《医学英语视听说（第二版）》课件unit 3.pptx

1、医学英语视听说(第二版)Unit Three Respiratory SystemMedical English Communication:Listening and Speaking(2nd edition)1ContentsPart I Introduction to the Respiratory System Part II Diseases Related to the Respiratory SystemPart III Celebrity and DiseasePart IV Medical Terminology Related to the Respiratory Syst

2、em2Part V Further ThinkingPart IVideo:Introduction to the Respiratory System3Think and Talk The respiratory system is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism.The respiratory system is involved in the intake and exchange of o

3、xygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment.Reference4Think and Talk Human as aerobic organisms must automatically obtain oxygen from their environment and breathe out carbon dioxide in order to survive.Air is breathed in through the nasal passageways,travels through the trachea

4、 and bronchi to the lungs.This breathing occurs owing to the respiratory system,which includes the nose,throat,voice box,windpipe and lungs delivering sufficient oxygen to the bloodstream through the capillary walls and removing carbon dioxide that is produced as a waste product in the system.Refere

5、nce5Think and TalkReference6 The respiratory system is a group of organs that supply the body with oxygen.The organs and other parts of your body get involved in breathing,when one exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide.The respiratory system consists of the nose,mouth,throat,lungs,and diaphragm.These

6、organs work together to convert the air that is breathed in into oxygen for the blood.To put differently,The respiratory system consists of the upper respiratory tract(nasal passages),the airway conduction system(larynx,trachea,bronchi,bronchioles,and terminal bronchioles),and the lower respiratory

7、tract(alveolar ducts and alveoli).The bodys cells require oxygen in order to function,so if the respiratory system does not work properly,it can cause serious health complications or even be fatal.Task One:Blank Filling(1)alive (2)respiration(3)respiratory(4)moistened(5)filter Watch and Do(6)pharynx

8、(7)lined(8)blood vessels(9)feed (10)chest cavity7Task Two:True or False1.Respiration means the process of our breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide.True 2.The respiratory system include the nose,throat,voice box,windpipe and lungs.True3.Exercising cant help our chest cavity to get big

9、ger which enables the body to increase the amount of air it takes in.False4.Cilia serves as protecting the nasal passageways and other parts of the respiratory tract and filter out dust and other particles that enter the nose through the breathed air.TrueWatch and Do8 Task Three:DescriptionThe respi

10、ratory system is composed of nostril,nose,nasalcavity,nasopharynx,oropharynx,larynx,trachea,bronchus,lungs.Watch and Do9Part II Diseases Related to the Respiratory System10Part IIDiseases Related to the Respiratory SystemVideo OneWhat Makes Tuberculosis the Worlds Most Infectious Killer Video TwoMid

11、dle East Respiratory SyndromeAudioHealth Ways to Control Asthma11Video Three Could a breathalyzer detect cancerVideo One What Makes Tuberculosis the Worlds Most Infectious Killer12Think and TalkCommon symptoms of TB disease include prolonged cough,chest pain,weakness or fatigue,weight loss,fever,nig

12、ht sweats.Often,these symptoms will be mild for many months,thus leading to delays in seeking care and increasing the risk of spreading the infection to others.If the healthcare provider suspects a patient to have TB disease,they will send the patient for testing.In the case of suspected lung TB dis

13、ease,patients will be asked to give a sputum sample for testing for TB bacteria.For non-lung TB disease,samples of affected body fluids and tissue can be tested.WHO recommends rapid molecular diagnostic tests as initial tests for people showing signs and symptoms of TB.Other diagnostic tools can inc

14、lude sputum smear microscopy and chest X-rays.With TB infection,a person gets infected with TB bacteria that lie inactive in the body.This infection can develop into TB disease if their immune system weakens.People with TB infection do not show any signs or symptoms of TB.To identify TB infection,he

15、althcare providers will screen at-risk patients to rule out active TB,and they may use a skin or blood test to check for TB infection.Reference13Part II-Video OneThink and TalkTB disease is curable.It is treated by standard 6 month course of 4 antibiotics.Common drugs include rifampicin and isoniazi

16、d.In some cases the TB bacteria does not respond to the standard drugs.In this case,the patient has drug-resistant TB.Treatment for drug-resistant TB is longer and more complex.The course of TB drugs is provided to the patient with information,supervision and support by a health worker or trained vo

17、lunteer.Without such support,treatment adherence can be difficult.If the treatment is not properly completed,the disease can become drug-resistant and can spread.In the case of TB infection(where the patient is infected with TB bacteria but not ill),TB preventive treatment can be given to stop the o

