国际货物运输InternationalCargoTranport-课件.ppt

1、Chapter 6Objectives the different modes of transport,esp.ocean transport the nature of liner transport general considerations on cargo transport the various kinds of B/L the contents of the transport clauseFocus The time of delivery Shipment termsDifficult pointsApplication of transport documents 国际

2、贸易实务 第6章 Modes of transport(ocean transport)Transport documents1 6.1.Modes of Transport 6.2.General Considerations on Cargo Transport 6.3.Major Transport Documents 6.4.Clause of Shipment 2vWhat are the major types of transportation?vCan you describe the advantages and disadvantages of the modes of t

3、ransportation you have mentioned?vWhat should we consider when choosing a certain mode of transportation?34Overview Transport aids trade greatly.By moving goods from places in one country where they are sold to places in another where they are bought,transport helps to bring about the realization of

4、 a transaction.Transport is indispensable to import and export business.In international trade,both the seller and the buyer should negotiate and stipulate the terms and conditions of the shipment clause,such as shipment date,port of shipment and destination,partial shipment,transshipment,etc.Withou

5、t specific stipulations of the shipment clause in the sales contract,some disputes would arise from the performance of the sales contract and lead to serious outcome.The seller delivers the contracted goods at the agreed time,place and in the agreed manner to the buyer.In international trade,the del

6、ivery also means to transport the necessary documents at the stipulated time to the buyer.The former is called physical delivery of goods,which is applied in sales under E terms and D terms,while the later is called symbolic delivery of goods,which is applied in the sales under F terms and D terms.5

7、6.1.Modes of Transport(International Cargo Transportation)Inland Trans.Water Trans.Container Trans.River-sea Costal Trans.Combined Sea Trans.Inshore Trans.Trans.Land Bridge Trans.Ocean-going Trans.ICT Intl Multimodal Trans.Rail Trans.Land Trans.Air Trans.Road Trans.Pipe Trans.Postal Trans.6 (1)Featu

8、res of ocean transport(2)Operational modes of ocean transport(3)Freight Rates71.Ocean/Sea/Marine TransportFeatures of Ocean Transport Advantages:The easy passage since about 70%of the earth is covered by water.Large capacity.The unit distribution cost reduced.Good adaptability to cargoes of differen

9、t size,weight,shape,etc.Disadvantages:The low passage of ocean transport.Vulnerable to bad weather and less punctual compared with road or air transport.81)Liner Transport（班轮运输）班轮运输）A passenger or cargo vessel that operates over a regular route according to an advertised time-table.Features fixed ro

10、ute,ports,schedule and relatively fixed freight loading and unloading charges included in freight simple procedures and ideal for cargo of small quantityTypes of Shipping Services92)Charter Transport 租船运输租船运输 （Tramp Shipping)不定期船运输不定期船运输 The practice of paying money to a shipping company to use thei

11、r boats.v Much cheaper than that of the liner.v Shippers may choose direct route.v Widely used in transporting bulk cargoes.10Charter Transport Voyage Charter Time CharterBareboat Charter.The charter or hiring of a vessel and crew for a single voyagesingle trip charter 单航次租船 return trip charter 来回程航

12、次租船consecutive voyages 连续航次程租The charter of a ship for a definite period of time.The ship owner is responsible for providing seaworthy ship and the related charges.The renter has the right to dispatch the ship,but bear all expenditures in transit,such as charges for fuels,port and loading&unloading.

