大学精品课件：写作技巧4.doc

1、文章开头句型文章开头句型 I 对立法对立法 II 现象法现象法 III 观点法观点法 IV 引用法引用法 V 比较法比较法 VI 故事法故事法 VII 问题法问题法 I对立法对立法 文章开头首先引出人们对要讨论的问题的不同看法，然后提出作者自己的不同看 法，或偏向的那个看法。对立法的句型多用于有争议性的主题。 1 When asked about., the vast / overwhelming majority of most / many / quite a few people say think believe answer 1 that But other people regar

2、d / view / see / think of . as I think /view quite / a bit differently. 1.1 When asked about the biggest problem today, many people say that it is the serious energy crisis. They are afraid that the world will soon run out of oil and run short of food. But other people hold optimistic views: they re

3、gard it as a natural result of the economic development and believe it will be only solved with further advances in economy and technology. 当问起世界上现在最大的问题是什么， 许多人说是严重的能源危机。 他们担心人类不久会用 完石油、发生食品短缺！但有些人则持乐观的看法。他们把能源危机看成是经济发展的自然 结果，而且只有随着经济和技术的进一步发展才能得以解决。 1.2 When asked what kind of career they will pur

4、sue upon graduation, mist college students say that they would choose a job which will bring them lot of money and a conformable life. Working in a big bank or company is what they desire. But I think quite differently. I would prefer a career which will help realize my potentials. 当问起毕业后干什么， 大多数大学生

5、说， 他们会找一个能给他们带来许多钱和舒适生活的工 作。在一家大银行或大的公司里工作是他们所向往的。但是我的想法大不相同。我要选择一 个能够发挥我的才能的职业。 2 When it comes to., some people think believe that Others argue claim that the 2 opposite reverse is true. There Is probably some truth in both arguments statements , but 2.1 When it canes to international sport such a

6、s the Olympic Games and the World Cup soccer game, some people believe that it creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: that international contests encourage false national pride and lead in

7、 misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably a little bit of truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support 当说到国际体育比赛， 诸如奥林匹克运动会和世界杯足球赛， 有些人认为它能增进国与国之 间的友善。如果许多国家在一起比赛交流，他们就会知道怎么一起生活。但另一些人则持相 反的观点。他们认为国际体育竞赛只会造成虚假的民族自豪感，导致相互间的误解和仇恨。 这两种观点可能都有点道理， 但是从最近几

8、年的奥林匹克运动会来看， 很少能证明体育运动 可以增进国与国之间的友好感情。 2.2 In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past. Yet when it comes to the desirability of extending the life of the terminally ill, some people, including some doctors, say that the qualit

9、y of life is as important as life itself, and that people should in be forced to go on living when the conditions of life have become unbearable. They argue that people should be allowed to die with dignity and decide when they want to die. However those who are in favor of life-extending measures a

10、rgue that life under any circumstances is better than death and that the duty of doctors is always to extend life as long as possible. There is probably some truth on both sides, but recently the public clamor for the legalization of voluntary euthanasia seem increasingly strong. 在最近几十年， 医学技术的进步使得人类

11、有可能比过去活得长了。 但是当论及延长一个无可 挽救、濒临死亡的人的生命是否必要时，有些人，包括有些医生认为生命的质量和生命本身 同样重要；当病情已变得不堪忍受了，就不应迫使这些人再活下去。他们坚持说应允许一个 人尊严地死去， 允许他们决定什么时候死。 但是赞成采取延长生命的方法的人认为在任何情 况下生总比死好；一个医生的责任就是尽可能延长一个人的生命。或许双方都有点道理，但 是最近公众要求对自愿安乐死合法化的呼声似乎越来越高。 3 There is a public general much debate discussion controversy today nowadays on ab

12、out over as to the problem issue of Those who criticize oppose object to 3 . contend argue . that They believe that But people who advocate favor ., on the other hand, maintain assert that 3.1 There is much discussion today about whether fast economic growth is desirable. Those who criticize economi

13、c growth argue that we must slow down. They believe that society is approaching certain limits on growth. These include the fixed supply of natural resources, and the possible negative effects of industry on the natural environment. People who want more economic growth, on the other hand, argue that

