《英美文学欣赏（第四版）》课件English Literature Unit 2 .pptx

1、英美文学欣赏（第四版）An Appreciation of English LiteratureUnit 2 English EssayistsFrancis Bacon and Samuel Johnson英美文学欣赏（第四版）u作者简介作者简介弗兰西斯 培根（Francis Bacon,15611626）是文艺复兴时期英国著名哲学家和散文家，和莎士比亚是同一时代的人。培根生于伦敦贵族家庭，自幼天赋极高，12 岁入剑桥大学三一学院，23 岁进入议会，同时开始撰文论述宗教和政治等问题。以后仕途得意，历任掌玺大臣、大法官兼上院议长等职。60 岁时因受贿被捕入狱，削去一切公职。晚年专心致力于文学、

2、哲学著述和科学研究。英美文学欣赏（第四版）培根在哲学史上占据十分重要的地位。培根讲究学以致用，反对经院哲学，提出“知识就是力量”的著名论断，是现代科学的奠基人。其主要著作学术的推进（Advancement of Learning,1605）总结了前人的知识。拉丁文著作新工具（New Instrument,1620）阐述了归纳法。新大西岛（New Atlantis,1627）描述了一个神秘岛屿上理想国度的机构和习俗，属于“乌托邦”式的作品。培根对文学的主要贡献是他的论说文集（Essays），共收录文章 58 篇。英语论说文又称“随笔”，或“小品文”，都是散文（prose）体的一种。培根学识渊博，

3、阅历丰富，对社会人生观察细心，思考周密，涉及社会风尚、为人处世、治学方法等各个方面无所不包；兼之文笔简洁，擅用类比，论述透彻，文中充满哲理之精辟处几乎俯拾皆是，许多已成为家喻户晓的格言名句。英美文学欣赏（第四版）u作品欣赏作品欣赏论读书（1625）开篇论述了读书的目的和功用，进而分析了人们对待读书的不同态度，介绍了读书的各种方法，在文章后半部分尤其论述了读书对性格培养的意义，并具体论述了不同学科对人格健全所起到的不同作用和具体的指导方法。通篇文风古雅，庄重严谨，似见作者正襟危坐，谈经论道。论述周全，见解睿智，言语铿锵，畅达明了，确系大家风范。文章短小精练，言简意赅，使人诵之难忘，是英语学习中的

4、精品。英美文学欣赏（第四版）Studies serve for delight,for ornament,and for ability.读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。（注解：文中排比修辞运用娴熟，警句叠出。）Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring;for ornament,is in discourse;and for ability,is in the judgment and disposition of business.For expert men can execute,and perhaps jud

5、ge of particulars,one by one;but the general counsels,and the plots and marshalling of affairs,come best from those that are learned.其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。英美文学欣赏（第四版）To spend too much time in studies is sloth;to use them too much for ornament,is affec

6、tation;to make judgment wholly by their rules,is the humor of a scholar.They perfect nature,and are perfected by experience:for natural abilities are like natural plants,that need pruning,by study;and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large,except they be bounded in by experien

7、ce.读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。Crafty men contemn studies,simple men admire them,and wise men use them,for they teach not their own use;but that is a wisdom without them,and above them,won by observation.用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。（注解：培根通达世

8、故，讲究实用，劝人读书也强调要方法得当，不要做书呆子。）英美文学欣赏（第四版）Read not to contradict and confute;nor to believe and take for granted;nor to find talk and discourse;but to weigh and consider.读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。英美文学欣赏（第四版）Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and dig

9、ested;书籍好比食品。有些只须浅尝，有些可以吞咽。只有少数须仔细咀嚼，慢慢品味。（注解：各种书目林林总总，读书一定要有所选择。）that is,some books are to be read only in parts;others to be read,but not curiously;and some few to be read wholly,and with diligence and attention.Some books also may be read by deputy,and extracts made of them by others;but that wou

10、ld be only in the less important arguments,and the meaner sort of books,else distilled books are like common distilled waters,flashy things.换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏、淡而无味矣。英美文学欣赏（第四版）Reading maketh a full man,conference a ready man,and writin

11、g an exact man.读书使人健全，讨论使人机敏，写作使人精确。（注解：在培根看来，读书最大的益处是有助于人格的完善。）And therefore,if a man write little,he had need have a great memory;if he confer little,he had need have a present wit:and if he read little,he had need have much cunning,to seem to know that he doth not.因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺

