1、特殊人群的营养特殊人群的营养Dietary requirements for specific populations李颖李颖营养与食品卫生学教研室营养与食品卫生学教研室Department of Nutrition and Food Hygienespecific populationsnPregnant women and lactating mothersnInfants、children、adolescence and older peoplenAthletesnspecific environment of groups第一节第一节 孕妇和母乳的营养与膳食孕妇和母乳的营养与膳食Nut
2、rient and dietary requirements of pregnant women and lactation motherspregnancylactationDietary energy requirements Deficient energy needs low birth weight infants limits the success of breastfeeding 一、一、pregnant woman(一)妊娠期的生理特点(一)妊娠期的生理特点(physiological changs in pregnancy)1 1内分泌内分泌 (endocrine)(end
3、ocrine)2 2血液血液(blood)(blood)3 3肾脏肾脏 (renal system)(renal system)4 4消化消化 (gastrointestinal system)(gastrointestinal system)5 5体重体重 (body weight)(body weight)(一)(一)physiological changs in pregnancy 1 1内分泌内分泌(endocrine)(1 1)人绒毛膜促性腺激素)人绒毛膜促性腺激素(human chorionic gonadotropinhuman chorionic gonadotropin,HC
4、GHCG)(2 2)人绒毛膜生长素)人绒毛膜生长素(human chorionic somatomammotropinhuman chorionic somatomammotropin,HCSHCS)(3 3)雌激素)雌激素 (estrogen)(estrogen)(4 4)孕酮()孕酮(progesteroneprogesterone)pregnant womanEstrogen(pg/ml)雌激素雌激素 HCG 绒毛膜促性腺激素绒毛膜促性腺激素progesterone 孕酮孕酮Regulation of hormone changes in pregnancy Weeks of gesta
5、tionWeeks of gestationWeeks of gestationWeeks of gestation TSH(1)Blood volume45%50%15%20%2 Blood Physiologic Anemia of PregnancyNon-pregnantNon-pregnantlLate pregnancyLate pregnancyPlasma protein Plasma albumen(2)Plasma protein70g/L60g/L40g/L25g/LRelatively dilution of blood3Renal systemRenal plasma
6、 flow 75%Glomerular filtration rate50%Renal reabsorption肾小球滤过率 肾小管的重吸收肾血浆流量 蛋白质代谢产物尿素(urea)、尿酸(uric acid)、肌酸(creatine)、肌酐(creatinine)等排泄增多;尿中叶酸、葡萄糖排出量增加,出现糖尿。4Gastrointestinal system nEndocrine changes are probably responsible for the symptoms of nausea(恶心)、vomiting(呕吐)、water brash(反酸)、dyspepsia(消化不
7、良)、constipation(便秘).nProlonged transit time of food increase nutrient absorption,such as calcium(钙)、iron(铁)、folic acid(叶酸)、Vitamin B12(维生素B12).5Body weightThe nutritional cost of pregnancy the products of conception,胎儿(fetus)、羊水(amniotic fluid)和胎盘(placenta)母体血液母体血液(mother blood),细胞外液细胞外液(extracellul
8、ar fluid),子宫子宫(uterus),乳腺乳腺(mammary glands)5Body weight BMIRecommended weight gain(kg)malnutrition26.029.07.011.5obesity29.06.0 6.8(二)妊娠期的营养需要(二)妊娠期的营养需要(Nutrient requirements of pregnancy)1 1能量能量 (energy costs of pregnancy)(energy costs of pregnancy)Reference Nutrient Intakes(RNI):mid-and late-gest
