初中英语阅读理解之主旨大意课件.ppt

1、（优选）初中英语阅读理解之主旨大意课件主旨大意题主旨大意题 正确理解文章的正确理解文章的“主旨大意主旨大意”是阅读技能之是阅读技能之二。要求在阅读和理解全文的基础上，对文二。要求在阅读和理解全文的基础上，对文章作出归纳、概括或评价。这也是英语阅读章作出归纳、概括或评价。这也是英语阅读理解中常见的一类题型，大多是要求判断文理解中常见的一类题型，大多是要求判断文章的标题或各段大意。章的标题或各段大意。阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类主旨题主旨题标题类标题类文章主旨文章主旨段落主旨段落主旨1.标题类试题常见的题干形式标题类试题常见的题干形式(1)The best title fo

2、r this passage is.(2)The suitable headline for this passage may be(3)The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is.(4)Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?(体现概括性体现概括性,避免远离主题避免远离主题)2.文章主旨类试题常见的题干形式文章主旨类试题常见的题干形式(1)What is the passage mainly about?(2)The passage talk

3、s about.(3)The passage tells us that.(4)This passage mainly deals with.(5)Whats the main idea/topic of the passage?(体现全面性体现全面性,避免以偏概全避免以偏概全)3.段落主旨类试题常见的题干形式段落主旨类试题常见的题干形式(1)The main idea of the second paragraph probably is that.(2)What is the last paragraph chiefly concerned with?(3)Which of the fol

4、lowing can best summarize Paragraph one?(4)Whats the main idea discussed in the first paragraph?(体现针对性体现针对性,避免张冠李戴避免张冠李戴)关键关键-主题句主题句主题句：凡表述段落（或短文）主旨大意的句子。主题句：凡表述段落（或短文）主旨大意的句子。三个特点：三个特点：（1）总领性强，概括性强）总领性强，概括性强（2）结构简单，不用难句）结构简单，不用难句（3）其他句子解释、支撑或扩展主题句，起服从、）其他句子解释、支撑或扩展主题句，起服从、论证、补充的作用论证、补充的作用Types Of P

5、aragraph StructuresThe position of the topicAt the beginningAt the endIn the middleNo clear topic sentence English is clearly an international language.It is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world.Over 70 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English.主题句

6、在段首或篇首主题句在段首或篇首 例例2：If you buy some well-made clothes,you can save money because they can last longer.They look good even after they have been washed many times.Sometimes some clothes cost more money,but it does not mean that they are always better made,or they always fit better.In other words,some

7、less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes.Q:The passage is mainly about_.A.well-made clothes B.more expensive clothes C.clothes that are not very expensive but look and fit better D.clothes that are expensive and well-made 主题句在段末或篇末主题句在段末或篇末 例例3：In spite of the fact that

8、 cars from Germany and Japan are flooding the American market,Ford,General Motors and Chrysler are employing more workers than ever before.The flood of cheaper foreign cars has not cast American autoworkers their jobs as some experts predicted.Ford operates as far as Asia,and General Motors is consi

9、dered Australians biggest employer.Yet General Motors has its huge American work force and employs hundreds of people every day to meet the needs of an insatiable(不能满足的）不能满足的）society.Question:Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraphA.GM is one of the largest ca

10、r producers.B.Ford operates not only in the U.S.A.,but also in Asia.C.The foreign cars have not taken away the jobs of American autoworkers.D.The flood of the cheaper foreign cars is terrible for American autoworkers.take sth.away of sb.和和 cast sb.sth.的意思相似的意思相似主题句在段中或篇中主题句在段中或篇中 Handshaking,though

11、a European practice is often seen in big cities of China.Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe.It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met,they showed their unarmed(无武器的无武器的)hands to each other as a sign of goodwill.As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly,peop

12、le in cities began to clap each others hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement.This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other.“Lets shake(hands)on it”sometimes means agreement reached.无主题句无主题句The paragraph mainly tells us _.A.where handshaking

13、 was first practicedB.how handshaking came aboutC.about the relationship between handshaking and tradeD.about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China 解题解题技巧技巧技巧一：识别文体技巧一：识别文体技巧二：技巧二：找关联词找关联词技巧三技巧三:抓线索抓线索技巧四技巧四:找高频词找高频词技巧一：识别文体技巧一：识别文体新闻报道新闻报道导语提携全文导语提携全文议论文议论文 总总-分分-总总（论点论据结论）（论点论据结论