14、 even at the present growth rate, there are still many poor people, They maintain that only continued growth can create the capital needed to improve the quality of life and provide the financial resources required to protect our natural surroundings from industrialization. 现在围绕快速的经济发展是否应该正展开一场热烈的讨论

15、。 那些持反对意见者认为我们必须 放慢发展速度。 他们说发展已接近某种极限！ 这其中包括有限的自然资源供应和工业对环境 造成的消极影响。然而要求更快发展的人则认为，即使按目前的发展速度还是有许多穷人。 他们认为经济的持续快速发展才能创造提高生活质量所必需的资本， 才能提供用来保护环境 不受工业化破坏的资金。 3.2 There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college students doing a part-time job. Those who object to it argue tha

16、t students should not spend their precious time in this way. But people who advocate it, on the other hand, claim that, by taking a major-related part-time job or summer job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get fro

17、m the textbooks. 关于大学生打工这一现象， 校园里正展开一场讨论。 反对大学生打工的人指出大学生不应该 把宝贵的时间花在这上面。然而赞成者则认为，通过从事一些与专业有关的工作，可以提高 学生的学习，还可获得到书本上得不到的许多经验。 4 Now, It is commonly generally widely believed thought held accepted felt recognized acknowledged that They 4 claim believe argue that But I wonder doubt whether . 4.1 It is

18、commonly believed that the rise in teenage smoking is the inevitable result of economic development. They argue that if there are no cigarette advertisement on TV, no cigarettes available everywhere, and no adequate pocket money, teenagers are unlikely to take up the habit of smoking. But I doubt th

19、at it is a satisfactory explanation. While conceding the effect of advertising and other commercial factors, I think that the primary cause is social and individual rather than economic. 人们普遍认为青少年吸烟人数上升是经济发展不可避免的结果。 他们认为： 如果电视上没有 香烟广告，香烟不是到处可买得到，孩子的零用钱不是很多的话，青少年不太可能染上吸烟 的习惯。但我怀疑这是否是一个满意的解释。虽然有广告和其它商

20、业因素的影响，我认为主 要原因是社会和个人因素而不是经济上的。 4.2 It is widely felt that there is a fear plainly uppermost in the minds of most people today. They are afraid of the future, and if you ask them why, they conveniently blame the atomic bomb. But I suspect that the nuclear weapon is only the scapegoat for our fears.

21、We are not afraid of the future because of a bomb. We are afraid of bombs because we have no faith in the future. I believe people no longer have faith in our ability to control our own future. 人们普遍感到现在大多数人明显地有一种恐惧感。他们怕将来。如果问他们为什么怕，他们 会很随意地怪原子弹。但我怀疑，核武器不过是我们害怕的替罪羊。我们怕将来不是因为有 了原子弹，说我们怕原子禅，实际上是对未来没有信心

22、。我认为人们对自己是否有能力控制 将来已丧失信心了。 5.To the general public To most people In the popular mind In most peoples opinion But despite in spite of for all I believe one should . 5.1 In the popular mind, it is immediately assumed that when morals are discussed, it is sexual morals that are meant. The morals of sa

23、lesmen, doctors, and taxi drivers are only moderately interesting to the general public, while the relations between men and women are frequent themes in novels and movies, themes which no amount of repetition makes stale. Yet in spite of this immense preoccupation with sex, much attention should be

24、 drawn to the general moral standards. 当讨论起道德问题时，大多数人会立即认为是指性道德。一方面售货员、医生和出租车司机 的职业道德不大为公众所关心，而另一方面男女间的关系却是小说和电影中经常出现的主 题，再怎么不断重复也不会失去其新鲜感。因此尽管人们对性的题目津津乐道，我认为应注 意整个道德水平。 5.2 To most Chinese parents, college is a place their children should go. And their children, for the most part, are also anxious

25、to go. It is in Chinese tradition that there is something about a college that transfers an ordinary child into a superior adult. But in spite of this belief, men and women who have been to college suspect that this is not the case. 大多数中国父母看来， 大学是他们的子女应该去的地方。 而他们的孩子在大多数情况下也渴 望上大学。 中国的传统观点是大学能把一个普普通通