12、世有术，始能无知而显有知。英美文学欣赏（第四版）Histories make men wise,poets,witty;the mathematics,subtle;natural philosophy,deep;moral,grave;logic and rhetoric,able to contend.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞使人善辩，凡有所学，皆成性格。（注解：总之，但凡好书皆有用。）Abeunt studia in mores凡有所学，皆成性格。（注解：培根自己对这句话的解释是：“studies have an influence

13、 upon the manners of those that are conversant in them.”）英美文学欣赏（第四版）Nay,there is no stond or impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies,like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises.人之才但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅。（注解：正如身体上的缺陷，可以通过适当的运动来得以改善一样。）Bowling is good for the stone and r

14、eins;shooting for the lungs and breast;gentle walking for the stomach;riding for the head;and the like.滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。英美文学欣赏（第四版）译文选自 王佐良.王佐良文集M.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1996.So if a mans wit be wandering,let him study the mathematics;for in demonstrations,if his wit be called away never so littl

15、e,he must begin again.If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences,let him study the Schoolmen;for they arecymini sectores.If he be not apt to beat over matters,and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another,let him study the lawyers cases.So every defect of the mind may have a

16、 special receipt.如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题须全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辨异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可医。Questions 1.Bacon says,“Reading maketh a full man.”Do you agree or not?2.Confucius advocated teaching according to what the student is good at,or in accordance with their aptitude.Baco

17、ns central idea is“every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.”Do you find any difference between the two opinions?What is your understanding of the difference?英美文学欣赏（第四版）Of Marriage and Single Life英美文学欣赏（第四版）u作品欣赏作品欣赏男大当婚，女大当嫁，这是一个有趣的话题。在论婚姻与单身（1625）一文中，培根从为公众服务及个人品质等多方面将结婚和单身生活进行了比较和分析，分别

18、列举了结婚与单身对人的不同影响。作为一篇论说文，论婚姻与单身观点明确，条理清晰，旁征博引，论据确凿，时有精妙之语。培根的修身处世箴言充分体现了他一贯的崇尚实用、讲究实际的思想。对于希冀寻找爱情梦想的人，培根在此文中的思想也许显得过于实际，甚或有些庸俗了。英美文学欣赏（第四版）He that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune;for they are impediments to great enterprises,either of virtue or mischief.夫人之有妻儿也不啻已向命运典质，从此难成大事，无论

19、善恶。Certainly the best works,and of greatest merit for the public,have proceeded from the unmarried or childless men;which both in affection and means,have married and endowed the public.兴大业，立大功，往往系未婚无儿者所为，彼辈似已与公众结亲，故爱情产业并以付之。英美文学欣赏（第四版）Grave natures,led by custom,and therefore constant,are commonly

20、loving husbands,as was said of Ulysses,vetulam suam praetulit immortalitati.庄重之人守规不渝，为夫常能爱妻，是故人云优利息斯爱老妻胜过不朽也。（注解：总的来说，重视婚姻和家庭能够使人具有责任感，充满爱心。）Unmarried men are best friends,best masters,best servants;but not always best subjects;for they are light to run away;and almost all fugitives,are of that cond

21、ition.未婚者为最好之友、最好之主、最好之仆，然非最好之臣，因其身轻易遁也，故亡命徒儿全未婚。英美文学欣赏（第四版）It is often seen that bad husbands,have very good wives;whether it be,that it raiseth the price of their husbands kindness,when it comes;or that the wives take a pride in their patience.常见恶夫有良妻，是否由于此辈丈夫偶尔和善，更见其可贵，抑或此类妻子以忍耐为美德欲？（注解：培根专门对“丑男配

22、好妻”现象发表了高见，在培根的随笔中，是难得语言诙谐的一段。）Wives are young mens mistresses,companions for middle age,and old mens nurses.妻子是年轻时的情人，中年时的伴侣，老年时的保姆。（注解：总之，什么时候结婚都是好事。）译文选自 王佐良.王佐良文集M.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1996.Questions 1.What is Bacons idea of marriage?Do you think it is convincing?2.In what sense is marriage a help to o

23、nes life and career?英美文学欣赏（第四版）英美文学欣赏（第四版）塞缪尔 约翰逊（Samuel Johnson,17091784）是著名的散文家、文学批评家和辞书编纂家。生于书商家庭，曾就读于牛津大学，两年后因家庭贫困中途辍学。u作者简介作者简介约翰逊经常为当时的绅士（The Gentlemans Magazine）杂志写诗歌、散文和传记。1749 年发表了长诗人类愿望的徒劳（Vanity of Human Wishes）。1750 年创办了一份几乎完全由他个人撰稿的杂志漫谈者（The Rambler）。他为各报刊撰写的文章共计300 余篇。他还编注了莎士比亚戏剧集。他的著名