9、ation:+0.83MJ.2 2蛋白质蛋白质(protein)(protein)Reference Nutrient Intakes(RNI):early,mid-and late-gestation:5g、15g、20g;3 3脂类脂类(lipids)(lipids)20%30%of total energy(二)(二)Nutrient requirements of pregnancy4矿物质(minerals)(1)钙(calcium):佝偻佝偻(rickets)骨质软化症骨质软化症(osteomalacia)Adequate intake(AI):Early gestation:80
10、0mg,Mid-gestation:1000mg,Late-gestation:1200mg。(2)铁)铁(iron)mineralsNew tissue formationHaematopoiesis in the fetus and the motherTypical blood losses at deliveryPhysiological anemia of pregnancyHaeme iron comes mainly from haemoglobin and myoglobin in meat,poultry,and fish Adequate intake(AI):孕早期孕早期
11、15mg/d,孕中期孕中期25mg/d,孕晚期孕晚期35mg/d。(3)锌锌(zinc)Reference Nutrient Intakes(RNI):Early gestation:11.5mg/d,Mid-late-gestation:16.5mg/d。minerals(4)碘)碘(iodine)Reference Nutrient Intakes(RNI):+200g/d。呆小症呆小症(cretinism)胎儿畸形(fetal anomaly)先天性缺陷(congenital defects)5Vitamins(1)RNI of vitamin A:800gRE/d(early-gest
12、ation),900gRE/d(mid late-gestation),UL(tolerable upper intake level):2400gRE/d。(2)RNI of vitamin D:5g/d(early-gestation),10g/d,UL:20g/d。5Vitamins(3)Vitamin B:VB1 beriberi VB2 iron deficiency anemia folic acid neural tube defects400ug of folic acid per dayor a diet rich in folates3-4/1000 pregnancies
13、less than 1/1000 pregnancies.(三)妊娠期营养对母体和胎儿的影响(三)妊娠期营养对母体和胎儿的影响 (Influence of maternal nutritional status on mothers and fetus)1.influence of maternal malnutrition on mothersiron、folic acid、vitamin B12 osteomalacia(骨质软化症骨质软化症)nutritional dropsy(营养不良性水肿营养不良性水肿)Protein (nutritional anemia、gestational
14、hypertensionDiabates mellitus)anemia、Hypoproteinemia、calcium deficiencyComplication nutritional anemia(营养性贫血营养性贫血)2 2妊娠期营养状况对胎儿和婴儿健康的影响妊娠期营养状况对胎儿和婴儿健康的影响Influence of maternal nutritional status on fetus and infants(1)低出生体重)低出生体重(low birth weight,LBW)Birthweight of less than 2.5kgRecent studies have
15、demonstrated an association between low birth weight and chronic and metabolic disorders in adulthood such as type 2 diabetes,hypertension,and dyslipidemia.早产早产(preterm delivery)胎儿生长发育迟缓胎儿生长发育迟缓(Intrauterine growth retardation)(2)先天性畸形()先天性畸形(congenital malformation)Folic acidneural tube defectsInfl
16、uence of maternal nutritional status on fetus and infants(3)脑发育受损)脑发育受损 (Brain damage):maternal nutritional status (protein energy)(5)巨大儿)巨大儿(macrosomia)nutrient supplementation of healthy pregnant women maternal obesity postpartum brain development intelligence development developing gestational di
