高考必备语法-动词不定式的讲解及练习课件.pptx

1、动词不定式的用法1动词不定式的结构动词不定式的结构动词不定式的时态及语态动词不定式的时态及语态动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式的句法功能课后练习课后练习2肯定式：to do否定式：not to do 1.动词不定式的结构动词不定式的结构动词不定式的结构动词不定式的结构3 不定式由不定式由“to+to+动词原形动词原形”构成构成,其否定形式是其否定形式是“not/never to donot/never to do”,不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语式短语,没有人称和数没有人称和数的变化的变化,但有但有时态和语态的时态和语态的变化。变化。不定式可以作主语、宾语、状

2、语、表语和定语，但不能不定式可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时用单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for+for+名词或代名词或代词宾语。词宾语。EgEg：He wanted to be a volunteer.He wanted to be a volunteer.He wanted He wanted not not to be a volunteer.to be a volunteer.动词不定式的结构动词不定式的结构42.动词不定式的时态和语态不定式不定式 主动语态主动语态 被动语态被动语态一般式一般式 to do to be done进行式进

3、行式 to be doing _完成式完成式 to have done to have been done完成进行式完成进行式 to have been doing5 1.They pretended not to see us.2.When his mother came in,he pretended to be sleeping.3.She pretended to have known it before.(谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不定式表示的动作正进行，谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不定式表示的动作正进行，这时不定式就要用进行式这时不定式就要用进行式).(一般式表示与谓语的动作

4、（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，一般式表示与谓语的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或是在它之后发生或是在它之后发生）.(完成式的动作发生于谓语动词动作之前完成式的动作发生于谓语动词动作之前)动词不定式的时态和语态动词不定式的时态和语态6不定式的被动式不定式的被动式:如果不定式与所修饰的词构成被动关系时则用被动式。如果不定式与所修饰的词构成被动关系时则用被动式。It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.She preferred to have been given heavier work to do.He thought it

5、an honour to have been invited to the party.The book is said to have been translated into many languages.She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post.动词不定式的时态和语态动词不定式的时态和语态（逻辑主语逻辑主语him 和和critize之间是被动关系之间是被动关系)7做主语做宾语补足语做定语做表语做状语做宾语三.不定式的句法功能8To be a doctor is hard.To learn English wel

6、l is hard.单个分词做主语谓语动词用单数。动词不定式做主语时，为了避免头重脚轻，常用it做形式主语，而把真正主语放在句末。To learn English well is hard=It is hard to learn English well,动词不定式的句法功能9It做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：a)It is+形容词(easy,important,difficult,foolish,inconvenient,unnecessary,right,wrong.)+(for/of sb.)+不定式【例如】It

7、is essential to reserve a table in advance of Christmas Eve.It is not easy to catch fish with your hands only.It is important for us young people to learn English and master it.其中其中adj 修饰的人时候用逻辑注意用修饰的人时候用逻辑注意用of sb,反之修饰反之修饰 to do 时用时用for sb.It is not hard to do a bit of good Its kind to think so muc

8、h of us.动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式的句法功能10 b)It is+名词名词(a pleasure,a pity,a pleasant thing,ones duty,an honor,a shame,a crime,no easy job.)+不定式不定式 It is a sheer waste of time to read that kind of trash.It is a pity to have to go without her.It is a glorious death to die for the people.动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式的句法功能11 c)I

9、t takes(sb.)some time(hours,months,days,a lot of time,patience.)+不定式不定式 It takes me three hours to learn English each day.It took them half the night to get home in the snow.动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式的句法功能12作宾语作宾语.不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。作形式宾语。如

10、：如：He wanted to go.I find it interesting to study history.有些动词后只能用动词不定式作宾语，必须跟动名词。有些动词后只能用动词不定式作宾语，必须跟动名词。如：如：decide，plan，desire，expect，hope,wish，pretend，promise，refuse，afford，agree，ask，fail，tend，pretend，manage。动词不定式的句法功能13.特殊疑问词与不定式常连用作宾语，在功能上相当于特殊疑问词与不定式常连用作宾语，在功能上相当于一个宾语从句，但不能构成复合宾语。这些词为：一个宾语从句，但

11、不能构成复合宾语。这些词为：know,decide,ask,forget,get,remember,like,learn,think,tell,want,wish,advise,show等。如：等。如：I dont know what to do.。I havent decided how to go there.The map can show you where to go.动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式的句法功能14 4.动词动词feel,believe,find,make,think等后面，可以用等后面，可以用it作形式宾语代替真正的宾语作形式宾语代替真正的宾语-动词不定式，而把真正动

12、词不定式，而把真正的宾语放在句末。句子结构是的宾语放在句末。句子结构是.feel/find/make/.it+adj./n.+to do.。如：如：I dont think it right to do it in that way.I find it hard to get along with him.动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式的句法功能155 不定式用在介词不定式用在介词but,except,后时后时,如果这些介词前有行如果这些介词前有行为为动词动词do的各种形式的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带那么介词后的不定式不带to,相反则带相反则带to.She could do nothin