18、nset of disease.This treatment uses the same drugs for a shorter time.Recent treatment options have shortened the duration to treatment to only 1 or 3 months,as compared to 6 months in the past.Reference14Part II-Video OneWatch and Do1.Tuberculosis is still one of the worlds biggest infectious kille

19、rs,causing more deaths than malaria or even HIV and AIDS.2.Typically,TB bacteria called mycobacterium tuberculosis,are airborne.They travel into our airways and infect our lungs.3.The individuals with malnutrition,HIV,diabetes or in pregnancy are more vulnerable to tuberculosis.Totally,tuberculosis

20、is still prevalent in 30 countries.15Part II-Video OneTask One:Questions and AnswersWatch and Do4.The initial symptoms of tuberculosis include chest pain,coughing up blood,decrease in appetite and iron production,back pain and moving difficulty,abdominal pain,headaches and even impaired consciousnes

21、s.Typically,the symptoms can be summarized as weight loss,a hacking,bloody cough,and ashen skin.5.Health experts agree we need to develop better diagnostics,faster acting antibiotics,and more effective vaccines.16Part II-Video OneTask One:Questions and Answers 1.B 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.DWatch and DoWatch an

22、d Do17Part II-Video OneTask Two:Multiple Choice 1.Y 2.Y 3.N 4.N 5.YWatch and DoWatch and Do18Part II-Video OneTask Three:Topic indentificatiom TB is caused by bateria.Symptoms of lung TB include cough,sneeze or spit.The number of people who fall ill with TB annually amounts to 10 million and the num

23、ber of people who die from TB annually 1.5 million.The vulnerable of TB are those from low-and middle-income countries.8 countries mostly affected by TB include Bangladesh,China,India,Indonesia,Nigeria,Pakistan,Philippines and South Africa.Both TB infection and disease are curable using antibiotics.

24、Watch and DoWatch and Do19Part II-Video One Task Four:RetellingVideo Two Middle East Respiratory Syndrome 20Think and Talk Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERS-CoV)is a virus transferred to humans from infected dromedary camels.It is a zoonotic virus,meaning it is transmitted between an

25、imals and people,and it is contractable through direct or indirect contact with infected animals.MERS-CoV has been identified in dromedaries in several countries in the Middle East,Africa and South Asia.In total,27 countries have reported cases since 2012,leading to 858 known deaths due to the infec

26、tion and related complications.Reference21Part II-Video TwoThink and TalkThe origins of the virus are not fully understood but according to the analysis of different virus genomes it is believed that it may have originated in bats and later transmitted to camels at some point in the distant past.Hum

27、an-to-human transmission is possible,but only a few such transmissions have been found among family members living in the same household.In health care settings,however,human-to-human transmission appears to be more frequent.Reference22Part II-Video TwoTask One:Questions and Answers1.Severe Acute Re

28、spiratory Syndrome2.Dr.Anthony S.Fauci says they do not yet know how the virus is transmitted to people.3.If that happens,it could spark a global outbreak4.If you do the math is 50 cases and you have 30 deaths,so you are talking about a 60 percent mortality already.Watch and Do23Part II-Video TwoTas

29、k Two:Blank Filling1.triggered the outbreak.775 people in 2003.2.a severe stomach virus.lead to pneumonia and kidney failure.3.it doesnt spread well.whats called sustained transmissibility.Watch and Do24Part II-Video TwoTask Two:Blank Filling4.relatively low so far,.growing concern.5.millions and mi

30、llions of people infected,a fraction of a percent.6.isolated cases have been exported.Watch and Do25Part II-Video TwoTask Three:Error Correction1.The new Middle East Respiratory Syndrome strain was diagnosed in Saudi Arabia last year.2.Researchers do not yet know how the virus is transmitted to huma

31、n being.3.The infected are assumed to be exposed inadvertently to an infected animal.4.The largest cluster of infections is in Saudi Arabia,which draw millions of pilgrims a year.5.The World Health Organization says it is closely monitoring the situation but is not recommending any travel or trade r

32、estrictions.Watch and Do26Part II-Video TwoAudio Health Ways to Control Asthma27Think and Talk Asthma is a chronic(long-term)condition that affects the airways in the lungs.The airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs.If you have asthma,the airways can become inflamed and narrowed a

33、t times.Asthma affects people of all ages and often starts during childhood.You may wheeze,cough,or feel tightness in your chest.These symptoms can range from mild to severe and can happen every day or only once in a while.Certain things can set off or worsen asthma symptoms,such as cold air.These a