13、A ship without crew and ships masterThe charterer is responsible for crewing,provisioning and fuelling,maintaining and even paying different taxes or duties within a period of time,usually a number of years 1112 Freight is a special unit used in calculating charges that must be paid for shipping the

14、 cargo.Freight is collected in different ways.Shippers should be familiar with them in order to estimate and reduce,if possible,the cost of transport.Ocean freight may be broadly divided into liner freight and charter freight.Ocean FreightLiner FreightBasic freight rates1）Weight重量法重量法:for items mark

15、ed with“W”in the tariff,the freight thereon are to be calculated per metric ton on weight(weight ton).2)Measurement体积法体积法:for items marked with“M”,the freight is to be calculated per cubic meter on measurement of the cargo (measurement ton).3)Ad Val.从价法从价法:for items marked with“AD Val.”,the freight

16、is to be calculated on the basis of the price or value of the cargo concerned.For some valuable goods like gold,silver,expensive fur,usually 1-5%of the price.4)Weight or Measurement，W/M or Ad val，W/M plus ad val（选择法）选择法）5）Per Head、Per Unit（按件法）按件法）6）Open Rate 议定法议定法13Surcharges bunker surcharge/bunk

17、er adjustment factor(B.A.F.燃料附加费)devaluation surcharge/currency adjustment factor(C.A.F.货币 贬值附加费)transshipment surcharge direct additional heavy lift additional port additional/port surcharge port congestion surcharge deviation surcharge(绕航附加费)14 How to calculate liner freight1.Select relevant freig

18、ht list/freight tariff2.Determine the freight basis and class of the goods3.Find the basic freight in the freight grades list according to the sailing route,port of shipment and destination4.Find the types of receivable surcharges5.Add surcharges to basic rate to get actual freight6.freight=actual f

19、reight x freight ton15Charter freightThe freight rate for charter is usually charged by quantities of the goods carried and fluctuates with market conditions of supply and demand.1)Liner terms/gross terms(班轮条件):the freight includes loading and unloading charges.The ship owner shall be responsible fo

20、r loading and unloading.2)Free in(船方管卸不管装):the ship owner bears the unloading charges,not loading charges.3)Free out(船方管装不管卸):the ship owner bears the loading charges,not the unloading charges.4)Free In and Out(船方装卸均不管):the ship owner bears no unloading and loading charges.5)Free In and Out and Stow

21、ed and Trimmed（船方不管装卸、理舱和平舱）:the ship owner is neither responsible for loading and unloading nor for stowed and trimmed charges.16Operational Procedure of Ocean Transport for Export备货报验审核装运条款货证齐全托运订舱货物集中港区报关放行装 船签发收货单换取已装船提单制单结汇保 险签发装货单报关单据装船通知17v澳大利亚国家航运公司 澳国航运 ANL v美国总统轮船（中国）有限公司 美国总统 APLv波罗的海航运公司

22、 波罗的海 BOLv中国远洋集装箱运输有限公司 中远集运 COSCONv长荣香港有限公司上海办事处 香港长荣 EMC v香港航运有限公司 香港海运 HKMSH v现代商船株式会社上海代表处 现代商船 HMMv川崎汽船（中国）有限公司 川崎汽船 KLINE v上海天海货运有限公司 天海货运 TMSC v东航船务有限公司 东航船务 TOHOv日本邮船有限公司 日本邮船 NYK v东方海外货柜航运有限公司 东方海外 OOCL v上海国际轮渡有限公司 国际轮渡 SFCO v中海发展股份有限公司 中海发展 CSD v中外运（集团）总公司 中外运 SINOTRANS 182.Air Transport A

23、dvantages:High speed Good quality Low risk Competitive insurance premium Disadvantages High cost Low capacity Vulnerable to disruption Sparsely located facilities.19Types of Air Transport ServicesFour categories:Scheduled airlines 班机运输 Chartered carriers 包机运输 Consolidated consignments by freight for

24、warders 集中托运v Air express service/desk to desk service 航空速递(1)Scheduled airlines:operating on a scheduled service,over a fixed airline and between fixed airports,suitable for conveying fresh,emergent and seasonal goods.(2)Chartered carriers:the hire of an aircraft by a shipper or several shippers to

25、 deliver cargoes,ideal for carrying cargoes of large quantities or carrying cargoes of different shippers to the same destination.(3)Consolidated consignments:the air freight forwarder usually assembles a number of individual shipments into one consignment and dispatches them on one air waybill.A co

26、nsolidated shipment made up by several shipments can be dispatched to one common destination.Many shippers prefer this kind of shipment as the freight rate is 7%-10%lower than that of a scheduled airline.(4)Air express service:the express service provided by air freight forwarders specializing in th

27、is line of business between consignors,airports and users,suitable for urgently needed articles and important documents20Airline RatesvAir freight is normally collected according to actual weight for heavy cargo or measurement weight for large volume cargo.The rates are normally quoted per kilogram.

