初中英语名词讲解课件.ppt

1、Company name名词（名词（n.）：概念：概念：是表示人、事物、抽象是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词。根据其词概念等名称的词。根据其词汇意义，名词可分为汇意义，名词可分为 专有名词专有名词和和普通名词普通名词。Company name普通名词：普通名词：指表示一类人、东西、抽象概念的名词。例如：例如：表示东西、事物的。表示东西、事物的。如如book、computer、tree、chopsticks(筷子筷子)表示一类人的。如表示一类人的。如 boy、girl、woman、man、teacher、father 表示抽象概念，像人的情感、品质、精神的。如表示抽象概念，像人的情感、品质、精

2、神的。如 happiness、trouble、pleasure（愉快、快（愉快、快乐）、乐）、industry（勤劳）（勤劳）辨认下列哪些是名词，哪些不是名词：computer，take coffee，water，run.notebook.bring,table,sport interesting,Monday age new actor sell Company name专有名词专有名词:指表示人、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称。具体说来，它包括人名、国家、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。Jim 吉姆 China 中国 Mr.Smith 史密斯先生July 七月 Fri

3、day 星期五 the Yellow River 黄河Christmas 圣诞节 English 英语 A Tale of Two Cities 双城记Company name名词：可数名词不可数名词单数复数转变Company name可数名词的复数变化可数名词的复数变化：1.可数名词复数的规则变化：(1)一般情况加词尾-s，如 book-books,desk-desks,penpens,doctordoctors,boyboys等。其读音规则是在清辅音后读s，在元音和浊辅音后读z。如:mapmap，boyboys.(2)以 s,x,sh,ch 等结尾的名词，通常加词尾-es：bus-buse

4、s,box-boxes,dish-dishes，match-matches（比赛），watch-watches等。Practice:There are many (bus)and (car)on the street.I have two (watch),so I give a (watch)to my sister.Yesterday I went to the supermarket and bought some （dish）carsbuseswatcheswatchdishesCompany name3)以y 结尾的名词，其复数构成要分两种情况：以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，将 y 改

5、为 ies；如：city-cities,baby-babies,factory-factories,countrycountries,familyfamiliesBut,以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词，直接加词尾-s：如：toy/toys,holiday/holidays boyboys,daydays等。(4)以f或fe结尾的名词，多数变f或fe为v加es:如：wife-wives,knife-knives（小刀），Leaf-leaves（树叶）；life-lives(生命)，scarf-scarves(围巾)Company name 记住以下记住以下10个要把个要把f或者或者fe改成改成v加

6、加es的单词：的单词：wife(妻子)，life(生命)，knife(小刀)，leaf(树叶)，thief(贼)，half(一半)，self(自己)，shelf(架子)，loaf(面包)，wolf(狼)。重点但但roof-roofs(屋顶屋顶)是例外！是例外！Company name(5)以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词,加词尾es；如tomato-tomatoes；potato-potatoes,hero(英雄)-heroes But,以“元音字母+o”结尾的名词，加词尾s；如radioradios（收音机）；piano-pianos但注意但注意photophotos（相片）（相片）Compan

7、y name练习：练习：写出下列单词的单数或复数形式friendcattreessquestionsskeystoysphotostomatoespotatoesleaf/leaveszoosradiosholidaysbaby/babiescity/citiesroofsbusesboxesWe need more (potato),can you go and take some,please?(Knife)are used for cutting things.When we saw his face,we knew the (news)was bad.Please remember g

8、ive the horse some tree (leaf).potatoesKnivesnewsleavesCompany name单复数同形单复数同形:英语中，有些名词的英语中，有些名词的单数与复数同行单数与复数同行:例：例：people、Chinese、Japanese、fish、deer（鹿）、（鹿）、sheep（绵羊）（绵羊）e.g:There are many fish in the river.We have a fish for lunch.“某国人某国人”的复数有三种类型：的复数有三种类型：1.Chinese、Japanese 的单复数同型，不需要的单复数同型，不需要加加“s

9、”;2.Englishmen、Frenchman，复数要把，复数要把“man”变为变为“men”；3.其他各国人以其他各国人以an、ian 结尾的均直接加结尾的均直接加“s”:如如Americans、Australians、Indians注意：注意：German是是Germans!Company name名词复数的不规则变化名词复数的不规则变化 有的名词单数变复数时，没有一定的规则，需特别记忆：man/men 男人男人 woman/women 女人女人child/children 小孩小孩 tooth/teeth 牙齿牙齿foot/feet 脚脚 goose/geese 鹅mouse/mice