13、g but cry.（前有都后无（前有都后无to）I have no choice but to go.What do you like to do except sleep.（前有都后无（前有都后无to）动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式的句法功能16I have some books for you to read.动词不定式做后置定语修饰books，其中for you 是不定式的逻辑主语。作定语的不定式如果是作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的

14、有相应的介词。介词。He is looking for a room to live in.There is nothing to worry about.当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：Have you anything to send?（你有什么东西要寄吗？不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”）Have you anything to be seat.你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？不定式to be sent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”动词不定式的句法功能作定语作定语17I came her

15、e to see you.（目的）We were very excited to hear the news.（原因）He hurried to the s c h o o l t o f i n d nobody there.（结果）To look at him,you would like him.（条件）目 的 状 语目 的 状 语 还 可 以 用 i n order to或so as to来表示但so as to不能置于句首。如：In order to pass the exam,he worked very hard.We ran all the way so as not to b

16、e late.不定式的句法功能做状语目的、原因、结果或条件做状语目的、原因、结果或条件 18注意：注意：1.做原因状语，某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐的形容词后跟不定做原因状语，某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐的形容词后跟不定式，表示原因，如：式，表示原因，如：They were surprised to find that nobody was in the house.2.作结果状语，要放在句子后面。不定式作结果状语通常用作结果状语，要放在句子后面。不定式作结果状语通常用于于so+形容词或副词形容词或副词+as to，such+名词名词+as to，tooto，enough to和和only to do(表

17、事先没有预料到的结果表事先没有预料到的结果）等结构。）等结构。如：如：The boy is too young to go to school.。Would you be so kind as to do me a favor?The boy is old enough to take care of himself.I hurried to his house,only to find him out.（没有预料到他出去）不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能19My boss told me to type out two letters.I didnt expect you to arrive

18、 here so soon.Please remind me not to be late for the meeting.补足语补足语宾语宾语作作1.许多动词可跟一个宾语+to do构成句子，句中的不定式作宾语补足语；否定形式为“动词+宾语+not to do”。例如：动词不定式的句法功能20 2.感官动词感官动词see,hear,notice,observe,watch,feel,listen to,look at及使役动词及使役动词make,have,let等后面常等后面常接不带接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，但这类动词用于的动词不定式作宾语补足语，但这类动词用于被动结构（被动结构（

19、have不用于被动结构）时，则不定式要带不用于被动结构）时，则不定式要带to。例如：例如：He saw her enter the room.我看见她进了房间。I heard her lock the door.我听见她锁上了门。A child was seen to enter the building.有人看见一个孩子进入大楼。She was often heard to sing this song.经常听到她唱这首歌。动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式的句法功能21五看五看 watch see observe notice look at 三使三使 let make have 二听二听 l

20、isten to hear一感一感 feel动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式的句法功能22 3.to be 结构动词结构动词think，consider，find，believe，suppose，know，understand 后，不定式作宾补时常后，不定式作宾补时常用用to be 结构。结构。I consider him to be an honest man.=I consider him honesty.The teacher thought the answer to be quite right.I suppose him to be away from home.动词不定式的句法功能

21、动词不定式的句法功能23作表语作表语 动词不定式作表语不定式作表语常表示将来的动作，常动词不定式作表语不定式作表语常表示将来的动作，常说明主语的身份，职业，性质，内容或特征。主语常常说明主语的身份，职业，性质，内容或特征。主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词，如是表示意向、打算、计划的词，如wish,idea,task,purpose,duty,job等。等。The most important thing for ones health is to have plenty of exercise.My chief purpose has been to point out the diffic

22、ulties of the matter.The purpose of the organization is to greet all new comers to the city and to provide them with any necessary information.What I wanted was to get the work done as quickly as possible.动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式的句法功能24：在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词：在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词时，作时，作表语的不表语的不 定式可以省略符号定式可以省略符号“”，如：，

23、如：All we have to do is The only thing I can do now is All I could do was 动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式的句法功能25课后练习26课后练习(2017年北京年北京)Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding pass online_ their valuable time.A.Save B.saving C.to save D.saved答案：答案：C许多航空公司允许他们的乘客在网上打印他们的登机牌许多航空公司允许他们的乘客在网上打印他们的登机牌 为了

24、节省他们的为了节省他们的宝贵的时间。根据句子的意义及结构可知需要动词不定式做目的状语。宝贵的时间。根据句子的意义及结构可知需要动词不定式做目的状语。高考链接高考链接27单句语法填空单句语法填空 1 Those letters are _ _ to the countryside right away.(send）2.Tom pretended _ _something when his mother came in.(write)3.My mother will be sorry _ _that news.(hear)4.My baby has a heart trouble.Did the doctor find it difficult _?(treat)5.Now we could not do anything but _for him here.(wait)课后练习to be sentto be writingto hearto treatto wait28感 谢 您 的 观 看29