17、abetes,pregnancy-induced hypertension.labour in the obese to be prolonged and unsuccessful.Placental transferplacentalfetalumbilical cord uterusCarbohydrate:Mother fetusProtein amino acidsLipids:Concentration-dependent diffusionVitamin A:Bound to retinol binding proteinVitamin D:Calcium:(四)妊娠期的合理膳食原
18、则(四)妊娠期的合理膳食原则1妊娠早期的合理膳食(rational diet during early gestation)2妊娠中、晚期的合理膳食(rational diet during mid late-gestation)二、乳母二、乳母(lactating mother)(一一)哺乳期的生理特点哺乳期的生理特点(Physiological characteristics):the first postpartum week,thick yellow fluid with Lactoferrin,secretory immunoglobulin A(sIgA)Low in volume
19、,high in proteinVolume of milk is only 50 to 100ml per feedOver 2 weeks of lactation,increased protein、lactose and fat contentMilk volumes:about 750ml to 850 ml per 24 hours From 7 days postpartum to 14 days postpartumNutritional problems associated with breastfeeding Specific factor Examples of cli
20、nical problem Low vitamin K content Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn Deficiencies secondary to maternal micronutrient deficiency:Vitamin B1 Infantile beriberi Vitamin B12 Infantile B12 deficiency Vitamin D Neonatal hypocalcaemia;neonatal ricketsHigh glucuronidase levels Breast milk jaundice Trans
21、mission of drugs,viral infection,pesticides dietary antigens etc.Many drugs are transmitted in breast milk in small quantities HIVHepatitis B and C virusesCytomegalovirus(二)哺乳对乳母健康的影响(二)哺乳对乳母健康的影响 1.1.近期影响近期影响 (1 1)促进产后子宫恢复:)促进产后子宫恢复:(2 2)避免发生乳房肿胀和乳腺炎)避免发生乳房肿胀和乳腺炎 (3 3)延长恢复排卵的时间间隔)延长恢复排卵的时间间隔 2.2.远期
22、影响远期影响 (1 1)哺乳与肥胖的关系)哺乳与肥胖的关系(lactation and obesity)(lactation and obesity):(2 2)哺乳与骨质疏松的关系)哺乳与骨质疏松的关系(lactation and osteopo(lactation and osteopor rotic)otic)(3 3)哺乳与乳腺癌的关系)哺乳与乳腺癌的关系(lactation and breast cancer)(lactation and breast cancer)(三)(三)Nutritional requirement of lactation1Energy:RNI:incre
23、ase 2090kJ(500kcal)2Protein:RNI:increase 20g3Lipids:20%25%4Minerals:(1)calcium:AI 1200mg/d (2)Iron:AI 25mg/d。(3)Iodine and zinc:AI 200g/d,21.5mg/d 5.Vitamine:6Water:increment 1LnutrientRNInutrientRNIVA1200g RE/d VB11.8mg/d VD 10g/dVB21.7mg/dVE14mg-TE/dnicotinic acid(烟酸烟酸)18mg/dVC130mg/d(四)哺乳期的合理膳食原则
24、(四)哺乳期的合理膳食原则中国居民膳食指南中国居民膳食指南中关于乳母的膳食指南特别强调:中关于乳母的膳食指南特别强调:保证供给充足的能量;保证供给充足的能量;增加鱼、肉、蛋、奶和海增加鱼、肉、蛋、奶和海产品的摄入。产品的摄入。1 1产褥期膳食产褥期膳食 2 2乳母的合理膳食原则乳母的合理膳食原则 第二节第二节 特殊年龄人群的营养与膳食特殊年龄人群的营养与膳食Nutrition and diet of populations in specific age一、一、Nutrition and diet of infants(一)(一)physiological characteristics 1G