10、 老鼠 ox/oxen 公牛注意：注意：1、一些以 man,woman 结尾的合成词，在构成复数时与 man,woman 的变化形式相同，如：policeman/policemen(警察)，Englishman/Englishmen(英国人)，Frenchman/Frenchmen(法国人)注意：注意：与与man、woman两个词组成的复合词，名词两个词组成的复合词，名词本身和这个词都要变成复数。本身和这个词都要变成复数。如：如：Woman doctor/women doctorsMan worker/men workersMan driver/men driversCompany name

11、注意注意:复合名词变复数通常是将其主要名词变为复数：passer-by/passers-by 过路人 looker-on/lookers-on 旁观者 若没有主要名词，则通常在最后一个词尾加s：注意：注意：单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police,population等。表示有生命的名词的所有格(可以理解为。的)其单数形式是加s 其复数形式是s，如其结尾不是s 的复数形式仍加s，如：a students room,students rooms,Childrens Day.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家名词的所有格要用s，如：a twenty minutes walk.但无生命名词

12、的所有格则必须用of 结构，如：the capital of our country,the colour of the flowers正误辨析正误辨析（1）Please give me a paper.正Please give me a piece of paper.析不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词，这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了，所以造成了这样的错误，因paper 在英语中是属于物质名词一类，是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时，要用与之相关的量词来表达，如：two pieces of paper.正误辨析正误辨析（2）Please give m

13、e two letter papers.正Please give me two pieces of letter paper.析paper 作为纸讲是不可数名词，而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt.正误辨析正误辨析（3）My glasses is broken.正My glasses are broken.I want to buy two shoes.正I want to buy two pairs of shoes.析英语中glasses眼镜，shoes鞋，trouser

14、s裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用a pair of glasses 而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如：This pair of glasses is very good.正误辨析正误辨析（4）May I borrow two radioes?正May I borrow two radios?析以o 结尾的名词大都是用加es 来表示其复数形式，但如果o 前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s 就可以了。这样的词有zoozoos,pianopianos.正误辨析正误辨析（5）This is a Marys dictionary.正This is Marys dic

15、tionary.析如名词前有指示代词this,that,these(这些)those（那些）,及其他修饰词our,some,every,which,或所有格时，则不要再加冠词（the,a,an）。正误辨析正误辨析（6）There are much people in the garden.正There are many people in the garden.析可数名词前应用many,few,a few,a lot of 来修饰，而people 是可数名词，而且是复数名词，如：The people are planting trees here.正误辨析正误辨析（7）I want a few

16、 water.正I want a little water.析不可数名词前可以用a little,little,a lot of,some（some也可以修饰可数名词some apples）来修饰，但不可用many,few 来修饰。正误辨析正误辨析（8）Thank you very much.Your family is very kind to me.正Thank you very much.Your family are very kind to me.Toms and Marys family are waiting for us.正Toms and Marys families are

17、 waiting for us.Im sorry.I have to go.Toms families are waiting for me.正Im sorry.I have to go.Toms family are waiting for me.析集合名词如果指某个集合的整体，则应视为单数，如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:My family is a big family.When I came in,Toms family were watching TV.即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有：family class,team 等。正误辨析正误辨析（9）Dont eat t

18、oo much meats.正Dont eat too much meat.Food in that restaurant is very good.正The food in that restaurant is very good.析物质名词是不可数名词，在使用中不可以加s，即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词(a,an）。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词（the）。如：I dont like drinking coffee,but the coffee in that cup is really good.正误辨析正误辨析（10）Please give me two waters.正Pl

19、ease give me two glasses of water.正Please give me two coffees.析物质名词如要加计量时，一定要加量词，如：two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf(条)of bread,a piece of bread,a box of sugar,a bowl（碗）of rice,a bottle of orange juice,a bag of earth 例：Ill tell you a piece of good news.但只有coffee 可以用coffees

20、来取代many cups of coffee.正误辨析正误辨析（11）Can you give me the newspaper of today?正Can you give me todays newspaper?析加s 构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如：Marys hair，但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用s 来构成而不用of 结构。如：a five minutes walk.正误辨析正误辨析（12）My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.正My mother bought two fish for

21、 supper this morning.析英语中有些名词单复同形，如：fish,deer,sheep,Chinese(中国人),means(方法)。所以应讲one fish,two fish,one Chinese,two Chinese.如果讲There are five fishes in the pool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。正误辨析正误辨析（13）Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.正Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.析英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如：thanks,gr