26、的孩子培养成一个超人一等的人。 但是 尽管人们有这个观点，凡是读过大学的人却认为情况并非如此。 6.Now a lot of the majority of many / most people believe think feel that But although Admittedly, . there is no / little evidence that it is questioned /doubted . 6.1 A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on children. A few year

27、s ago, the same criticisms were made of the cinema. But although child psychologists have spent a great deal of time studying this problem, there is not much evidence that television brings about juvenile delinquency. 许多人都认为电视会给孩子带来危害。前几年，对电影也有类似的指责。然而尽管青少年心 理学者花了许多时间来研究这个问题，却很少有证据表明电视造成了青少年犯罪。 6.2

28、Most people believe that our society of consumption creates the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Although this view is widely held, there is little evidence that Money brings about happiness. Instead, we find our present way of life leads to increasing anxiety, helplessness, and, eventual

29、ly, to the disintegration of our culture. I refuse to identify consumption with joy and fun with happiness. 许多人认为，我们这个消费社会给绝大多数人带来了最大的幸福。尽管人们普遍这样认为， 却很少有证据表明钱能给人带来幸福。相反，我们发现，现在的全活方式使人越来越感到焦 虑不安，孤立无援，最终导致我们文化的崩溃。我不认为消费就是快乐，玩乐就是幸福。 6.3 There is some feeling nowadays that reading is not as necessary as

30、 it once was. Radio and especially television have taken over many of the functions once served by print. Admittedly, television serves some of these functions extremely well; the visual communication of news events, for example, has enormous impact. The ability of radio to give us information while

31、 we are engaged in doing other things - for instance, driving a car - is remarkable, and a great saving of time. But it may be seriously questioned whether the advent of modern communications media has much enhanced our intellectual skills. 现在有些人觉得，阅读没有像过去那样有必要了。无线电广播，尤其电视已代替了曾经由印 刷所起的许多作用。确实，电视极好地发

32、挥了其中的一些功能，如新闻通过图像来传送有很 大的影响。无线电广播能使我们边干事，如开车，边收听消息，真是了不起，且可节约许多 时间。但是人们或许会认真发问，这些现代传播媒体的出现是否已提高了我们的知识技能。 7.In reaction response answer to the event phenomenon idea question , some people say think But do they realize.? 7.1 Now most people get their news and information about the things that are happ

33、ening at home and abroad from television. They believe the things they hear and see on television. Probably most of the information is true, and we can believe it. But shall we always believe the information which television gives us? Do we never suspect that the given information might be slanted,

34、distorted or the truth totally denied? 现在大多数人都是从电视上知道国内外发生的事和新闻的。 他们都相信在电视上看到和听到 的事。 大多数消息可能是真的， 我们能相信。 但是我们是否总是要相信电视给我们的消息呢？ 难道我们从不怀疑所给的消息可能有偏见，或已歪曲了，或真相已被彻底隐瞒了？ 7.2 In the past few years big business has fallen to a low level in public esteem. A recent Gallup poll shows that big business came in l

35、ast, in terms of the quality of the products, among all the enterprises which sell household appliances in Shanghai; at the top of the list were small business or business from small towns. in response to the poll, many businessmen argue that this public attitude is due to the inadequacy of their ad

36、vertising and can be cured by stepping up their advertising campaigns. They are only fooling themselves. Do they realize that the real problem for their loss of public respect is what they have been doing, not what they have been saying about themselves? 在过去几年里，大企业在公众中的信誉已下降到一个低水平。最近的盖洛普民意测验表明， 就产品质

37、量来说在上海出售家用电器的所有企业中， 大企业位居榜末， 而小企业或乡镇企业 名列前茅。 对此许多大企业人士认为公众的这种态度是由于广告宣传不够造成的， 只要加大 广告宣传声势，就会扭转局面。这是在自欺欺人。难道他们没有认识到失去公众信誉的真正 问题在于他们所做的，而不是所说的？ 8. is a popular widespread common method way of., but is it a fair wise reasonable one? 8 The Its method / way values / wisdom s now being questioned challenge

38、d by more and more people. 8.1 Throwing criminals in jail is an ancient and widespread method of punishment, but is it a wise one? It does seem reasonable to keep wrongdoers in a place where they find fewer opportunities to hurt innocent people, and where they might discover that crime doesnt pay. T