24、作品诗人传（Lives of the Poets,17791781）评价了历代 52 位英国诗人，是文学批评与传记文学巧妙结合的典范。他在勤奋写作的同时，积极准备编纂词典。1755 年，他编纂的英语词典（A Dictionary of the English Language）出版。他的词典以词义解释精当而闻名，其说明词的用法的例句皆有出处，在当时有很大影响，对英语的规范化起到了重要作用。英美文学欣赏（第四版）英美文学欣赏（第四版）u作品欣赏作品欣赏从前，英国文人大凡写诗著书皆需要寻求权贵庇护，并获得物质上的赞助。1747 年，塞缪尔约翰逊依照当时惯例，将拟定的词典编纂计划送给当时素以喜欢与文

25、人交往著称的内阁大臣吉士菲尔德伯爵（Lord Chesterfield），希望得到他的赞助，不料却遭到冷落。待约翰逊历时七年艰苦劳动将词典编纂完成，吉士菲尔德伯爵转而发表文章吹捧词典。针对这种沽名钓誉的行径，约翰逊写此信作为答复。塞缪尔约翰逊的行为标志着文人不得不依附权贵的时代的结束。约翰逊在信的开头点出写信的原因。得知伯爵为词典写文章捧场，约翰逊表示自己受到如此破格的青睐，不知用什么话表示感激之情。既礼貌委婉，又为下面正文作好了铺垫。这封信文笔犀利、气势雄浑，语言练达，结构谨严，是英国散文中最脍炙人口的名篇之一。But I found my attendance so little enco

26、uraged,that neither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it.无论自尊和自惭的心理都使我难以继续下去。（注解：作者追忆当初满怀热情、慕名拜谒伯爵时被拒的情形。）When I had once addressed your Lordship in public,I had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess.我也曾当众向大人致意，并极尽一个不善奉承的闲散书生之一切博取欢心的手段。（注解：这一

27、切努力都被忽视了。）英美文学欣赏（第四版）without one act of assistance,one word of encouragement,or one smile of favour没有得到一点帮助、没有听到一句鼓励、没有看到一个笑脸支持（注解：约翰逊概述了自己七年来发奋努力，在没有得到一点帮助、没有听到一句鼓励、没有看到一个笑脸支持的艰难困苦中将词典完成的过程。）I never had a Patron before.我此前从未有权贵提携。（注解：郑重宣告此前从未有权贵提携。）英美文学欣赏（第四版）Is not a Patron,my Lord,one who looks w

28、ith unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water,and,when he has reached ground,encumbers him with help?落水者在水中挣扎时，他袖手旁观；落水者抵达岸边时，他伸手阻碍。这样的人堪称恩人吗？（注解：针对伯爵在词典编纂时不理不睬，在完成之后却以恩人自居之截然不同的态度，约翰逊一句反诘，有力地揭穿了伯爵的本来面目。）英美文学欣赏（第四版）英美文学欣赏（第四版）but it has been delayed till I am indifferent,and cannot enjoy i

29、t;till I am solitary,and cannot impart it;till I am known,and do not want it.可惜您的关注未免为时过晚，我已无动于衷，不能消受；我已孤身一人，无法与人分享；我已功成名就，不需关注。（注解：连续三个排比句，结构工整，层次清晰，言语铿锵，掷地有声。既发泄了作者多年心中多年的积郁愤懑，又讽刺了伯爵的虚假伪善。）for I have been long wakened from that dream of hope,in which I once boasted myself with so much exultation,m

30、y Lord,Your Lordships most humble,most obedient servant,Sam.Johnson.我已然从那种梦想中醒来，在那种梦想中，我曾经一度得意地自夸是，大人您最谦卑，最恭顺的臣仆，塞缪尔 约翰逊。（注解：信的最后，约翰逊义正词严地宣布了自己从依附权贵传统思想中的觉醒，并将书信结尾处常用的套话极为巧妙地镶入了最后一段的意思中，对伯爵再次进行了辛辣的讽刺。）英美文学欣赏（第四版）Questions1.Why does Samuel Johnson write such a letter?2.Do you appreciate Johnsons atti

31、tude towards Lord Chesterfield?英美文学欣赏（第四版）nQuotations“The only end of writing is to enable the readers better to enjoy life or endure it.”“Every man is rich or poor according to the proportion between his desires and his enjoyments.”“Literature is a kind of intellectual light which,like the light of the sun,may sometimes enable us to see what we do not like.Samuel Johnson英美文学欣赏（第四版）中国人民大学出版社出版发行中国人民大学出版社出版发行版权所有版权所有 侵权必究侵权必究英美文学欣赏（第四版）