《医学英语视听说（第二版）》课件unit 14.pptx

1、医学英语视听说(第二版)Unit Fourteen Medical Supplies and Technology Medical English Communication:Listening and Speaking(2nd edition)1ContentsPart I Development of Modern Medicine Part II Modern Technology in Medicine Part III Celebrity and Medical Tech Development Part IV Further Thinking2Part IDevelopment o

2、f Modern Medicine 3Part IDevelopment of Modern Medicine Video OneModern Medicine Through TimeVideo TwoMRI Scanner InventionVideo ThreeHow do MRI,PET and CAT work?4Video One Modern Medicine Through Time5Think and TalkThe practice of medicine changed rapidly in science,as well as new approaches by phy

3、sicians from 19th century.Increasing number of Women began to serve in medicine.The breakthrough to professionalization of nursing based on knowledge of advanced medicine was led by Florence Nightingale in England.The new profession proved highly attractive to women of all backgrounds,and schools of

4、 nursing opened in the late 19th century.A major breakthrough in epidemiology came with the introduction of statistical maps and graphs.John Snow,considered as one of the founding father of modern epidemiology,developed the methods in London.Public health measures became particularly important durin

5、g the 1918 flu pandemic,which killed at least 50 million people around the world.It became an important case study in epidemiology.Reference6Part I-Video OneThink and Talk Penicillin,a group of antibiotics,was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming.People began using it to treat

6、infections in 1942.The advances in medicine made a dramatic difference during Second World War for Allied troops,while the Germans and especially the Japanese and Chinese suffered from a severe lack of newer medicines,techniques and facilities.In 1953,James Dewey Watson co-authored with Francis Cric

7、k the academic paper proposing the double helix structure of the DNA molecule.Watson,Crick and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine“for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living

8、 material”.Reference7Part I-Video OneTask One:Blank Filling(1)Nobel prizes(2)radioactive(3)epic (4)radiology (5)skin graft (6)procedures Watch and Do(7)scarred(8)antibiotic (9)bacteria (10)on the brink of (11)elaborate on (12)mass-produced8Part I-Video OneTask Two:True or False1.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.F6.F

9、7.TWatch and Do9Part I-Video OneTask Three:RetellingMary Curie is the first woman to win two Nobel prizes for science.Curie paved the way for radiology from the first ever x-ray to modern day cancer treatments.She discovered polonium and radium.Alexander Fleming is the Scottish biologist pharmacist

10、and botanist.He accidentally discovered the first type of antibiotic when he noticed that penicillin mold had grown in a petri dish killing off the surrounding Staphylococcus bacteria.Later Howard Florey and Ernst Chain developed a stable penicillin that could be mass-produced.With the help of Morri

11、s Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin,Crick and Watson discovered deoxyribonucleic acid,or more simply,DNA,a tiny part that determines everything about our bodies.Watch and DoWatch and Do10Part I-Video OneVideo Two MRI Scanner Invention11Think and Talk MRI stands for Magnetic resonance imaging.MRI is a me

12、dical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body.An MRI scan uses a large magnet,radio waves,and a computer to create a detailed,cross-sectional image of internal organs and structures.The scanner itself typically resembles a large

13、 tube with a table in the middle,allowing the patient to slide in.Doctors,scientists,and researchers are now able to examine the inside of the human body in high detail using a non-invasive tool.The following are examples in which an MRI scanner would be used:anomalies of the brain and spinal cord;t

14、umors,cysts,and other anomalies in various parts of the body;breast cancer screening for women who face a high risk of breast cancer.Reference12Part I-Video TwoTask One:Order Rearrangement5-1-3-7-6-8-2-4Watch and Do13Part I-Video TwoTask Two:Questions and Answers1.Because he didnt take his A-levels

15、until his twenties.2.She felt frightened and anxious.3.The worst thing that could have happened would be a cardiac arrest.Watch and Do14Part I-Video TwoTask Two:Questions and Answers4.Because unlike x-rays theres no danger from radiation in MRI.5.Because by making the MRI machines portable,doctors c

16、an do measurements in very unorthodox situation such as on the battlefield,or in North Pole,etc.Watch and Do15Part I-Video TwoVideo Three How do MRI,PET and CAT work?16Think and Talk Positron emission tomography(PET)scans use a special dye that contains radioactive tracers to identify how well your

17、organs and other tissue inside your body are functioning.These radioactive tracers are swallowed,inhaled,or injected into the veins,and a scan detects the activity of the tracers once inside the body.The tracers collect in areas of the body with high chemical activity,which is typically a sign of di

