第十六讲虚拟式-精选教育课件.ppt

1、He looks as if he could_.read papersI wish I could_.Chains practiceIf my students were as sleepy as they are,I would be very sad;If I were very sad,I would call their parents;If I called their parents,my students would be sad,too;If they were sad,they couldnt learn English well”I.概述概述语气语气(mood)是动词的一

2、种形式是动词的一种形式,它表示动词它表示动词的作用和说话人对动作或状态的态度。的作用和说话人对动作或状态的态度。英语动词有三种语气英语动词有三种语气:陈述语气、陈述语气、(the Indicative Mood)祈使语气祈使语气(the Imperative Mood)和虚拟语气。和虚拟语气。虚拟语气虚拟语气(subjunctive Mood)表示动作或状表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿而是说话人的主观愿望望,假设或推测。假设或推测。谓语动词形式谓语动词形式所指时间所指时间 从从 句句主主 句句现现 在在 过过 去去将将 来来should/would/c

3、ould/might do had done should do 或或 did 或或were to+doshould/would/might/could/have doneII.虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法should/would/could/might doIII.虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法举例虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法举例:1.1.表示对现在情况的虚拟表示对现在情况的虚拟:If he had time,he would/could/might go with you.If I were you,I should/would/could/might tell him the tru

4、th.2.2.表示对过去情况的虚拟表示对过去情况的虚拟:If I had had the money last year,I should/would/could/might have bought a house.He would/could/might/have telephoned you immediately,if he had won the game.3.3.表示对将来情况的虚拟表示对将来情况的虚拟:If he should come/came/were to come,I should/would/could/might ask him about it.If there sh

5、ould be/were/were to be something wrong,they would/could/might let you know at once.If 的省略的省略如果条件从句中有如果条件从句中有were,had 或或 should,可以可以把把 if 省略省略,把这几个词放到主语之前把这几个词放到主语之前,构成主构成主谓倒装谓倒装,如如:If I were you,I would not do it.If I were to meet him tomorrow,I should ask him about it.If I had time,I would go.Were

6、 I you,Were I to meet him tomorrow,Had I time,If he had been more careful,such mistakes could have been avoided.If you should change your mind,no one would blame you.=Had he been more careful,=Should you change your mind,错综时间非真实条件句错综时间非真实条件句在非真实条件句中在非真实条件句中,主句与从句所指的时间通常一主句与从句所指的时间通常一致的致的,但有时可能不一致但有时

7、可能不一致,这种句子被称为错综时间这种句子被称为错综时间非真实条件句非真实条件句(unreal conditional sentence of mixed time).这种句子需根据句意来选择适当的虚拟形式这种句子需根据句意来选择适当的虚拟形式,如如:He would be dead now if the doctor had not operated on him right away.If I were rich,I would have bought a house last year.Exercise-Did you submit(递交递交)your application for a

8、 Masters degree?-Not yet.If I _ to seen my father,I would have.A.didnt go B.havent gone C.wouldnt have gone D.hadnt gone2.-Do you think the thief entered through the garage door?-No,if he had,I dont believe _ broken the living room window.A.would he have B.he had C.he would have D.he has3._,Id have

9、told you.A.If I would have known it B.If I had have known it C.Had I known it D.Should I know it 4.-_ it rain tomorrow,what would I do?-Dont worry,it promises to be fine.A.Shall B.Should C.Were D.HadIV.虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法1.1.在主语从句中的用法在主语从句中的用法虚拟语气常使用在以虚拟语气常使用在以It is/was 开头的复合句的主语开头的复合句的主语从句

10、中从句中,表示命令表示命令,要求要求,建议等建议等,谓语动词为谓语动词为should be 或或be型虚拟形式型虚拟形式:It is important that every member(should)inform himself of these rules.It is our wish that he(should)recover soon.It is decided that the meeting(should)be postponed till next Monday.常用于主句中的常用于主句中的adj.n.和和 v(p.p)有有:important,necessary,natur