34、re called asthma triggers.When symptoms get worse,it is called an asthma attack.An asthma action plan can help you manage your asthma.The plan may include monitoring,avoiding triggers,and using medicines.Reference28Part II-AudioTask One:Blank Filling(1)affects (2)hospitalized (3)tighten(4)flow in (5

35、)whistling(6)is sitting on (7)combination (8)in response to Listen and Do29Part II-Audio(9)have identified(10)impurities (11)fungus (12)estimates(13)Chemical sprays (14)out of breath (15)die fromTask Two:Questions&AnswersListen and Do1.The World Health Organization says asthma affects about three hu

36、ndred million people worldwide.An estimated two hundred fifty thousand people die from the disease every year and more than five hundred thousand are hospitalized.2.Asthma happens when tissue that lines the airways to the lungs begins to expand or swell.The swelling makes the airways smaller.The mus

37、cles in the airways tighten.Cells in the airways begin to produce too much of a thick,sticky substance called mucous.The mucous causes the airways to close even more.This makes it difficult for air to flow in and out of the lungs.This series of events is called an asthma attack.30Part II-AudioTask T

38、wo:Questions&AnswersListen and Do3.When asthma is most severe,the person may have extreme difficulty breathing.The disease can severely limit a persons activity,and even lead to death.4.One is a quick-acting rescue medicine taken when needed to stop asthma symptoms.The other is a controller medicine

39、 taken every day to prevent these symptoms.5.Firstly,asthma patients should know the causes of their asthma symptoms and try to avoid these triggers,take medicine if necessary.Secondly,asthma patients should work with their doctors to control the disease by check-ups and proper medicine taking time

40、and method and seeking medical help.31Part II-AudioVideo Three Could a breathalyzer detect cancer?32TaskOne:True or False1.True 2.False 3.True 4.False 5.False Listen and Do33Part II-AudioTask Two:Topic Indentification1.It is Julian Burschka that details the complicated process.(Y)2.When one breathes

41、 into a breathalyzer,the ethanol in his or her breath passes into a reaction chamber.(Y)3.Testing for lung cancer is a lot more complicated than testing for alcohol.(N)4.Indeed,researchers are unwilling to explore into cancers diagnosis through breath analysis.(N)5.To find the subtle differences,res

42、earchers compare the breath of healthy people with the breath of people who suffer from a particular disease using profiles based on hundreds of breath samples.(Y)Listen and Do34Part II-AudioPart IIICelebrity and DiseaseVideo OneFrancis BaconVideo TwoWillem Johan KolffVideo OneVideo Two35Video One F

43、rancis Bacon36Think and Talk Francis Bacon(15611626)was one of the leading figures in natural philosophy and in the field of scientific methodology in the period of transition from the Renaissance to the early modern era.As a lawyer,member of Parliament,and Queens Counsel,Bacon wrote on questions of

44、 law,state and religion,as well as on contemporary politics;but he also published texts in which he speculated on possible conceptions of society,and he pondered questions of ethics(Essays)even in his works on natural philosophy(The Advancement of Learning).Reference37Part III-Video OneThink and Tal

45、k After his studies at Trinity College,Cambridge and Grays Inn,London,Bacon did not take up a post at a university,but instead tried to start a political career.Although his efforts were not crowned with success during the era of Queen Elizabeth,under James I he rose to the highest political office,

46、Lord Chancellor.Bacons international fame and influence spread during his last years,when he was able to focus his energies exclusively on his philosophical work,and even more so after his death,when English scientists of the Boyle circle(Invisible College)took up his idea of a cooperative research

47、institution in their plans and preparations for establishing the Royal Society.Reference38Part III-Video OneThink and Talk To the present day Bacon is well known for his treatises on empiricist natural philosophy(The Advancement of Learning,Novum Organum Scientiarum)and for his doctrine of the idols

48、,which he put forward in his early writings,as well as for the idea of a modern research institute,which he described in Nova Atlantis.Reference39Part III-Video OneThink and Talk He was a hard-working musician,composing over 600 works,such as,the Piano Concerto No.24 in C minor,the Symphony No.40 in

49、 G minor,and the opera Don Giovanni.He is among the most popular of classical composers,having a great influence on subsequent Western art music.Reference40Part III-Video OneTask One:Blank Filling1.Francis Bacon was one of the pioneers of modern scientific thought and an English politician and Membe

50、r of Parliament.2.After James the First came to power,Francis was knighted and appointed as the Keeper of the Great Seal,an important symbol of the monarchy in England.3.Bacon believed that in determining scientific truth,scientist required evidence from the real world.Watch and Do41Part III-Video O