18、sease such as cancer.The tracers are also used to measure blood flow,oxygen use,sugar levels,and the like.Reference17Part I-Video ThreeThink and Talk Computed tomography(CT)scan,or computerized axial tomography(CAT)on the other hand,works much like an X-ray,only with greater,3D detail of the organs,

19、bones,and tissues inside your body.During the scan,a narrow x-ray beam circles your body,taking a series of images from different angles.These images are stored in a computer that can,in turn,create a cross-sectional view of the body part under examination.These images are used to detect bone and jo

20、int problems,critical conditions like cancer and heart disease,and evidence of internal bleeding,tumors,or blood clots.It may also use a contrast dye for even better clarity on the resulting images.Reference18Part I-Video ThreeThink and Talk Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)also takes detailed picture

21、s of internal organs but instead of using X-ray technology,an MRI uses powerful magnets,radio waves,and computer technology to create its images.It may be used with or without a contrast dye to see internal structures more clearly.During the MRI,you lay within a tube-like machine that produces a str

22、ong magnetic field to create its images,which are processed and stored in a computer.There is no radiation used during an MRI.Reference19Part I-Video ThreeTask One:Topic IdentificationThe topics mentioned are:1,2,4,5,6.Watch and Do20Part I-Video ThreeTask Two:Blank Filling(1)Magnetic(2)circular (3)e

23、mit(4)picks up(5)detailed(6)beams (7)cross-sectional Watch and Do21Part I-Video Three(8)contrast material (9)solution (10)dye (11)radioactive (12)absorbed(13)highlight (14)metabolism (15)cellularTask Three:SummaryMRI stands for Magnetic Resonance Imaging.The patient lies on a moveable bed which is s

24、urrounded by the MRI scan and a circular magnet,and radio waves are sent through the body.These waves cause the nuclei of the atoms in our body to change position.As the nuclei move back into their original positions,they emit their own radio waves which the scanner picks up and ultimately turns int

25、o a picture that is seen on a computer.Watch and Do22Part I-Video ThreeTask Three:SummaryA Computerized Tomography scan produces detailed images of the body mainly through the use of x-rays.Several beams of x-rays all from different angles are sent through the body.The data is saved on a computer wh

26、ich takes these two-dimensional pictures and creates a 3d cross-sectional picture of the area.A Positron Emission Tomography scan is performed by using a special dye that has radioactive tracers.The patient injects this tracer and it is absorbed by organs and tissues in the body.The PET scanner can

27、highlight these traces and see how well organs and tissues are performing.Watch and Do23Part I-Video ThreePart IIModern Technology in Medicine24Part IIModern Technology in MedicineVideo OneHistory of TransplantVideo TwoIn-vitro FertilizationVideo ThreeThe First Test Tube Baby25Video FourHow do MRI,P

28、ET and CAT work?Video One History of Transplant26Think and Talk Ive no idea when the first case of transplant was done and if it was successful.But I do know that among the organs that can be transplanted,heart and liver may be most difficult to do.Before transplanting an organ,the patient should ha

29、ve a thorough check of the body to see if it is suitable for a transplant.Meanwhile,the organ donor also has to experience a sophisticated check to make sure whether his/her organ is a perfect match with the patient.Once the transplant surgery is done,the donors organ is implanted in the patients bo

30、dy,a kind of medicine called cyclosporine should be taken to suppress the patients rejection of the donors organ.Reference27Part II-Video OneTask One:Blank Filling(1)United States(2)kidney(3)first pancreas and liver transplants(4)human to human organ transplant(5)heartWatch and Do28Part II-Video One

31、(6)largest and most progressive kidney transplant centers(7)heart transplant(8)academic(9)combined heart-lung transplant(10)only adult transplant center Task Two:Questions and Answers1.The first organ transplant in the United States took place in 1954 with a successful transplant of a kidney from on

32、e twin to another.2.Because what the doctor faced was not only the technical challenges of the operation but also centuries old beliefs on how the human body worked and stopped working.Since then the concept of death goes from hearts stopping being the definition of death to brain death being death.