14、）说明文说明文主题句主题句（首中尾）（首中尾）记叙文记叙文记叙文六要素记叙文六要素 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer.Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness),cancer,cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems.For example,it can give one a“smokers c

15、ough”.Finally,studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds.Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer,cancer,smoking is harmful.Is it worth it?议论文议论文总总-分分-总总What is the main idea?A.cigarette smoking can cause cancer.B.smoking can cause the most serious and terrible

16、disease(illness).C.smoking also can cause other health problems.D.smoking is harmful.D If you were planning to buy a television set,the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention:“Color TV.Only 79.Two days sale.Hurry.”However,when you go to the store ready to buy.You may discover th

17、at they are sold out.But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model.A much better set which is“just right for you”It costs 395.This sales method is called“bait and switch”.Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement,and then they are switched to another more expensive one.Buy

18、ing things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale.The paragraph could be entitled _.A.Buying A TV Set B.A Selling Method C.Buyer Beware D.TV On Sale Mrs Turners telephone number was 3463;the number of the cinema in her town was 3464,people often made a mistake a

19、nd telephoned her when they actually wanted the cinema.One evening the telephone bell rang and Mrs Turner answered it.A tired mans voice came over the telephone:”At what time does your last film begin?”Im sorry”,said Mrs Turner,“but you have the wrong number.This is not the cinema.”“Oh,It began twen

20、ty minutes ago,”said the man.”Im sorry about that.Well,goodbye.”Mrs Turner was very surprised,so she told her husband.He laughed and said,”No,that wasnt a mistake.The mans wife wanted to go to the cinema,but he was feeling tired,so he telephoned the cinema.His wife heard him,but she didnt hear you.N

21、ow they will stay at home this evening,and the husband will be happy!”Why was Mrs Turner surprised?Because the tired man _.A.wanted the cinema but called a wrong number.B.Asked her a silly question which she refused to answer C.Said something that had nothing to do with her answer.D.Was angry with h

22、imself for having made a mistake.c Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent.On the other hand,nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal.And the man who knows“everything”may really only be trying to hide his own weakness.So,it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his a

23、ppearance（so,therefore,thus,in conclusion,in short,all in all,overall,clearly,In fact）技巧二：技巧二：找关联词找关联词技巧三技巧三:从段落中从段落中归纳要点归纳要点抓大意，理清线索抓大意，理清线索.有些文章或段落无明显的主题句有些文章或段落无明显的主题句,只是暗示性地体现主只是暗示性地体现主题题.这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实事实或提供的或提供的线索线索来概括总结主旨大意来概括总结主旨大意 Tom studied four years at the Uni

24、versity of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation.He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors.Harvard Law School and,later,Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background.He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami,Florida.The main idea of this par

25、agraph is that _.A.Tom,who had studied at Paris Universities for four years,moved to another university.B.Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C.Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D.Tom received an excellent edu

26、cation.detaildetaildetail技巧四技巧四:从段落中从段落中寻找高频率词寻找高频率词 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即现的中心词，即高频词高频词，也叫做，也叫做主题词主题词 Eg.9A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system.It is expected to carry 20,000

27、trucks and cars a day,which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city.As part of the project,two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city,one for traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the south.The two tunnels are about 20

28、 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide,providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction.In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel.The lighting is at the top of the tunnel,practically

29、at its highest point.There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals.They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers.The wall is made up of four main elements,which include a waterproofing covering and,on the inside of the tunnel,a concrete lining.Each tunnel is roughly

30、 round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat.The surface of the road lies on the base,which is made of concrete and steel.The drainage system,just below the road surface on one side,removes any extra liquid,particularly water.In the event of fire,the fire main,which is made of steel,pipe

31、s water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel.The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface.Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones.The passage is mainly about _.A.the construction of a road B.the design

32、of a road C.the construction of two tunnels D.the design of two tunnels 主旨大意题的解题技巧主旨大意题的解题技巧1、以原文为依据，不参杂个人意见，要客观不要主观。、以原文为依据，不参杂个人意见，要客观不要主观。要克服要克服“我认为我认为怎怎么样么样”的观点。的观点。2、答案是比出来的。答案不选对的，只选最好的。、答案是比出来的。答案不选对的，只选最好的。比答案的原则是：好的比答案的原则是：好的不知道的；不知道的不知道的；不知道的不对的。不对的。3、注意绝对化的词。、注意绝对化的词。如果答案选项中出现绝对化的词，比如：如果答