39、he system has long been considered fair and sound by those who want to see the guilty punished and society protected. Yet the values of this form of justice is now being questioned by more and more people. 把罪犯丢进监狱是个古老又被广泛采用的惩罚方法。 但这个方法是否明智？把做坏事的人关 在一个地方，使他们没有机会再损害无辜的人，使他们感到犯罪划不来，似乎确实有道理。 这种制度一直被那些希望

40、罪恶得到惩罚， 社会得到保护的人视为公平而有效。 但是这种司法 形式的合理性现在正受到越来越多的人的质疑。 8.2 Required class attendance, like an old custom, is so common in in Chinese colleges and universities that many teachers and even students themselves simply assume it is a good thing. But is it a wise method? It does contribute to the rise in t

41、he number of students attending class. But is there any proven co-relation between attendance and performance in a course? The values of required attendance is now being questioned by more and more teachers and students. 上课点名制，如同一种古老习俗，在中国的大学里非常普遍，许多教师甚至学生自己都认为 这种做法是对的。 但这种方法是否明智？上课点名确实有助于学生出勤率的上升，

42、但是到教 室上课和这个学生在这门课上的学习表现， 两者之间是否已证实有联系？上课点名制度的合 理性已受到越来越多的教师和学生的怀疑。 9.These days we often hear about They claim argue say that But has is it? Close examination analysis scrutiny doesnt bear out the claim. argument. 9.1 These days we often hear about “the classless society“. They say that all men are

43、equal, and they can enjoy the same educational and job opportunities, and the distinction between rich and poor has lost. But has it? Close examination doesnt bear out the claim. 近来我们一直听到关于“无阶级社会”的说法。他们称人人平等他们都享受同等的教育机会 和工作机会；穷人和富人的界限已经消失。果真如此吗？略细分析一下，就证明这种观点站 不住脚。 9.2 These days I have heard many e

44、xasperated students and working adults alike express a strong desire to take an English course and a computer course. They believe that such knowledge will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities. But will it? The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe t

45、hat this knowledge may be less useful than most people think. 这些日子我听到不少因学习或工作而感到痛苦的学生和工人表示要上英语课或电脑课的强 烈愿望。他们认为这些知识会增加他们找工作、晋级的机会。是这样吗？从我最近几年得到 的材料来看，我认为这些知识并不像大多数人认为的那么有用。 10.We are often shown told these days that But is this really the case? 10.1 We are often told that technological know-how, acqu

46、ired in exploring space, will be utilized to make life better on earth. Is this really the case? What has the space exploration done to relieve the suffering of the earths starving millions? In what way has it raised the standard of living of anyone of us? Man may put human beings on the moon, but t

47、here is growing skepticism about his ability to solve human problems closer to home. 我们经常听说在探索空间中获得的技术知识将用来改善我们地球上的人的生活。 情况真的如 此吗？太空探索对减轻地球上正在挨饿的千百万人的痛苦到底做了什么呢？它从什么方面 提高了我们的生活水平呢？人类能够把人自己送上月球， 但人们越来越怀疑其解决地球上人 自己问题的能力。 II现象法现象法 对某种社会现象、 倾向或社会问题进行剖析的文章往往在文章一开始首先引出这种现象或问 题，然后评论。本节句型就适用于这种开头。 11 Recentl

48、y the rise in phenomenon of problem of question of . has drawn / aroused public / popular / grave / world-wide attention caused /aroused wide / general / considerable / international concern arisen /loomed up /cropped up as controversial /as noteworthy/more distinctly for settlement 11.1 Recently, t

49、he alarm about the problem of the use of genetic technologies on human beings have caused wide public concern, and understandably so. With nuclear energy threatening global catastrophe and with so many other technological advances visibly damaging the quality of life, who would wish to have scientists tampering with mans inner nature? Indeed, fear of such manipulation may amuse even more anxiety than fear of death. 最近， 有关把遗传技术用于人类自身而产生的问题的警示已引起了公众的广泛关注。 这是可 以理解的。核能开发正威胁着全球的生存，其它许多技术进步也正明显地危害生活的质量。 在这种情况下， 谁还会希望科学家来任意改变人体内部机能呢？确实， 害怕对人的操纵所引 起的担忧可能会超过对死亡的害怕。 11.2 Recently