33、Watch and Do29Part II-Video OneTask Two:Questions and Answers3.OSU Medical Center successively performed its first heart transplant and a combined heart-lung transplant and became the only adult transplant center on the leading edge of transplanted advances.4.It is an academic medical center and rea

34、lly has a great multidisciplinary team.5.They represent each of those organ transplants performed over the past four decades.Watch and Do30Part II-Video OneVideo Two In-vitro Fertilization31Think and Talk Infertile couples who are not prepared for adopted children may choose to have a baby of their

35、own in several ways,surrogacy,in-vitro fertilization and cloning,for instance.Of those three choices,in-vitro fertilization(IVF)is comparatively a mature technique and could be done without controversy.Women having IVF are given special reproductive hormones to encourage several eggs to develop in t

36、he ovaries.The eggs collected from the ovary are then mixed with a sample of the male partners sperms.The eggs and sperms are left in an incubator set at 37 degrees for 24 hours,so that fertilization can take place.Fertilized eggs,which are now known as embryos,are then transferred to the uterus by

37、means of a thin flexible tube thus forming a pregnancy.Reference32Part II-Video TwoTask One:Multiple Choice1.A 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.CWatch and Do33Part II-Video TwoTask Two:Short-Answer Questions 1.in-vitro fertilization2.Step 1.special reproductive hormones Step 2.several eggs Step 3.fluid containing the

38、eggsStep 4.a sample of the male partners sperms Step 5.the eggs and spermsWatch and DoWatch and Do34Part II-Video TwoTask Three:Summary Women having IVF are given special reproductive hormones to encourage several eggs to develop in the ovaries.36 hours later,fluid containing the eggs is drawn from

39、the ovary with a needle.The eggs collected are then mixed with a sample of the male partners sperm,which has already been washed and concentrated.The eggs and sperm are put in an incubator set at 37 degrees for 24 hours,so that fertilization can take place.During this time only one of the many sperm

40、 cells will penetrate the outer layer of the egg and achieve fertilization.Following that,the cells divide and multiply and form an embryo.After two or three days,a healthy embryo will comprise around 8 cells.It is then transferred to the uterus by means of a thin flexible tube,where it is left to i

41、mplant and form a pregnancy.Watch and Do35Part II-Video TwoVideo Three The First Test Tube Baby36Think and Talk A test-tube baby,or in-vitro fertilization(IVF)baby is the product of a successful human reproduction that results from methods beyond sexual intercourse between a man and a woman and inst

42、ead utilizes medical intervention that manipulates both the egg and sperm cells for successful fertilization.It was not until 25 July 1978 with the work of two British medical researchers,Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards,that the definition of test-tube baby became a reality.he first baby born via

43、 in vitro fertilization was Louise Brown.She was the daughter of Leslie and John Brown from Bristol,UK.Reference37Part II-Video ThreeTask One:Blank Filling(1)firsthand(2)across(3)tribute(4)spotlight(5)reacted Watch and Do(6)latter (7)vividly (8)incident(9)agony (10)tragedy 38Part II-Video ThreeTask

44、One:Blank FillingWatch and Do(11)rushed(12)manic(13)upbringing (14)suppose(15)IVF39Part II-Video Three Task Two:DialogueLouise Brown=B,Interviewer=II:Hello Mrs.Brown.Thank you so much for taking this interview with us.B:My pleasure.I:First could you introduce yourself a little bit?B:Yes.So as everyo

45、ne I know I am the first Test-tube baby in the world,thanks to Bob Edwards,Patrick Steptoe and their team.My parents are Leslie and John Brown from Bristol,UK.Watch and Do40Part II-Video Three Task Two:DialogueI:So we know you are promoting the new book right?Whats special about this book?B:The book

46、 finally tells the story from mum and dads point of view.That means this obviously is firsthand so its the whole truth,and its just nice to get mom and dads point across.The world can see how they as a normal couple to become the most parents in the spot light,and how they felt about it.I:How did yo

47、ur parents feel when they first had you?B:Obviously it was exciting.My dad said when he first see me and held me in his arm for two or three minutes,he was shaking.Watch and Do41Part II-Video Three Task Two:DialogueI:I am sure the whole world was exciting when your birth is witnessed.So how was your

48、 life as the most famous child?What do you feel about it?B:The first couple of years we went around the world.We went to the USA.We went to Japan.We went on television shows,interviews,rushed from place to place,all in the space of,well before I was 2 years old.I:Did you and your parents enjoy it?B:

49、The first few years are ok.But later I dont think youd even think how manic it was.Eventually mom and dad had had enough,and they just wanted me to have a normal upbringing and took me out the spotlight.Watch and Do42Part II-Video Three Task Two:DialogueI:And how do you feel about now?B:I suppose Im

50、 part of history now,and its pretty strange because one minute Im being asked to do interviews and go on TV and do trips to Bulgaria and Brazil,and the next minute Im at home just being a normal mom to my two boys.I:Yes.thats hard to imagine.B:I dont suppose there are many people that can say within