高中英语构词法课件.ppt

1、英语构词法英语构词法英语构词法主要有英语构词法主要有三三种：种：转化转化、合成合成与与派生派生。英语构词法种类英语构词法种类另外还有另外还有截短截短、缩合缩合等。等。1.1.转化转化 :是指有一种词类转化为另一种词类。是指有一种词类转化为另一种词类。water water n.n.水水 -water-water vt vt.浇水浇水常见的转化形式：常见的转化形式：动词动词 -名词名词名词名词 -动词动词 动词动词-名词名词 stop stop vtvt.停止停止 -n.n.车站车站love love vtvt.爱爱 -n.n.爱爱Watch Watch vtvt.观看观看 -n.n.手表手表r

2、ecord record vtvt.录音录音 -n.n.纪录纪录comb comb vtvt.梳理梳理(头发头发)-)-n.n.梳子梳子abuse abuse vtvt.辱骂辱骂 -n.n.辱骂辱骂 名词名词 -动词动词 hand hand n.n.手手 -vtvt.上交上交seat seat n.n.座位座位 -vtvt.坐坐nurse nurse n.n.护士护士 -vtvt.护理护理oil oil n.n.油油 -vtvt.上油上油time time n.n.时间时间 -vtvt.定时，测时定时，测时shoulder shoulder n.n.肩膀肩膀 -vtvt.肩负肩负mine mi

3、ne n.n.矿山矿山 -vtvt.开矿开矿barbecue barbecue n.n.烧烤烧烤-vtvt.在烤架上烤在烤架上烤ship ship n.n.船船 -vtvt.用船装运用船装运 finance finance n.n.金融金融-vtvt.为为提供资金提供资金stain stain n.n.污点污点,污迹污迹 -vtvt.玷污，污染玷污，污染draft draft n.n.草稿草稿 -vtvt.起草起草head head n.n.头头 -v.v.前进前进transport transport n.n.运输运输 -vtvt.运输运输副词副词 -动词动词 down down adv.a

4、dv.向下向下 -v.v.放下放下副词副词 -名词名词nowhere adv.nowhere adv.任何地方都不任何地方都不 -n.-n.无处，无名的地方无处，无名的地方形容词形容词 -名词名词 freezing freezing adj.adj.冰冻的冰冻的 -n.n.冰点冰点 solid solid adj.adj.固体的固体的,坚实的坚实的-n.n.固体固体数词数词 -动词动词 second second num.num.第二第二 -v.v.赞成赞成 -n.n.秒秒2.2.合成合成 :有两个或更多的词合成一个词。有两个或更多的词合成一个词。class class 班级班级 +room+

5、room 房间房间 =classroomclassroom 教室教室warm+heart+ed=warm+heart+ed=warmheartedwarmhearted 热心肠的热心肠的good+looking=good+looking=good-lookinggood-looking 相貌好看的相貌好看的(1)名词air conditioner blood pressure income tax(2)形容词central bank remote control fast food solar system(3)v-ing 加另一词washing machine driving license

6、(4)其他方式by-product（副产品）editor-in-chief合成形容词过去分词或带ed词尾的构成absent-minded grey-haired动词的ing或另一词构成long-suffering far-reaching(5)合成动词 baby-sit3.3.派生派生 :是通过在词根上加是通过在词根上加前缀前缀或者或者构成一个新词。构成一个新词。happy-happy-ununhappyhappydevelop-develodevelop-developmentpment前缀一般只引起前缀一般只引起意思意思上的变化而不上的变化而不造成造成词类词类的变化，只有少数能引起的变化，

7、只有少数能引起词类的变化。词类的变化。mismis-错误的错误的 +understand+understand v.v.理解理解 -mismisunderstand understand v.v.误解误解en+large en+large adj.adj.大的大的 -enlarge-enlarge v.v.扩大扩大后缀一般只引起后缀一般只引起词性词性上的变化而不上的变化而不造成造成意思意思的变化。的变化。care v.care v.照料照料 -care-carefulful adj.adj.细心的细心的work v.work v.工作工作 -work-workerer n.n.工人工人常见的常

8、见的前缀前缀(A)表示表示否定否定的前缀：的前缀：un-unfair,unhappy non-nonsmoker (常用在常用在n.adj.adv.前前)in-inactive,inhuman,indirect (常用在常用在adj.)dis-disagree,disappear im-impolite,impossible (用在用在b,p,m 开头的词前开头的词前)il-illegal ir-irreal,irregular(B).(B).表示表示错误错误或或失失当当的前的前缀缀:mis mis-misjudge,misdirect(-misjudge,misdirect(误导误导)(C)

9、.(C).表示表示向背向背的前的前缀缀:propro-(-(亲，支持亲，支持)pro-Chinese,pro-American pro-Chinese,pro-American antianti-（阻止，抗）（阻止，抗）antiwar,anti-Japanese warantiwar,anti-Japanese war(D).(D).表示程度、大小的前缀表示程度、大小的前缀supersuper-superstar,supermarket,superstar,supermarket,superman,superpower superman,superpoweroverover-overhead,