11、al,strange,a pity,a shame,no wonder,best,better,desirable(称心如意的称心如意的),fitting(适合的适合的),important,preferable(更好的更好的),proper,decided(无疑的无疑的,果断的果断的),ordered(井然有序的井然有序的,有规律的有规律的),recommended,requested,required,insisted,proposed 等等Exercise It is requested that each question _(answer).It is imperative that

12、 you _(not seen)here.3.It was dicided at that time the search _(terminate).4.It was ordered that no smoking _(allow)in the library.5.It is necessary that the customs of all nations _(respect).(should)be answered(should)not be seen(should)be terminated(should)be allowed(should)be respected2.在宾语从句中的用法

13、在宾语从句中的用法虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法主要有三种情况虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法主要有三种情况:在某些动词后的宾语从句中在某些动词后的宾语从句中:表示命令表示命令,要求要求,建议建议,形式为形式为should do 型或型或do 型型,如如:He insisted that his daughter(should)come.He ordered that the letter(should)be mailed at once.The laws requires that everyone(should)take a test for a drivers license.常用于主语的谓语动词

14、有常用于主语的谓语动词有:ask,decide,demand,desire,insist,move,order,prefer,propose,request,require,suggest,urge等等.但注意：在但注意：在insistinsist后的从句中后的从句中,如果是坚持自己如果是坚持自己,用用陈述气陈述气,坚持别人做什么事情坚持别人做什么事情,用虚拟语气用虚拟语气.l3.sheinsiststhatsheisright.3.sheinsiststhatsheisright.l4.sheinsistedthatIshouldfinishthework now.4.sheinsisted

15、thatIshouldfinishthework now.或者说，或者说，suggest,insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时，宾语从句即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时，宾语从句陈述语气。陈述语气。判断改错判断改错:11.Youpalefacesuggeststhatyou(should)beill.12.Yourpalefacesuggeststhatyouareill.13.Iinsistedthatyou(should)bewrong.14.Iinsistedthatyouwerewrong.在以在以 it

16、为形式宾语的复合宾语从为形式宾语的复合宾语从句中句中:表示要求表示要求,建议等建议等,谓语动词为谓语动词为should be 型或型或be 型型,如如:I think it advisable(明智的明智的)that he(should)have his car serviced.We consider it imperative(必须的必须的)that a meeting(should)be held immediately.常在主句中作宾语补语的常在主句中作宾语补语的adj.,与主语从句中使与主语从句中使用虚拟语气主句中的用虚拟语气主句中的adj.相同相同.在动词在动词wish的宾语从句中

17、的宾语从句中:表示与现在或过去的表示与现在或过去的事实相反事实相反,或对于将来的主观愿望或对于将来的主观愿望,从句通常省略从句通常省略that.1)表示对现在情况的虚拟表示对现在情况的虚拟:用用were were 虚拟形式虚拟形式,如如:I wish I knew his address.(=I am sorry I dont know his address.I wish it were summer now.表示对现在情况的虚拟的直接引语表示对现在情况的虚拟的直接引语,在变成间接引语在变成间接引语时动词形式不变时动词形式不变,如如:“I wish my brother didnt live

18、 so far,”he said.He said he wished his brother didnt live so far.2)表示对过去情况的虚拟表示对过去情况的虚拟:通常用通常用had done 型虚拟型虚拟形式形式,如如:I wished I hadnt spent so much money.=(I was sorry I had spent so much money.)They wish they had not lost the chance.3)表示对将来的主观愿望表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词为谓语动词为would/could +v 原形原形.I wish it wou

19、ld stop raining.I wish prices would come down.I wish I could go.Exercise I wish I _(tell)him the truth months ago.They proposed that this matter _(consider)at the next meeting.He recommended that everyone _(buy)this dictionary.John insisted that the work _(finish)by the middle of June.had told(shoul

20、d)be considered(should)buy(should)be finished3.在表语从句中的用法在表语从句中的用法虚拟语气在表语从句中的用法主要有两种情况虚拟语气在表语从句中的用法主要有两种情况:从句以从句以that that 引导引导,主句的主语为表示命令主句的主语为表示命令,建议建议,计划等的名词计划等的名词,从句的谓语为从句的谓语为should be should be 型或型或be be 型虚拟形式型虚拟形式,如如:The doctors advice is that the patient(should)be kept quiet.Our suggestion is