22、eens（绿地），而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes 为衣服，而cloth 则是布，sand 沙子，而sands 是沙滩。正误辨析正误辨析（14）We have five German in this meeting.正We have five Germans in this meeting.析英国人Englishman 的复数形式为Englishmen，而German 则要加s，因为它不是由国名与man 的组合词。正误辨析正误辨析（15）We have many woman teachers in our school.正We have many women teac

23、hers in our school.析一般组合名词变为复数形式时只将词中心词变为复数如：half brotherhalf brothers(同父异母或同母异父的兄弟)daughter in lawdaughters in law,(儿媳)但要注意的是：man drivermen drivers(男司机)woman doctorwomen doctors(女大夫)grown upgrown ups(成年人)但是boy student则变为boy students正误辨析正误辨析（16）Physics are very difficult to learn.正Physics is very di

24、fficult to learn.析虽以s 结尾但只能用作单数名词有：科学，学科名字：Physics.Mathematics politics 专有名称：Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)其他名词：news(消息，新闻)正误辨析正误辨析（17）There is a people in the room.正There is a person in the room.正There is a man in the room.析people 是复数名词，不可用作单数，如要用来讲一个人时应用a person,a man,a woman。同样的词有police.要讲一个警察时则要用a police

25、man,a policewoman。正误辨析正误辨析（18）I paid five pennies for the sweet.正I paid five pence for the sweet.析英语中便士有两个复数形式pence 用来表达一定数量的钱。而pennies 是指一个个的硬币，如：I want to change this note for pennies.我想把这纸币换成硬币。(即一便士一个的硬币)。正误辨析正误辨析（19）There are many fruit in the shop.正There are many fruits in the shop.析物质名词为不可数名词

26、，但是用来表示种类时则可以用作可数名词，这里应译为各种各样的水果。正误辨析正误辨析（20）There is a new car.It is Jones and Marys.正There is a new car.It is Jone and Marys.析有生命名词的所有格，如果是单数名词则加s 如：Marys car.如果是以s 结尾的复数名词则只在s 后面加如：teachers offices.如果是复数名词但不是以s 结尾，则只加s，如：childrens palace 组合名词的所有格是在最后一个词尾加s 如：girl friend girl friends，someone elses

27、omeone elses，a week or threea week or threes 如名词后有同位语时，则应加在同位语的词尾上，如：It is my girl friend,Marys car.要注意的是当两个名词并列时，如表示归两人共同所有，则在最后一个名词后面加s，如果表示分别所有则在两个名词后分别加s，如：This is Mary and Jones home.即Mary 与Jone 是一家人。这是他们共同的家。而These are Marys and Jones homes.则应译为这里是Mary 的家与Jone 的家。正误辨析正误辨析（21）He is an old frien

28、d of my father.正He is an old friend of my fathers.析这是英语中的一种习惯用法而不要根据语法去推理。如：This pen is Toms.正误辨析正误辨析（22）He is an old friend of my father.正He is an old friend of my fathers.析这是英语中的一种习惯用法而不要根据语法去推理。如：This pen is Toms.正误辨析正误辨析（23）The young is dancing there.正The young are dancing there.析英文中用定冠词加上形容词表示一

29、类人时应按复数名词，如：the rich 富人，the poor(穷人),the wise 聪明人，但如果用定冠词加形容词来表示事物则要用作单数名词，如：The beautiful is still here.美丽的风景依旧。正误辨析正误辨析（24）The stories of the book was written many years ago.正The stories of the book were written many years ago.析这句话的真正主语应是stories，所以应用复数谓语动词。正误辨析正误辨析（25）This is one of the English Ch

30、inese dictionary.正This is one of the English Chinese dictionaries.析one of 意为“之一”，of 后面的名词要用复数形式。正误辨析正误辨析（26）Lets go to uncle Wang for supper.正Lets go to uncle Wangs for supper.析uncle Wangs 意为“王叔叔家”，doctors 意为“医院或私人诊所”。正误辨析正误辨析（27）I want to tell you much pieces of good news.正I want to tell you many p

31、ieces of good news.析news 为不可数名词，但加了量词之后则要用many 来修饰量词，因量词是可数名词，或可以说I want to tell you some good news.因some 即可用在可数名词前，也可用在不可数名词前作形容词，如：I want to tell you some pieces of good news.正误辨析正误辨析（28）There are a lot of information here,but we dont need them.正There is a lot of information here,but we dont need