10、overeat,overuse overhead,overeat,overuseminimini-minibus,miniskirt,mini-car minibus,miniskirt,mini-carunderunder-underground,underestimate underground,underestimatesemisemi-(-(半，部分半，部分)semicircle,semiskilled,semicircle,semiskilled,(E).(E).表示表示时间时间的前缀的前缀 prepre-prewar prewar postpost-postwar postwar

11、forefore-(-(前，预先前，预先)foretell,foretell,forecast,foresee,forecast,foresee,weather forecast weather forecast(F).(F).表示表示方位方位的前缀：的前缀：subsub-subway,submarine subway,submarine interinter-international,international,interclass(interclass(年级之间的）年级之间的）transtrans-(-(横过，通过，超越，进入横过，通过，超越，进入)transplant,transpla

12、nt,transatlantic transatlantic（横渡大西洋的（横渡大西洋的）常见的常见的后缀后缀1.1.动词变名词：动词变名词：-ation-ation satisfaction,satisfaction,education,education,realization realization-ment-ment development,development,movement,movement,disappointment disappointment-al-al arrival,refusal arrival,refusal-ee-ee trainee trainee（受训者）

13、（受训者）,employee employee-er-er teacher,worker teacher,worker-or-or visitor,sailorvisitor,sailor2.2.形容词变名词形容词变名词-nessness happiness,happiness,meanness,carelessness meanness,carelessness-ityity ability,possibility ability,possibility-ismism Marxism,criticism Marxism,criticism3.3.名词变形容词：名词变形容词：-y y wind

14、y,rainy,sandy windy,rainy,sandy-ishish foolish,feverish foolish,feverish-somesome handsome,troublesome handsome,troublesome-ousous dangerous,humorous dangerous,humorous-fulful helpful,careful,peaceful helpful,careful,peaceful3.3.名词、形容词变动词：名词、形容词变动词：-ifyify beautify,simplify beautify,simplify-izeize

15、realize realize-enen quicken,widen,sharpen quicken,widen,sharpen但也有一些带后缀的派生词仅仅但也有一些带后缀的派生词仅仅改变词义改变词义：Kingdom:“Kingdom:“职位、状态职位、状态”freedomfreedomBoyhood:“Boyhood:“身份，资格身份，资格”childhoodchildhoodFriendship:Friendship:情态情态 状态状态 性质性质 身份身份 职业职业 技巧技巧 技技 能能”leadership,hardshipleadership,hardshipSpoonfulSpoon

16、ful：构成名词：构成名词mouthful(mouthful(满口满口,一口一口),),handful(handful(一把一把)4.4.截短截短 :是指用截头取尾的方法构成新词。是指用截头取尾的方法构成新词。teltelephone -phoneephone -phone ininflufluenzaenza influenz -flu.-flu.流行性感冒流行性感冒5.5.缩合缩合 :是指把两个或两个以上的词各取是指把两个或两个以上的词各取一部分合在一起构成一个新单词。一部分合在一起构成一个新单词。smoke and fog-smoke and fog-smogsmog 烟雾烟雾T Tes

17、t est o of f E English as a nglish as a f foreign oreign l language anguage TOEFL TOEFL 托福托福I International nternational E English nglish l language anguage t test est s system ystem -IELTS -IELTS 雅思雅思1._(adj.)平静的,和平的_(n.)_(adv.)2.()(vi.)抱怨,投诉()(n.)3._(adj.)爱交际的,社交的_(n.)社会_ (n.)社会主义4._(vt.&vi.)减少,降低

18、_(n.)1.(peaceful)(adj.)平静的,和平的(peace)(n.)(peacefully)(adv.)2.(complain)(vi.)抱怨,投诉(complaint)(n.)3.(socail)(adj.)爱交际的,社交的(society)(n.)社会(socialist)(n.)社会主义4.(reduce)(vt.&vi.)减少,降低(reduction)(n.)5._(n.)广告_(v.)_(n.)登广告的人6._(adj.)平等的_(adv.)_(n.)相等,平等7._(vi.)比赛,竞争_(n.)8._(adv.)幸运地_(adj.)_(n.)运气,财富,命运5.ad

19、vertisement(n.)广告advertise(v.)advertiser(n.)登广告的人6.equal(adj.)平等的 equally(adv.)equality(n.)相等,平等pete(vi.)比赛,竞争 competition(n.)8.fortunately(adv.)幸运地 fortunate(adj.)fortune(n.)运气,财富,命运exerciseexercisevi.vi.锻炼，运动锻炼，运动She should exercise more.She should exercise more.They dont They dont exerciseexercis

20、e enough.enough.My grandfather exercised and became My grandfather exercised and became healthier.healthier.vtvt.练习练习We should exercise our legs.We should exercise our legs.He is exercising himself in dancing.He is exercising himself in dancing.n.(n.(不可数不可数)运动，锻炼运动，锻炼I should take more exercise.I sh

21、ould take more exercise.Exercise is good for old people.Exercise is good for old people.n.(n.(可数可数)操练，学习中的练习题操练，学习中的练习题Students in this school do eye exercises Students in this school do eye exercises twice a day.twice a day.We do morning exercises every day.We do morning exercises every day.There are seven math exercises to do.There are seven math exercises to do.