25、rowth and development 2Digestion and absorption 3.Renal system 4Brain and nervous system1.1.唾液分泌量少,唾液中淀粉酶的含量低,不利于消化淀粉。唾液分泌量少,唾液中淀粉酶的含量低,不利于消化淀粉。2.2.婴幼儿咀嚼食物的能力较差。婴幼儿咀嚼食物的能力较差。3.3.由于胃幽门括约肌发育良好,贲门括约肌发育不良,易引起溢乳和呕吐。由于胃幽门括约肌发育良好,贲门括约肌发育不良,易引起溢乳和呕吐。4.4.婴幼儿肠壁屏蔽功能较差,肠腔中微生物、毒素以及过敏物质可渗入婴幼儿肠壁屏蔽功能较差,肠腔中微生物、毒素以及过
26、敏物质可渗入肠壁进入血液而致病。肠壁进入血液而致病。食物在肠腔内时间较长,有利于食物的消化吸收食物在肠腔内时间较长,有利于食物的消化吸收;发生大便滞留或功能性肠梗阻发生大便滞留或功能性肠梗阻5.5.胆汁分泌较少,影响脂肪的消化吸收。胆汁分泌较少,影响脂肪的消化吸收。6.6.肠激酶和肽酶,有助于蛋白质的消化和吸收。肠激酶和肽酶,有助于蛋白质的消化和吸收。7.7.胰淀粉酶分泌少量胰淀粉酶分泌少量,胰脂酶含量较少胰脂酶含量较少,脂肪消化能力较弱,但胰蛋白酶和脂肪消化能力较弱,但胰蛋白酶和 胰凝乳酶在出生时已很充足。乳糖酶和蔗糖酶,有利于乳糖和蔗糖的吸收胰凝乳酶在出生时已很充足。乳糖酶和蔗糖酶,有利于
27、乳糖和蔗糖的吸收the potential renal solute load:PRSL肾溶质负荷肾溶质负荷(二)(二)Nutritional requirments in infants1Energy:(4 4)生长发育消耗能量)生长发育消耗能量energy consumptionenergy consumption2Protein(1 1)基础代谢)基础代谢 basal metabolismbasal metabolism(2 2)食物特殊动力作用)食物特殊动力作用specific dynamic actionspecific dynamic action(3 3)活动)活动activit
28、y:activity:(5 5)排泄消耗)排泄消耗excretion consumptionexcretion consumption3LipidsRNI:RNI:婴儿为婴儿为1.51.53.0g/3.0g/(kgkgd d),),1 12 2岁幼儿为岁幼儿为35g/d35g/d,2 23 3岁幼儿为岁幼儿为40g/d40g/d。6 6月龄以内为月龄以内为45%45%50%50%,6 6月龄月龄2 2岁为岁为35%35%40%40%,2 2岁以上为岁以上为30%30%35%35%。4.carbohydrate:40%40%50%50%,随着年龄增长,碳水化合物供,随着年龄增长,碳水化合物供能占
29、总能量的比例上升至能占总能量的比例上升至50%50%60%60%。(1)Calcium:(2)Iron:low iron in human milk(3)zinc:(4)VA:(5)VD:(6)Other nutrient:硫胺素硫胺素(thiamine)(thiamine)、核黄素、核黄素(riboflavin)(riboflavin)和尼克酸和尼克酸(nicotinic acid),VC VE(nicotinic acid),VC VE 5Minerals and vitamins(三)婴幼儿喂养(三)婴幼儿喂养(infants feeding)(infants feeding)1婴儿喂养
30、方式婴儿喂养方式母乳喂养(母乳喂养(breast feedingbreast feeding)人工喂养(人工喂养(bottle feedingbottle feeding)混合喂养(混合喂养(mixture feedingmixture feeding)(l)breast feeding:1 1)营养成分最适合婴儿的需要,消化吸收利用率高:)营养成分最适合婴儿的需要,消化吸收利用率高:母乳以乳清蛋母乳以乳清蛋(lactalbumin(lactalbumin)白为主,酪蛋白(白为主,酪蛋白(caseincasein););母乳中必需氨基酸比例适当,牛磺酸含量较高;母乳中必需氨基酸比例适当,牛磺酸
31、含量较高;母乳中含有乳脂酶;母乳中含有乳脂酶;母乳中富含乳糖(母乳中富含乳糖(lactoselactose););母乳中的矿物质含量明显低于牛乳;母乳中的矿物质含量明显低于牛乳;母乳铁和锌的生物利用率都高于牛乳。母乳铁和锌的生物利用率都高于牛乳。2)Anti-infective properties:Secretory IgA prevents adherence of viruses and bacteria to mucosal cells allow destruction of pathogens by the phagocytic components lactoferrin fac
32、ilitate absorption of some nutrients inhibit microorganism growth and multiplicationbreast feeding3 3)不容易发生过敏)不容易发生过敏Unreadily develop allergy in infants4 4)经济、方便、卫生)经济、方便、卫生Low cost、convenience、clean5 5)促进产后恢复、增进母婴交流)促进产后恢复、增进母婴交流Facilitate recovery of postpartum and mother-infant communication:bre