21、that you(should)be the first to go.常用作主句主语的名词有常用作主句主语的名词有:aim,advice,demand,desire,idea,order,plan,recommendation,requirement,suggestion,wish等等.从句以从句以as if/as though 引导引导,主句的主句的谓语动词为连系动词谓语动词为连系动词:1)1)从句用从句用diddid型虚拟形式型虚拟形式:表示从句的动作与主句的动表示从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生作同时发生,如如:You look as if you had a toothache.She

22、looked as though she were fainting.2)2)从句用从句用had been had been 型虚拟形式型虚拟形式:表示从句的动作表示从句的动作先于主句的动作的发生先于主句的动作的发生,如如:He looks as if he had been ill.以以as if/as though 引导的从句如果不是表示引导的从句如果不是表示虚拟虚拟,而是表示可能的事实而是表示可能的事实,则从句中的谓语则从句中的谓语动词要用陈述语气动词要用陈述语气.4.在同位语从句中的用法在同位语从句中的用法:在表示命令在表示命令,建议建议,计划等的名词后同位语从句计划等的名词后同位语从

23、句中中,谓语动词用谓语动词用should be 型或型或be 型型,如如:The suggestion that students(should)learn something practical is worth considering.Do you know the order that you(should)keep watch.常与从句同位的名词有常与从句同位的名词有:aim,demand,desire,idea,order,plan,recommendation,regulation,requirement,suggestion,wish 等等.Exercise Her desire

24、 was that this _(not mention)any more.My suggestion is that he _(ask)to resign.His suggestion is that they _(wait)till next week.Do you know the order that you _(come)early?My advice is that we _(send)for Doctor Lee.(should)not be mentioned(should)be asked(should)wait(should)come(should)sendV.V.虚拟语气

25、在定语从句中的用法虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法虚拟语气用于定语从句的情况高要见于虚拟语气用于定语从句的情况高要见于It is(high)time that 后后,谓语动谓语动词用词用were 型虚拟形式型虚拟形式,关系词关系词that 常常省略省略,如如:Its time you werent here.Its high time that you should go.Its high time the weather improved.Its(about/high)time+that-过去时should+V.VI.在状语从句中的用法在状语从句中的用法1.在让步状语从句中的用法在让步状语从句中的

26、用法虚拟语气在让步状语从句中的用法主要有以下三种虚拟语气在让步状语从句中的用法主要有以下三种情况情况:1)从句由从句由even if/even though 引导引导:主句和从句都用主句和从句都用虚拟语气虚拟语气,形式与条件句相同形式与条件句相同,即即,如指时间为现在或将如指时间为现在或将来来,则从句为则从句为were 型型,主句为主句为should/would be 型型,如如所指时间为过去所指时间为过去,则从句用则从句用had been 型型,主句用主句用should/would have been 型型,如如:Even if my mother were here,I should sa

27、y the same thing.Even though it had been a rainy day,I should have gone to see him.2)主句用陈述语气主句用陈述语气,从句用从句用be 型虚拟形式型虚拟形式However hard it rain,we shall go home tonight.Whether this succeed or fail,it will not matter to him.Be this succeed or fail，it will。3)当从句用当从句用though/although 引导引导,从句还可用从句还可用were 型或

28、型或should be 型型,主句可用陈述语气主句可用陈述语气.This gave me some faint hopes of relief,although I were not able to imagine how it could be brought out.Though the whole world should condemn him,I will still believe in him.2.在方式状语从句中的用法在方式状语从句中的用法He treats me as if I were a stranger.Why is she looking at me as thoug

29、h she had seen me before.They talked as if they had been friends for yearsas if/though+Clause现在：过去：过去时过去完成时3.在目的状语从句中的用法在目的状语从句中的用法虚拟语气在目的状语从句中的用法主要有两种情虚拟语气在目的状语从句中的用法主要有两种情况况:1)从句以从句以in order that 或或so that 引导引导,动词用动词用should be 型虚拟形式型虚拟形式,如如:They are climbing higher so that/in order that they shoul

