecture hall.【正正】We dont allow smoking in the lect
32、ure hall.【正正】We dont allow people to smoke in the lecture hall.【解析解析】考查固定结构。考查固定结构。allow doing sth.;allow sb.to do sth.2【误误】She was the first person thinking of the idea.【正正】She was the first person to think of the idea.【解析解析】当序数词或由序数词所修饰的名词带定语时当序数词或由序数词所修饰的名词带定语时,此定语通常由不定式来充当。此定语通常由不定式来充当。专题七专题七 反面
33、解读反面解读 3【误误】The question being discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one.【正正】The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one.【解析解析】being discussed表示动作正在进行,表示动作正在进行,而根据而根据at tomorrows meeting可判断动作发生在可判断动作发生在将来,故用将来,故用to be discussed表示。表示。4【误误】This boy was seen c
34、ome late this morning.【正正】This boy was seen to come late this morning.【解析解析】see,watch等动词转换为被动结构等动词转换为被动结构时,其后不定式一般需要带时,其后不定式一般需要带to。5Ive been looking forward to hear from you.【答案答案】hear 改为改为hearing。【解析解析】短语短语look forward to中,中,to为介词,为介词,所以应用动名词作宾语。所以应用动名词作宾语。6He admitted to have stolen the car.【答案答案
35、】to have改为改为having。【解析解析】admit 后面跟动词的后面跟动词的-ing形式作宾语形式作宾语。7This is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.【答案答案】This改为改为 It。【解析解析】作形式主语,代替动词的作形式主语,代替动词的-ing形式,形式,只能用只能用it。8The flowers need being watered.【答案答案】being watered改为改为watering或或者者to be watered。【解析解析】need,want,require等动词的主等动词的主语为
36、物时,后面跟动名词主动形式或接不定语为物时,后面跟动名词主动形式或接不定式的被动结构,表示式的被动结构,表示“需要被需要被”。9现在分词的完成式通常不作定语或现在分词的完成式通常不作定语或补语。补语。(1)【误误】I could see the house having been beautifully decorated.【正正】I could see the house beautifully decorated.(2)【误误】The book having been written long ago is hard for us to understand today.【正】【正】The
37、 book written long ago is hard for us to understand today.10作状语的分词,其逻辑主语必须同句中主语作状语的分词,其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事,现在分词与其逻辑主语有主为同一人或同一事,现在分词与其逻辑主语有主动关系,而过去分词则与其逻辑主语有被动关系动关系,而过去分词则与其逻辑主语有被动关系。(1)【误误】Having found the cause,the experiment continued.【正正】Having found the cause,they continued the experiment.(Havi
38、ng foundAfter/When they had found)(2)【误误】Seeing from the top of the hill,the city looks more beautiful.【正正】Seen from the top of the hill,the city looks more beautiful.(SeenWhen the city is seen)11非谓语的否定式中,非谓语的否定式中,not必须放在非谓语的最前面。必须放在非谓语的最前面。(1)【误误】Having not finished his homework,he didnt want to go
39、 to bed.【正正】Not having finished his homework,he didnt want to go to bed.(2)【误误】Mother warns us to not play in the street.【正正】Mother warns us not to play in the street.过去分词过去分词 v-ed不定式不定式 to+v动词的动词的v-ing非谓语动词非谓语动词表将来,主动。表将来,主动。表进行,主动表进行,主动表完成,被动表完成,被动不定式的被动式不定式的被动式在表示在表示被动的同被动的同时还兼表示未来时还兼表示未来。现在分词的完成式也表现在分词的完成式也表示完成,示完成,尤其是表示有尤其是表示有明显先后时间关系的完明显先后时间关系的完成成。现在分词的被动式在现在分词的被动式在表示表示被动的同时还将被动的同时还将表示进行表示进行。
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