33、ast feeding(2)Bottle feeding:对乳类蛋白质过敏的患儿则可选用以对乳类蛋白质过敏的患儿则可选用以大豆为蛋白质来大豆为蛋白质来源的配方奶粉源的配方奶粉 苯丙酮尿症患儿要选用苯丙酮尿症患儿要选用限制苯丙氨酸的奶粉限制苯丙氨酸的奶粉 乳糖不耐症乳糖不耐症(的患儿要选用的患儿要选用去乳糖的配方奶粉去乳糖的配方奶粉 (3)mixture feeding采用补授法采用补授法(supplemental feeding),即先喂母乳,不足时再喂以其他乳品,即先喂母乳,不足时再喂以其他乳品1)婴儿配方奶粉配制的要求和特点:增加脱盐乳清粉或降低牛奶酪蛋白。增加脱盐乳清粉或降低牛奶酪蛋白。
34、添加与母乳同型的活性顺式亚油酸和适量添加与母乳同型的活性顺式亚油酸和适量-亚麻酸亚麻酸 -乳糖和乳糖和-乳糖按乳糖按4:64:6的比例添加,适当加入可溶性多糖;的比例添加,适当加入可溶性多糖;脱去牛奶中部分脱去牛奶中部分CaCa、P P、NaNa盐,将盐,将K/NaK/Na比例调整至比例调整至2.52.53.03.0、Ca/PCa/P比例调整至比例调整至2 2,以减少肾溶质负荷并促进钙的吸收,以减少肾溶质负荷并促进钙的吸收 配方奶粉中通常应强化配方奶粉中通常应强化VAVA、VDVD及适量的其他维生素,及适量的其他维生素,对牛乳蛋白过敏的婴儿,可用大豆蛋白作为蛋白质来源生产配方奶粉,对牛乳蛋白过
35、敏的婴儿,可用大豆蛋白作为蛋白质来源生产配方奶粉,以避免过敏症的发生。以避免过敏症的发生。2 2断奶过渡期喂养断奶过渡期喂养 Feeding during weaning transition period 1 1)淀粉类辅食)淀粉类辅食 starch complement:starch complement:2 2)蛋白质类辅食)蛋白质类辅食 protein complement:protein complement:3 3)维生素、矿物质类辅食)维生素、矿物质类辅食 vitamin and minerals complementvitamin and minerals complement
36、:4 4)能量类辅食)能量类辅食 complementing energy foodscomplementing energy foods:二、学龄前儿童营养与膳食二、学龄前儿童营养与膳食Nutrition and diet of pre-school children Digestion and absorption in preschool children enable them to consume the same foods as adults but nutrient needs and feeding skills are different.Preschool childre
37、n do not consume food overnight,therefore should be fed three meals a day and perhaps two between-meal snacks.All over the world children seem reluctant to eat leafy vegetables(二)(二)Nutritional requirment of pre-school children Energy:fat intakes reduce from 35%40%to 30%35%Calcium:AI 800mg/dIron:AI
38、12mg/dIodine:RNI 90g/dZinc:RNI 12mg/d四、青少年营养与膳食四、青少年营养与膳食Nutrition and diet of adolescence 三、学龄儿童的营养与膳食三、学龄儿童的营养与膳食Nutrition and diet of school childrenNutritional problems in children and adolescents:Failure to thrive(FTT)生长停滞生长停滞 obesity 肥胖肥胖Iron deficiency anaemia 铁缺乏铁缺乏Anorexia 厌食症厌食症五、老年营养与膳食五、
39、老年营养与膳食Nutrition and diet in older people(一)Physiological characteristics:1 1基础代谢率(基础代谢率(BMRBMR)2 2心血管系统功能心血管系统功能3 3消化系统功能消化系统功能4 4体成分改变体成分改变 5 5代谢功能降低代谢功能降低6 6体内氧化损伤体内氧化损伤7 7免疫功能下降免疫功能下降(二)(二)Nutritional requirements of older people 1.Energy 2.Protein:1.01.2g/kg,蛋白质供能占总能量的,蛋白质供能占总能量的12%14%。3.Fat:脂肪
40、供能占膳食总能量的脂肪供能占膳食总能量的20%30%为宜为宜 4.Carbohydrate:能量占总能量能量占总能量55%65%为宜为宜 5.Minerals:calcium(AI):1000mg/d iron(AI):15mg/d sodium:6g/d6.Vitamine第三节第三节 运动员的营养与膳食运动员的营养与膳食(Nutrition and diet of athletes)(一)Physiological characteristics:1.心血管系统心血管系统(cardiovascular system)2.2.神经系统神经系统 (nervous system)4 4免疫系统免