30、d/might/could get a better view.She averted her face so that/in order that the child should/might not see her tears.2)从句以从句以in case,for fear(that),lest 引导引导,表表示否定目的示否定目的,动词用动词用should be 型或型或be 型虚拟型虚拟形式形式,如如:He took an umbrella with him in case/for fear/lest he(should)be caught in the rain.She hurrie

31、d on,in case/for fear/lest Jack(should)meet her again.以以in case 引导的从句还常用陈述语气引导的从句还常用陈述语气;以以for fear(that)引导的从句谓语还可用情态动词引导的从句谓语还可用情态动词may,might 和和would.Exercise He worked hard,otherwise he _ the entrance exam.A.didnt pass B.couldnt pass C.hadnt passed D.couldnt have passed2.Blasts of wind pounded the

32、 house,shaking it as if it _ cardboard box.A.had been B.is C.were D.would be3.He put his coat over his daughter for fear that she _ a cold.A.will catch B.had caught C.should catch D.caughtDCC4.The whole family greeted me as though I _ a member of the family.A.was B.were C.would be D.should be5.Even

33、if I _ with you then,I _ much for you.A.would be would not do B.were should not have done C.had been would not do D.had been should not have done6.It is high time that you _ the bus.A.had caught B.caught C.will catch D.catchBDBVII.虚拟语气在表示某种感情的各种从句中的虚拟语气在表示某种感情的各种从句中的用法用法虚拟语气还可以在某些从句中表示主句主语的虚拟语气还可以在某

34、些从句中表示主句主语的惊奇惊奇,欣慰欣慰,失望失望,疑惑等感情疑惑等感情.1.在主语从句中在主语从句中:谓语动词通常用谓语动词通常用should be 型或型或should have been 型型,主句的句型为主句的句型为“It is/was+adj.”It is strange that he should feel so angry.It was extraordinary to me that you should have seen this.常用于主句的常用于主句的adj.有有:amazing,curious,peculiar,regrettable,remarkable,disa

35、ppointing,pleasing,strange,surprising 等等,另外还可以用名词短语另外还可以用名词短语 a pity,a shame等等.2.在宾语从句中在宾语从句中1)在某些动词后的宾语从句中在某些动词后的宾语从句中:谓语动词通常为谓语动词通常为should be 型或型或should have been 型型,如如:I regret that she should be so stubborn.We never expected that he should have forgotten that.常用于主句的动词有常用于主句的动词有:puzzle,regret,won

36、der 以及用于否以及用于否定式和疑问式的定式和疑问式的believe,expect,think等等.2)在在would rather/had rather 后的宾语从句中后的宾语从句中:谓语动词用谓语动词用were 型型,如如:I would/had rather you came tomorrow(than)today.Id rather you didnt do it.2.用于以用于以if only或或as if 引导的简单句中引导的简单句中,谓语谓语动词常用动词常用did型或型或had done型虚拟形式型虚拟形式,如如:If only she didnt drive so fast.

37、If only the photo werent missing.If only I had arrived in time!As if you didnt know that.As if I cared!但愿她不开那么快但愿她不开那么快.但愿那张照片没丢失但愿那张照片没丢失.我要是及时到达该多我要是及时到达该多好啊好啊!好像你不知道那件好像你不知道那件事似的事似的.我才不在乎呢我才不在乎呢.2.would rather that现在：过去：未来：过去时过去完成时过去时I would rather you paid me now.I would rather you had gone,too.

38、Dont come.I would rather you came tomorrow.Without,but for和和in the absence of构成虚拟。构成虚拟。but for要不是要不是Without sunlight,peoples life would be different from today.But for your help,I wouldnt have finished the work.Without your help,I would have failed.But for water,it would be impossible to live in the

39、 desert.Exercise“I met Tom and told him about our plan.”“I would rather you _ him about it.”A.hadnt told B.not to tell C.didnt tell D.not to have told2.Without his assistance,I _ the research last year.A.must not have completed B.would not have completed C.could not finish D.should not finish3.But for your coming,I _ very lonely last night.A.were B.should be C.would be D.should have beenABD