33、案选项中出现绝对化的词，比如：all，always，never，nothing，every 等等，除非文章当中使用了该类词等等，除非文章当中使用了该类词汇，否则，一般都要排除。汇，否则，一般都要排除。比如，原文中出现了这样一个句子：比如，原文中出现了这样一个句子：Almost everyone likes the music.答题时，要你判断如下这个句子正误（答题时，要你判断如下这个句子正误（True or False）：）：Everyone likes the music.4、答案要避免以点带面，以偏盖全。、答案要避免以点带面，以偏盖全。尤其是多个选项都有道理，难以挑选正确答案的时候，要注意

34、选择最符合题目要求的一个。尤其是多个选项都有道理，难以挑选正确答案的时候，要注意选择最符合题目要求的一个。5、“傻瓜傻瓜”原则。原则。文章中没有提到的就当时不知道，不要枉自猜测，自作聪明。一切以文章内容为准。文章中没有提到的就当时不知道，不要枉自猜测，自作聪明。一切以文章内容为准。6.主旨大意题的干扰项特点主旨大意题的干扰项特点 可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。可能是从文中某些可能是从文中某些(不完全的不完全的)事事 实或细节片面推出的错误结论。实或细节片面推出的错误结论。可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。F实例实例1 Joshna Bingh

35、am studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation.He changed to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors.Harvard Law School and later,Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background.He is presently a business lawyer in Miami,Florida.

36、从以上这个段落，我们发现没有一个句子可以单独陈述该段落的从以上这个段落，我们发现没有一个句子可以单独陈述该段落的主题，那么，作者写这个段落的目的是什么呢？通过仔细阅读和主题，那么，作者写这个段落的目的是什么呢？通过仔细阅读和理解每个句子的意思之后，我们便可领悟，作者想告诉读者的是：理解每个句子的意思之后，我们便可领悟，作者想告诉读者的是：Joshna Bingham received an excellent education.所以说这所以说这种文章（或段落）只能从文章的字里行间去理解作者的意图，这种文章（或段落）只能从文章的字里行间去理解作者的意图，这样才能推断出文章的主旨大意。样才能推断

37、出文章的主旨大意。实例实例2 All students of geography should be able to explain a weather map exactly.Weather condition is a huge amount of information about condition at a time of observation over a large geographical area.They show in a few minutes what otherwise would take hours to describe.The United States

38、Weather Office gives out information about coming storms,floods,freeze,dryness,and all climatic conditions in general.Twice a month it gives out a 30-day“out-look”which is a basic guide to weather conditions likely to happen all over the United States.What is the main idea of this passage?A.Weather

39、maps are very important to students of geography.B.Weather maps can have a 30-day“outlook”.C.Students of geography should be able to make weather maps exactly.D.Those who major in geography should have the ability to have a good understanding of a weather map.态度观点题及解题技巧态度观点题及解题技巧 理解作者的意图理解作者的意图,观点或态

40、度的能力。观点或态度的能力。标志词标志词:attitude,purpose等。等。技巧技巧 态度词态度词:Opposition反对，反对，suspicion怀疑的，怀疑的，Approval支持，支持，Optimistic乐观的，乐观的，subjective主观的，主观的，objective客观的，客观的，pessimistic悲观的，悲观的，biased有偏见的，有偏见的，impartial公正的，公正的，sensitive 敏感的，敏感的，indifference冷漠冷漠(一般不选一般不选)。不要搀杂自己的观点不要搀杂自己的观点 寻找文中具有感情色彩的词寻找文中具有感情色彩的词 抓论述的主线及举例的方式抓论述的主线及举例的方式指代题及解题技巧指代题及解题技巧整体理解文章的能力，整体理解文章的能力，并推断出该处指代词所代表的含义。并推断出该处指代词所代表的含义。技巧技巧 返回原文，找出题的指代词返回原文，找出题的指代词 找最近的名词找最近的名词,名词性词组或句子名词性词组或句子 将找到的替换该指代词将找到的替换该指代词,看意思是否通顺看意思是否通顺 找出最佳答案找出最佳答案