41、疫系统 (immune system)3消化系统消化系统(digestive system)5内分泌系统内分泌系统(endocrine system)二、运动员的营养需要二、运动员的营养需要Dietary considerations for sport and exercise(一)(一)Energy:多数项目的运动员每天能量需要量在多数项目的运动员每天能量需要量在14.614.619.6MJ19.6MJ范围内,范围内,如果按体重计算,在如果按体重计算,在210210280kJ/kg280kJ/kg范围。范围。(二)(二)Protein:支链氨基酸包括缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸支链氨基酸包括缬
42、氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸 1.1.降低大脑的降低大脑的5 5羟色胺的产生,可减轻脑力疲劳;羟色胺的产生,可减轻脑力疲劳;2.2.减缓肌肉疲劳,加速恢复;减缓肌肉疲劳,加速恢复;3.3.支链氨基酸刺激胰岛素的产生,促进肌肉显著增加蛋白合支链氨基酸刺激胰岛素的产生,促进肌肉显著增加蛋白合成,降低分解代谢。成,降低分解代谢。蛋白质的摄入水平根据不同运动有所区别(蛋白质的摄入水平根据不同运动有所区别(12121616)。)。(六)(六)Minerals:研究证实,钠、钾、钙和镁在维持神经信息传导和肌肉研究证实,钠、钾、钙和镁在维持神经信息传导和肌肉收缩中起着重要的作用。收缩中起着重要的作用。(三)(三)
43、Fat:能量密度高、体积小、增加饱腹感能量密度高、体积小、增加饱腹感 ,节约糖原和蛋白质的作用,节约糖原和蛋白质的作用,我国推荐运动员脂肪的摄入量占总能量的我国推荐运动员脂肪的摄入量占总能量的25%25%30%30%,游泳和冰雪项目可增加,游泳和冰雪项目可增加至至35%35%。(四)(四)Carbohydrates:我国推荐运动员膳食碳水化合物提供的能量占总能量我国推荐运动员膳食碳水化合物提供的能量占总能量的的55%55%65%65%,高强度、高耐力和缺氧运动项目可增至,高强度、高耐力和缺氧运动项目可增至70%70%。(五)(五)Water:由于运动而引起体内水分和电解质丢失过多的现象称之为由
44、于运动而引起体内水分和电解质丢失过多的现象称之为运动性脱水(运动性脱水(exercise induced dehydration)(七)(七)Vitamin:运动训练使胃肠道对维生素吸收功能下降;体内维生素代运动训练使胃肠道对维生素吸收功能下降;体内维生素代谢周转速率加快;汗液、尿液中维生素排出量增加;大运动量训练使得维生谢周转速率加快;汗液、尿液中维生素排出量增加;大运动量训练使得维生素需求量增加等。素需求量增加等。第四节第四节 特殊环境人群的营养与膳食特殊环境人群的营养与膳食 一、高温环境人群的营养与膳食一、高温环境人群的营养与膳食高温环境(高温环境(high temperature en
45、vironment)是指)是指35以以上的生活环境和上的生活环境和32以上或气温在以上或气温在30以上、相对湿度以上、相对湿度超过超过80%的工作环境,如夏季野外作业、炼钢、集训和的工作环境,如夏季野外作业、炼钢、集训和行军等。行军等。(一)Physiological characteristics:2.心血管系统心血管系统(cardiovascular system)4.4.神经系统神经系统 (nervous system)5 5免疫系统免疫系统 (immune system)3消化系统消化系统(digestive system)1 水电解质代谢水电解质代谢(water electrolyt
46、es)第四节第四节 特殊环境人群的营养与膳食特殊环境人群的营养与膳食一、一、High temperature environment(二)对能量和营养素(二)对能量和营养素代谢的影响代谢的影响(三)膳食营养需要(三)膳食营养需要 Energy:Protein:Fat、CarbohydratesWater、mineralsVitamin碳水化合物供能不低于总能量的碳水化合物供能不低于总能量的58%,58%,脂肪占总能量的脂肪占总能量的20%20%25%25%,不宜超过,不宜超过30%30%温度超过温度超过3030时,环境温度每升高时,环境温度每升高11,能量推荐摄入量应增加能量推荐摄入量应增加0
47、.5%0.5%蛋白质可达总能量的蛋白质可达总能量的12%12%High temperature environment(二)对能量和营养素(二)对能量和营养素代谢的影响代谢的影响(三)膳食营养需要(三)膳食营养需要 Energy:Protein:Fat、CarbohydratesWater、mineralsVitamin碳水化合物约碳水化合物约50%50%,脂肪脂肪35%35%40%40%能量推荐摄入量提高能量推荐摄入量提高10%10%15%15%蛋白质可达总能量的蛋白质可达总能量的13%13%15%15%二、二、低温环境低温环境(Cold environment)人群的营养与膳食人群的营养与
48、膳食提供富含提供富含B B族维生素和维生素族维生素和维生素A A的食物的食物 低温环境比常温环境增加低温环境比常温环境增加30%30%50%50%。一般建议每人摄入量约为一般建议每人摄入量约为151520g/d20g/d 5Minerals and vitamins(1)Calcium:35mg/100ml(2)Iron:0.1mg/100ml low iron in human milk(3)zinc:0.3mg/100ml(4)VA:60ug/100ml(5)VD:0.04ug/100ml(6)Other:重点内容:n妊娠期、哺乳期的生理特点及其营养需妊娠期、哺乳期的生理特点及其营养需要;要;n妊娠期营养对母体和胎儿的影响;妊娠期营养对母体和胎儿的影响;n母乳喂养的优点;母乳喂养的优点;n老年人的营养需要。老年人的营养需要。
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