28、The air freight excludes other charges such as customs fees and storage fees.vIn order to stimulate traffic,different types of air freight rates are designed.For instance,General Cargo Rates are the basic rates.Specific Commodity Rates are reduced rates applicable to a wide range of commodities spec

29、ified in the tariff of the carrier.If no commodity rate is available for cargoes like live animals,human remains or valuable cargoes,Classification Rates apply.21Airline RatesvM/W(subject to the higher rate)vFour types of airline rates:-General Cargo Rate(G.C.R.)一般货物运价一般货物运价 -Specific Cargo Rate(S.C

30、.R.)特种货物运价特种货物运价 -Class Rate(C.R.)等级运价等级运价 -Unitized Consignments Rate(U.C.R)vCharacteristics of airline rates:-one-way freight from one airport to another -delivery charges,customs charges and storage charges excluded -publicized in local currency -measurement unit is kilo or pound -fluctuate in li

31、ne with market conditions22The division of responsibilities of the parties concerned in the air freight发货人空运代理航空公司航空公司空运代理收货人责任承担者提货空运代理航空公司空运代理或地面运输公司报关交付航空 运输提货 报关交货23Some Airlines in the World Rail Transport Advantages Large capacity(second to ocean transport)Relatively high speed Economical Rela

32、tively punctual Less prone to interruptions by poor weather Disadvantages Confined to railroad Less flexible24vInternational Railway Through Transport -under one rail consignment note -shipper or consignee not involved when goods are transiting the countries Siberia Transcontinental Railway Eurasia

33、Transcontinental Railway Railway transport to Hong Kong and MacaovDomestic Rail Transport 25Road Transport Advantages Versatile Flexible in operation High distributive ability Disadvantages Low capacity High operating cost High risk of pilferage and damage Complication26ContainerizationContainerizat

34、ion is a method of distributing merchandise in a unitized form,suitable for ocean,rail and multi-modal transport.It is the most modern form of physical international distribution and overall is highly efficient in terms of reliability,cost,quality of service,advanced technology and so on.27Features

35、of containerization:Advantages vIncrease the efficiency of handlingvImprove the transportation qualityvSave operating costsvSimplify delivery formalitiesvPromote multi-modal transportation28Containers and Container TransportThe majority of containers are built to the ISO specification.The 20-foot an

36、d 40-foot containers are most popular.(8 X 8 X 40 and 8 X 8 X 20).The container capacity is measured in TEUs(Twenty-feet Equivalence Units).Containers of other sizes and capacities are also available but not widely used.Three major types of containers:8 X 8 X 40(IA);8.6 X 8 X 40(IAA);8 X 8 X 20(IC)2

37、9Container Transport Containerization offers:a door to door service under FCL/FCL（整装整拆）,door to container freight station(CFS)service under FCL/LCL（整装拼拆）CFS to CFS service under LCL/LCL（拼装拼拆）CFS to door service under LCL/FCL（拼装整拆）30Container Freight v Based on container capacity/origin and destinati

38、on of the merchandisev Inland transportation cost is includedv Based on the type of commodityv For LCL,each commodity is charged separately for the freight 31 International Multi-modal TransportvAt least two modes of transportvOne contract,one transport document,one operator,one freight ratevUse of