32、it.析information 为不可数名词，而用作代替它的词要用it 而不能用them.正误辨析正误辨析（29）The children wear very good cloth to go to school today.正The children wear very good clothes to go to school today.析英文中cloth,clothes,clothing 是易混之词：cloth 是物质名词，意为“布”，没有复数形式，而clothing 是指衣物的总称，也没有复数形式。clothes 是指衣服，但没有单数形式，如：This clothing is need

33、ed in warm countries.Her clothes are made of fine cloth.英文中的dress则指较正规的服装，如：a school dress 校服，an evening dress 晚礼服。正误辨析正误辨析（30）I like to study the English.正I like to study English.析作为一种学科名词前不要用冠词，而作为某一特指学科则要加冠词，如：I like to study history.I like to study the history of America.正误辨析正误辨析（31）The Browns i

34、s going to visit China.正The Browns are going to visit China.析定冠词加姓加s，则意为“Brown 先生一家人”。所以应用复数谓语动词。此句应译为：Brown 先生一家将要访问中国。训练训练 1.Lucy and Lilyin the same class.A.am B.is C.are D.be 答案C.析由and 连接两个单数名词作主语时应按复数名词来搭配谓语动词。训练训练 2.Which is the to the bus stop，please?A road B way C street D address 答案B.析这是考察同

35、意词辨析，road 是指较宽阔的大道，意为“乡间公路”，而street 意为道路两边的建筑物较高，可视为街道之意，而way 则多为要到达某地所要经过的途径，还可引深为方式、方法。而address 则为“地址”。如：There is a car running along the country road.训练训练 3.Hurry up!There is time left.A little B a little C few D a few 答案A.析因time 作为时间讲为不可数名词，所以不可用few，a few 来修饰。另外，英文的表达法与中文不同，中文讲，快点，时间不多了，而英文要讲，快点

36、，没时间了。因此，要用little 而不用a little.训练训练 4.How many can you see in the picture?A tomatos B tomatoes C tomato D the tomato 答案B.析用How many 提问时，其名词要用复数形式，而tomato 的复数要加es.训练训练 5.is the meat.Please?Ten yuan a kilo.A How much B How many C How old D How long 答案A.析由对话的答语可看出其问句问的是价格。钱数作为整体、价格讲时，不论其值是多少都是不可数名词，要用ho

37、w much 提问。训练训练 6 The boys name is James Allen Green.So his given name is.A James Allen B Allen Green C James Green D Mr.Green 答案A.析英文的习惯与中文不同，中文是姓在前名字在后，而英文则是姓在最后，其第一个名字是由父母所起的，中间的名字可能是父母、教父所起的，但都可称作given name,而姓在英文中是family name.训练训练 7 Shanghai is one of the biggestin our country.A city B citys C ci

38、tys D cities 答案D.析复音字母以y 结尾的单词的复数形式要把y 变成i 再加es。one of 加名词的结构中的名词应用复数。训练训练 8 Would you please pass me?A two paper B two papers C two pieces of paper D two pieces of papers 答案C.析paper 是不可数名词，如讲一张、两张纸时，要用量词piece.训练训练 9 September 10th is Day.A Teacher B Teachers C Teachers D Teachers 答案D.10 I only have

39、 bread for lunch today.A a bit B a bit of C little D few 答案B.训练训练 11“What would you like,Ann?”“Id like two.”A glass of milk B glasses of milk C glass of milks D glasses of milks 答案B.训练训练 12 There isnt paper in the box.Will you go and get for me?A any,some B any,any C some,some D some,any 答案A.析any 用于

40、否定句与疑问句，但如果要表达说话者真心实意希望得到肯定答复时，问句中要用some 而不要按一般语法规律用any.训练训练 13 June 1st is.A Childrens day B childrens Day C Childrens Day D childrens day 答案C.14 These foreign friends are.A German B Germen C Germany D Germans 答案D.训练训练 15 All the students are busy,so of them will go to the cinema.A many B little C

41、a few D few 答案D.析student 是可数名词，而few 用于可数名词，意为：几乎没有学生去电影院。训练训练 16 There are threeand sevenin the picture.A deers,sheeps B deers,sheep C deer,sheep Ddeer,sheeps 答案C.析deer 与sheep 均是单复同形的名词。训练训练 17 Whose room is this?Its.A my B Kikes and Johns C our D Kike and Johns 答案D.析因为room 为单数，所以不可能是Kike 的一间与John 的一间，应为二者共用的一间房子。再 见