39、containers Advantages High efficiency Good quality Cost and time saving Economy and simplicity of documentation326.2.General Considerations on Cargo Transport(1）Reliability(2）Speed and Frequency(3）Cost336.3 Major Transport DocumentsvBill of ladingvConsignment note(for Rail and Road)vAir waybillvComb

40、ined transport documents(CTD)34Bill of Lading(B/L)1.Definition and FunctionA bill of lading is a shipping document that serves as:1)a receipt of the goods(货物收据)2)a document of title(物权凭证)3)the evidence of the contract between the consignor and the carrier(运输契约的证明)35 Bill of lading(B/L)A bill of ladi

41、ng(B/L)is used for sea shipment and is a certificate of ownership of goods.It must be produced at the port of final destination by the importer in order to claim goods.As a document of title,the bill of lading is also a negotiable document and you may sell the goods by endorsing or handing it over t

42、o another authorized party,even while the goods are still at sea.Although negotiable bills of lading are in common use,some countries do not allow them or make it difficult for them to be used.You have to be sure that a negotiable B/L is accepted in your country.Otherwise,a non-negotiable B/L is iss

43、ued.The B/L is a formal,signed receipt for a specified number of packs,which is given to the export agent by the shipping line when the shipping line receives the consignment.If the cargo is apparently in good order and properly packed when received by the shipping line,the bill of lading,is deemed

44、as clean.The ship owner thus accepts full liability for the cargo described in the bill.vSee sample B/L362.Types of B/LAs per whether the goods are shipped on board:vShipped(on board)B/L已装船提单vReceived for shipment B/L备运提单As per whether the B/L is clean or not:vClean B/LvUnclean/Foul B/LUnclean B/L c

45、an not used for negotiation.Some remarks can not be regarded as“unclean”.不明白地表示货物或包装不能令人满意，如：不明白地表示货物或包装不能令人满意，如：“旧包装旧包装”，“旧箱旧箱”强调承运人对于货物或包装性质引起的风险不负责任强调承运人对于货物或包装性质引起的风险不负责任否认承运人知悉货物内容、质量、重量等否认承运人知悉货物内容、质量、重量等发货人装载并计数发货人装载并计数37 提单抬头提单抬头 是否背书是否背书 能否转让能否转让 Straight B/L No endorsementThe consignor can

46、 not transfer.The consignee can if necessary.Blank B/L No endorsement TransferableOrder B/L)order to order to order of shipper to order of consignee to order of bankerBy the consignorBy the consigneeBy the bankTransferable after endorsement.38As per the name of the consigneevStraight B/L记名提单vBlank B

47、/L/Bearer B/L不记名提单vOrder B/L指示提单(widely used)Comparisons As per the modes of transportvDirect B/L直达提单直达提单vTransshipment B/L转船提单转船提单vThrough B/L联运提单联运提单vLiner B/L班轮提单vContainer B/LvCombined B/LAs per the content of the B/LvLong form B/L全式提单vShort form B/L简式提单As per the effect of B/LvOriginal B/L)正本提单

48、vCopy B/L副本提单39 As per the issuing date of B/LvOn deck B/L甲板提单 When cargo is placed on the deck of a ship for delivery,an On Deck B/L is given to the exporter when the ship leaves port.vStale B/L过期提单 Bills presents to the consignee or buyer or his bank after the stipulated expiry date of presentatio

49、n or after the goods are due at the port of destination vAnte-dated B/L倒签提单 When the actual shipment date is later than that stipulated in the L/C,the carrier sometimes,at the shippers request,issues a B/L with a date of signature that suits the requirement so as to avoid non-acceptance by the bank.

50、vAdvanced B/L预借提单 When the expiry date of the L/C is due but the exporter hasnt yet got the goods ready for shipment.The purpose of issuing such a bill is to negotiate payment with the bank in time within the validity of the L/C.40Anti-dated B/L&Advanced B/L 倒签提单和预借提单倒签提单和预借提单被认为是典型的海运欺诈行为。被认为是典型的海运